GIS Based Habitat Modeling of Common Leopard Land Cover, TOPO-Cadastral and Available Field Data (Drat Report)

Transcription

1 GIS Based Habitat Modeling of Common Leopard Land Cover, TOPO-Cadastral and Available Field Data (Drat Report)

2 Table of Contents Title Page INTRODUCTION Objectives Material INTRODUCTION TO COMMON LEOPARD STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION Galies forest division Name and situation Configuration of ground Geology, Rock and Soil Climate and rainfall Distribution of area Trees Ground flora METHODOLOGY Data collection Development of Database Rectification Digitization Creation of point map from Database Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Developing a Slope Map Buffering of moderate slope area OUTPUT MAPS Appendix 1 Appendix- 2 Appendix- 3 References

3 INTRODUCTION This study is conducted by the title of GIS based habitat modeling of common Leopard land cover, Topo-cadastral and available field data. From wildlife point of view Common leopard is very important specie. Mostly in the hilly region particularly Ayubia National park is protect for leopard conservation. From June 2005, leopard become a man eater to overcome this problem WWF, play an important role to create awareness in the people. In this study we want to develop maps and make buffer zones of the area where the Leopard is mostly living. From the review of different literature it is noted that leopard is commonly live on moderate slope. GIS is a modern technology use for the Data collection, representation, and for analysis. So in this study we are using this modern technology for the development of different maps. The software that use for the study are trial versions. Objectives: Following are the objectives of the study. 1. Development of GIS based map for the year 2006 on the basis of livestock depredation information collected already through GPS. 2. Development of GIS based map for the year 2006 on the basis of Leopard sighting information collected already through GPS. 3. Development of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for common Leopard and derivation of slope, from DEM. 4. Identification of core habitat and buffer zone of common Leopard through GIS. Material: 1. Topo sheet 43-F-9 2. Coordinates reading through GPS. 3. Field data for sighting and livestock depredation. 4. Killing sight Data. 5. Software s a. Arc GIS 9.0 b. MS Excel c. MS word

4 STUDY AREA Galis Forest Division Name and situation: the tract dealt with is comprised of civil location of Thandiani, Dungagali, and Nathiagali. Thandiani location on the northern end of the main ridge of the Galis, about 14 miles to the north of Abbottabad, over looking Abbottabad and Mansehra. The Nathiagali and Dungagali location are about 20 miles from Abbottabad, on the Abbottabad-Murree road and occupy the hill slopes around Nathiagali and Dungagali hill station. Name and situation: 1. The tract dealt with is comprised of civil locations of Thandiani, Dungagali and Nathiagali. Thandiani location is situated on the northern end of the main ridge of the Galis, 14 miles to the north of Abbottabad over looking Abbottabad and Mansehra. The Nathiagali and Dungagali locations are about 2 miles from Abbottabad, on the Abbottabad-Murree road and occupy the hill slopes around Nathiagali and Dungagali hill stations. Configuration of the ground: 2. The slopes of the hills on which the locations are situated vary from easy, along the main ridges, to fairly steep and even precipitous at places along the spurs. The locations are on elevations varying from 8000 to Geology rock and soil: 3. The underlying rock is the same as in the adjoining reserved forests of Galis. It is generally lime-stone with a fair depth of mineral soil, capable to support an average quality of blue pine and fir crops as in the adjoining reserved forests. Climate and rainfall: 4. The climate in the Galis, in which tract the location forests are situated, is temperate with marked periods of snow, rain and drought. The average annual rainfall is 35 to 40, almost half of which occurs in the monsoon period of July and August. Snow fall is quite heavy during December to end of January and even in February. Detailed information regarding distribution of rainfall and snow in the Galis is given in para 4 of the Revised Working Plan for the Galis Forests, to , by Syed Abdul Rehman Shah, W.P.F.S. (I). Distribution of area: 5. The area of these locations is as under: 1. Thandiani 150 acres 2. Nathiagali 392 acres 3. Dungagali 90 acres Thandiani falls in Thandiani Range, and the other two are in Dungagali Range of the Galis Forest Division.

5 Trees: Abies pindrow, Pinus Wallichiana, Taxus, Cedrus deodara, Quercus incana, Quercus delatata, Aesculus indica, Juglans regia, Ulmus Wallichiana, etc Ground flora: Guch(Viburanum nervosum), Nor (Sarcococca saligna), Rubus spp. Maiden hair, Bracken ferna, Strawberry (Fragaria spp), Zakhmi-hayat (Saxifraga ciliate) budi mewa (Saxifraga ligulata), Khabbal (Cynodon dactylon), Pilwan (Dicanthium spp), Sariata (Hetropogan-Contrortus), Ner, Guch.

6 Methods The methodology which we are following for the analysis and development of different maps of the study area is total based on the GIS software. The total work is divided into following parts. 1. Data collection. 2. Develop a Database. 3. Rectification or Geo-referencing. 4. Digitization. 5. Create a point map from Database. 6. Develop a DEM. 7. Develop Slope map, Aspect and Hill shade Map. 8. Buffering of moderate slope area. 9. Out put Maps. 1. Data Collection: Data from the field is collected for the livestock depredation, Leopard sighting areas and killing area of the leopard. The data was collected through GPS. Data about Leopard sighting, Livestock depredation sites and Leopard killing sites was collected from the field. 2. Develop a Database: For the above data database was developed in excel and save in dbase format. The data is given the appendix at the end. 3. Rectification: It is the process of transforming the data from one grid system into another grid system by using nth order polynomial or other mathematical functions. Rectification usually includes Geo-referencing. While geo-referencing can be defined as: Geo-referencing: It is a method to establish the relationship between pages coordinates on a planar map and known real world coordinates.

7 Being the first operation of digital image processing, it aims to accurate degraded image data to create a more faithful representation of the original scene. It is termed as Pre-Processing Operation, because it involves the initial processing of the raw image data. When remotely sensed data is received from the imaging sensors on the satellite platforms, it contains flaws and deficiencies, at that time the preprocessing operations are applied to the data and they are preliminary to the main analysis. Methods for digital image rectification: 1 Digital Image Rectification. Arc GIS: For the rectification in Arc GIS we Select Arc Map. Following steps are taken in Arc map for rectification. 1. Open the Toposheet in the Arc Map. 2. Right click on layers, select properties. a. In the properties select Coordinate System. b. Select New, Click on Geographic coordinate system. c. Select WGS84, Apply 3. Select the geo-referencing Tool. 4. Select the Add control point from geo-referencing tool. 5. Select the points on the Toposheet and enter the readings in the table. 6. After 4 points check the error, if it is minimum then ok, otherwise select new points. 4. Digitization: Cornell University Library defines digital images as: Electronic snapshots taken of a scene or scanned from documents, such as photographs, manuscripts, printed texts, and artwork. The digital image is sampled and mapped as a grid of dots or picture elements (pixels). Each pixel is assigned a tonal value (black, white, shades of gray or color), which is represented in binary code (zeros and ones). The binary digits ("bits") for each pixel are stored in a sequence by a computer and often reduced to a mathematical representation (compressed). The bits are then interpreted and read by the computer to produce an analog version for display or printing.

8 It merely refers to the process of taking a physical item and making a digital copy of it, that is the process of translating a piece of information such as a book, sound recording, picture or video into bits. It is derived from digitize which means to translate something into digital form. For example, optical scanners digitize images by translating them into bit maps. It is also possible to digitize sound, video, and any type of movement. Digitization of graphics typically involves recording the location of each point, line, and polygon on a map, along with their associated labels and attributes. Plainly we are converting analog information into digital information Professor Mike Gerhard's defines digitization as: "Digitization or computerization refers to the shift to a society where computers are ubiquitous; to carry out, control, or conduct by means of a computer. Digital refers to communication signals or information presented in a discrete form--usually in a binary or two-state way--0 or 1." Different Themes digitization: Digitized the Toposheet into Cities map, Road map, River and Streams Map, Sighting Map, Depredation Map, Killing sites map in Arc GIS these file are save as shape file. The methods which were followed for the creation of different themes are as under; 1. Go to Arc catalog and create different shape file as. i. Point ii. Line iii. Polygon 2. Save the shape file in the required directory. 3. Now digitize the required shape file in Arc map. 4. From the editor start the editing. 5. Digitized the target area by any theme that may be Point, Line and Polygon. 6. Enter the reading or detailed in the Table. 7. Save your work in a.shp File.

9 5. Create point map from database: 1. Feed the data in Excel sheet save the file as BDF (dbase) format. 2. Export the table in Arc map from Tools, (X,Y). 3. Select the Latitude and longitude points. 4. Select the coordinate system for the point Map. 5. Press ok the point Map will be display on the screen. 6. Digital Elevation Model (DEM): A Digital Elevation Model is defined as a digital representation of a continuous variable over a two-dimensional surface by a regular array of z values referenced to a common datum. Digital elevation models are

10 typically used to represent terrain relief. In simple words a grid theme where each grid cells contains elevation data. It can also be defined as: 1. A map representing the elevation of the land surface. 2. A raster file containing elevations at regularly spaced surface coordinates over an area. Specialized computer software can interpret this data and create a three-dimensional rendering of the surface, or analyze the terrain in various ways. 3. A file with terrain elevations recorded at the intersections of a fine grid and organized by quadrangle to be the digital equivalent of the elevation data on a topographic base map. How we develop the DEM: The Software, which we were used for the development of DEM, was Arc GIS. I. Procedure: 1. In the Arc Map select the extension Spatial Analyst. 2. In the Spatial Analyst select Inverse Distance Weighted. a. Select the input point map from project. b. Z Value field= ID c. Search radius type = variable d. Number of points= 12 Ok Uses of DEM: Some uses of digital elevation models are given below: 1. Determining attributes of terrain, such as elevation at any point, slope and aspect 2. Finding features on the terrain, such as drainage basins and watersheds, drainage networks and channels, peaks and pits and other landforms 3. Modeling of hydrologic functions, energy flux and forest fires.

11 7. Develop Slope map. i. Open ArcMap and load 3D Analyst extension. ii. Select Surface Analysis from drop down menu of 3D Analyst toolbar. iii. Select Slope in the following menu. i. Input Surface: DEM or TIN in this case ii. Output measurement: Degree or Percentage iii. Z-Factor: iv. Output cell size: v. Output Raster: Output Slope map name and path. OK.

12 8. Buffering of moderate slope area. Buffering, within GIS, usually implies that a boundary is about to be drawn around selected land feature. From the slope map we selected the moderate slope area for buffering, because mostly the Leopard is found in those areas.

13 9. Out put Maps.

14

15

16

17

18 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS: Studies like that are so important for the proper management of common Leopard in Galies Forest Division from this study, we were concluding that: 1. From the slope map, we are conclude that majority of the leopard killing side were lie in the moderate stop region. 2. Also from the livestock depredation data, those areas are lies in the moderate slope area. 3. Leopard sighting were lies in the moderate slope area. 4. Most of the leopard found in the area where livestock were grazing. 5. The height/elevation of killing sights was too low. 6. In the settlement area they were finding near the livestock farms. RECOMMENDATION FROM CONCLUSION: 1. Moderate slope area should be protected, so that the casualties from leopard may reduce. 2. Grass cutting areas were protected from leopards and other human fatal animals. 3. Livestock farm should be well fenced, so that less damage cause to the animals. 4. The moderate slop areas should marked on grounds as a dangerous area for grazing or grass cutting. 5. Tracks should be marked, so people can protect themselves from any serious casualties. NEW RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COMMON LEOPARD MANAGEMENT IN FUTURE BY USING GIS & RS TOOLS: 1. Demarcate the dangerous areas through GIS & RS Tools. 2. Develop slope map for the whole area with a different slope classes. 3. Different Forest-based activities should be ban in dangerous areas.

19 4. Different NRM activities were started in the villages; the site selection for those activities should be demarcated through GIS & RS Tools.