Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Transcription

1 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) SGO1910 & SGO4930 Fall Semester 2005 Lecturer: Karen O Brien (karen.obrien@sgeo.uio.no) Lab Instructor: Hallvard Berge (hallvb@student.sv.uio.no)

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7 Course Objectives To provide students with a basic understanding of geographic information science; To provide students with practical experience in using ArcGIS software; To apply both theory and practice in a research project ( Oslo project ).

8 Readings: Longley, P. A., Goodchild,, M. F., Maguire, D. J., and D. W. Rhind Geographic Information Systems and Science.. Second Edition. Chichester: : John Wiley and Sons, 517 pp. Chapters 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18

9 Grading 30% Two mid-term quizzes (10 points each) (Week 39 & Week 44) 30% Final Project (25 points) 40% Final Exam (25 points)

10 Lab Assignments Submitted on your own home page Due dates: Two weeks after each lab Labs will not be graded, but no credit will be given for those that do not meet Hallvard s criteria or are not submitted.

11 GIS Labs ArcGIS 9.0 (GIS) Excel (data base files) NVu (web pages) Adobe Photoshop (sizing maps and pictures) WinZip (decompressing files)

12 Mid-term quizzes Each quiz worth 15 points Multiple choice,, true-false questions based on readings and lectures 45 minutes to complete the quiz

13 Project Identify a problem or question to address related to Oslo; Collect and edit data (including( new data with a GPS); Use GIS to map and analyze data; Present results in a written report. Due: December 15, 2005

14 Final Exam December 1, 2005 (3 hours) Essays, short answer,, multiple choice,, true-false Based on lectures, readings,, and labs

15 Questions My office hours: Tuesdays,, (Room( 215) (or by appointment) Lab assistance: : to be announced

16 Why take this course? GIS is a useful tool with a wide range of applications; GIS is a skill that is in demand, with a growing market; Geographers have numerous advantages related to GIS; GIS is challenging (but fun!)

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18 What is a GIS? 1. A computer system capable of holding and using data describing places on the earth s surface. 2. An organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture,, store, update manipulate, analyze,, and display all forms of geographically referenced information.

19 Geographic Information System Organized collection of Hardware Software Network Data People Procedures People Network Software Data Procedures Hardware

20 A A GIS by any other name Land Information System Delivery Routing System Emergency Response System Disaster Planning System Crime Monitoring System Real Estate Homefinder System

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23 Why is GIS Important? Provides a consistent framework for integrating spatial and other kinds of information within a single system (ideal for interdisciplinary work). Permits manipulation and display of geographical (digital) data in new ways. Makes connections between activities based on geographic location.

24 What can a GIS do? Location (Where( is it...) Condition (What is it...) Trend (What( has changed...) Pattern (What is the pattern...) Routing (Which is the best way...) Modeling (What if...)

25 A Brief History of GIS GIS s s origins lie in thematic cartography. Many planners used the method of map overlay using manual techniques. Manual map overlay as a method was first described comprehensively by Jacqueline Tyrwhitt in a 1950 planning textbook. HcHarg used blacked out transparent overlays for site selection in Design with Nature.

26 Map Overlay SOLUTION MASK SOILS PARKS URBAN FOREST Figure 1.3 Map overlay as presented in Design with Nature by Ian McHarg. Each transparent layer map blacked out areas excluded as unsuitable locations.

27 A Brief History of GIS (cont.) The 1960s saw many new forms of geographic data and mapping software. Computer cartography developed the first basic GIS concepts during the late 1950s and 1960s. Linked software modules, rather than stand-alone alone programs, preceded GISs. The Harvard University ODYSSEY system was influential due to its topological arc-node (vector) data structure.

28 A Brief History of GIS (cont.) GIS was significantly altered by (1) the PC and (2) the workstation. During the 1980s, new GIS software could better exploit more advanced hardware. User Interface developments led to GIS's vastly improved ease of use during the 1990s. During the 1990s, new GIS software could better exploit more advanced hardware. So far in the 2000s: Internet becomes major deliver vehicle for GIS More than 1 million active users of GIS GIS is linking to other technologies (e.g.. mobile phones, palmtops,, etc.)

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30 Late 1970s 1970s ds/

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32 Interest in GIS is Rising Applications via Internet Price reductions Greater awareness Improved ease of use Better technology Proliferation of data Commercial software packages Real applications Proven cost:benefit cases

33 Business of GIS GIS industry is worth over $7 billion Software Data Services Publishing Education

34 GISystems, GIScience and GIStudies GISystems Emphasis on technology and tools GISystems GIScience Fundamental issues raised by the use of GIS and related technologies Spatial analysis Map projections Accuracy Scientific visualization GIStudies Systematic study of the use of geographic information

35 Sources of Information on GIS The amount of information available about GIS can be overwhelming. Sources of GIS information include journals and magazines, books, professional societies, the World Wide Web, and conferences. GIS has Web Home pages, network conference groups, professional organizations, and user groups. Most colleges and universities now offer GIS classes in geography departments.

36 GIS Resources: Conferences

37 GIS Konferans: Oslo Plaza februar 2006 Norsk ESRI brukerkonferanse 2006 Den 17. norske ESRI brukerkonferansen går av stabelen februar Konferansen byr på en rekke foredrag, tekniske minikurs, bransjeseminar og sosiale aktiviteter. Vi ser frem til spennende dager sammen med deg! Påmelding og mer informasjon kommer senere. Pris: 150 NOK ( dagsbesøk) See

38 GIS Resources: Glossies

39 Major GIS-Only Journals International Journal of Geographical Information Systems Geographical Systems Transactions in GIS Geo Info Systems GIS World

40 Specialty Journals Business Geographics GIS Law GrassClippings GIS Asia/Pacific GIS World Report/CANADA GIS Europe

41 Regular GIS Papers Annals of the Association of American Geographers Cartographica Cartography and GIS Computer; Computers, Environment, and Urban Systems Computers and Geosciences IEEE Transactions on Computer Graphics and Applications Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing

42 Occasional GIS papers Cartographic Perspectives Cartographica Journal of Cartography Geocarto International IEEE Geosciences International Journal of Remote Sensing Landscape Ecology Remote Sensing Review Mapping Science and Remote Sensing Infoworld

43 Popular Distribution Magazines Business Geographics Geo Info Systems GIS Law GIS World GPS World GEODATA

44 Summary Geographic problems usually involve location. GIS A special class of information systems that keep track of events, activities and things, but also where these events, activities,, or things happen or exist. The difference between GIS and basic mapping and spreadsheet programs lies in its ability to handle spatial data.

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46 How do I use GIS? Global Environmental Change Vulnerability,, adaptive capacity, human security GIS as a tool for assessing uneven outcomes; Who are the winners and losers from global change?

47 Vulnerability to climate change and economic changes in Indian agriculture

48 Context Agriculture in India 27 % GDP 700 million people more than 60 % is rainfed cultivation Both climate change and economic globalization are ongoing processes with uneven impacts. Indian agriculture will be confronted by both processes simultaneously, leading to changing patterns of vulnerability.

49 Main objectives Assess vulnerability of agriculture to climate change in the context of economic changes Use GIS to identify highly vulnerable areas and social groups Interview farmers in highly vulnerable areas to understand how farmers are coping with climatic and economic changes

50 Methodology GIS-based vulnerability profile Village-level level case studies Integration of macro- and micro- scale analyses

51 Globalization vulnerability

52 Climate Change Vulnerability

53 Double Exposure: Areas that are Vulnerable to both Climate Change and Globalization

54 Case study approach Questionnaire-based survey Economic status Agricultural practices Coping mechanisms Access to facilities (electricity, irrigation, health, education, loans, etc) Participatory rural appraisals Focus group discussions with small and marginal farmers One-to-one meetings with village heads and district administrative officers