Geography Department. Summer transition work

Transcription

1 Geography Department Summer transition work An essential part of studying Geography post-16 is becoming familiar with statistical testing for fieldwork. Please complete the following activities over summer in preparation for September. A lot of information can be found on the internet about carrying out each statistical test below. 1. Nearest Neighbour Analysis Statistical Techniques in Geography The Nearest Neighbour Index provides a test for non-randomness and helps give a statistical meaning to such terms as clustered, dispersed, random and to regular distribution of phenomena over space. D = mean observed nearest neighbour distance n = total number of points in survey A = area of study a) Label both sets of points A to G. b) Measure the distance from each point to its nearest neighbour. c) Calculate the nearest-neighbour index (Rn) for banks and post boxes (n = 7, a = 1km 2 or 1,000,000m 2 ) d) Suggest reasons for the differences. A value of 0 means points are completely clustered A value of 1.0 means points are completely random A value of 2.15 means points have a completely uniform distribution

2 2. Chi-squared Chi-squared is used when the object of the exercise is to attempt to observe differences between comparable sets of data. Altitude (m) No. of cirques > Total 70 a) What is the probability that there is a relationship between the number of cirques and altitude? b) State the null hypothesis. c) Work out the expected frequency for each altitude group. d) Work out the Χ 2 statistic. e) How significant is this?

3 3. Location Quotient The location quotient is a measure of how concentrated a particular factor is within a certain area. A value of 1 means that in the location of interest, the factor is represented with exactly the same concentration as in the larger geographical area. LQi = (ei/e) / (Ei/E) If we were looking at employment in industrial sectors in a region: LQ = location quotient for industry i in an area e i = employment in industry i in the regional economy e = total employment in the region E i = employment in industry i in the national economy E = total employment nationally Complete the table by filling in the values in the LQ column. Employment in three industrial sectors in seven regions of the UK, 2015 Manufacturing Information & communications Health employment employment employment UK 7.8 N/A 4.0 N/A 12.4 N/A North West NW North East NE South West SW South East SE Scotland Wales Northern Ireland

4 Calculate the LQ value for the comparison on each of the spatial scales in the tables below: Comparison of population demographics on different spatial scales, 2015 Scale: individual settlement compared to national Retired people Great Britain 14.1 N/A Bamburgh (Northumberland) 24.6 Scale: county compared to regional Retired people South West region 19.0 N/A Devon 25.4 Scale: individual settlement compared to national Students Great Britain 26.2 N/A Cambridge 46.3 Scale: county compared to national Managing directors Great Britain 10.3 N/A Surrey 13.0 Source: Office for National Statistics (ONS)

5 Space for showing your working. Please indicate the question number.

6 Space for showing your working. Please indicate the question number.