Biogeography. Lecture 19
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1 Biogeography. Lecture 19 Alexey Shipunov Minot State University March 23, 2018 Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
2 Outline Biogeography of the World Distribution: the basic concept Floristic kingdoms and faunistic provinces Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
3 Distribution: the basic concept Biogeography of the World Distribution: the basic concept Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
4 Distribution: the basic concept Species distribution Range Restricted with climate, history and natural barriers Disjunction Examples: East Asia/East Coast; Pacific (West Washington/North Idaho) Endemics Every species is endemic to some region. What is important, is the size of region. There also species endemic only to Earth: cosmopolitan species like braken fern (Pteridium). Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
5 Floristic kingdoms and faunistic provinces Biogeography of the World Floristic kingdoms and faunistic provinces Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
6 Floristic kingdoms and faunistic provinces Contemporary look on plant biogeography: five kingdoms (Cox, 2001) Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
7 Floristic kingdoms and faunistic provinces Contemporary look on animal biogeography: 10 provinces (Holt et al., 2013) Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
8 Floristic kingdoms and faunistic provinces Classification of tropical forests (Silk et al., 2018) Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
9 Floristic kingdoms and faunistic provinces Our approach: 5 regions Holarctic (I and II) Neotropical African and Madagascan Indo-Pacific Australian Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
10 Biogeography of the World Holarctic region I: Nearctic North America Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
11 Climate/temperatures: hardiness zones Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
12 Climate/precipitation Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
13 Ecoregions Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
14 Glaciation Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
15 Plant distribution (McLaughin, 2007) Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
16 Biogeographical regions Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
17 North America: 21 region 1. Arctic Islands and Greenland 2. Labrador, Sr. Lawrence Valley 3. Canadian Northwest 4. Alaska 5. Yukon and British Columbia 6. Great Lakes and Central Lowlands 7. Appalachians 8. East Coast 9. Coastal Lowlands 10. Central Pacific Coast Ranges 11. Great Plains 12. Mississippi delta 13. South Florida 14. South Texas 15. South Montane region 16. North Montane region 17. Great Basin 18. Southern California 19. Sonora 20. Chihuahua 21. Mexican Sierras Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
18 Region 1. Tundra Very similar to Eurasia, almost all species are same Few mammals (reindeer, musk ox, lemmings), only migratory birds, no reptiles and amphibians Forest border is supported mostly by lowest temperatures and permafrost Lichens and mosses are more competitive than flowering plants Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
19 Regions 2 and 3. Taiga: boreal conifer forests Again, very similar to Eurasia Typical trees: deciduous Larix (larch) and evergreen Picea (spruce); North American boreal forests are richer thank Eurasian. Forest interleaves with muskegs, swampy areas shaped mostly by peatmoss (Sphagnum spp.) Food chains are based on large herbivores (deers, moose, elks). Many warm-blood vertebrates will follow the Bergman rule: representative of northern species are bigger, and representatives of tropical species are smaller. Plus fact which is still unexplained: for some reason, American species of many genera are bigger in size than Eurasian (moose, bears, beavers and many others including plants) Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
20 Regions 4 and 5: wet northwest Anomalous high temperatures and precipitation rates. However: almost no rain in July-September so broadleaved trees are not surviving there. Flora and fauna have many connections with Siberia and Eurasian East due to Beringian landbridge. However, some elements (like porcupines) are clearly Neotropical. Rich coastal life: salmon, seabirds, bears, walruses, sea otters (the only species of marine weasels) Vast amount of conifer species, e.g. different cedars like Pseudotsuga; and ferns Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
21 Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
22 Some Alaskan photos Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
23 For Further Reading I. Sanderson. The Continent We Live On Mode of access: http: // North America. A. Shipunov. Biogeography [Electronic resource] onwards. Mode of access: A. Shipunov. Introduction to Biogegraphy and Tropical Biology [Electronic resource] onwards. Mode of access: intr_biogeogr_trop_biol/intr_biogeogr_trop_biol.pdf Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 19 March 23, / 23
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