the total number of protons

Transcription

1 1 element a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical changes. Consists of atoms of only one type 2 a positively charged particle proton located in an atom's nucleus 3 a neutral particle located in an neutron atom's nucleus 4 the central region of an atom nucleus where most of the atom's mass is found in protons and neutrons 5 electron a negatively charged particle located outside an atom's nucleus about 2000 times smaller than either a proton or neutron 6 the total number of protons in atomic number an atom's nucleus 7 the total number of protons atomic mass # and neutrons in an atom's nucleus 8 isotope an atom of one element that has a different number of neutrons than another atom of the same element 9 ion an atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative electric charge; forms by atoms gaining or losing electrons 10 periodic table a table of the elements, arranged by atomic number, that shows the patterns in their properties 11 group a vertical column in the periodic table of the elements that have similar properties 12 period a horizontal row in the periodic table of the elements that have varying properties 13 reactive property in which a substance is likely to undergo a chemical change 14 metal an element that tends to be shiny, easily shaped, and a good conductor of electricity and heat 15 nonmetal an element that is not a metal and has properties generally opposite to those of a metal 16 Metalloid an element that has properties of both metals and nonmetals

2 17 radioactivity the process by which the nucleus of an atom of an element releases energy and particles 18 half-life the length of time it takes for the atoms in a sample of a radioactive element to decay into atoms of another element 19 Cohesion attractive force between water molecules that allows water to form drops and remain a liquid at room temperatures 20 attractive force between water adhesion molecules and other substances 21 the tightness across the surface tension surface of water that is caused by the polar molecules pulling on one another 22 the upward force on an object buoyancy produced by the surrounding fluid 23 the ratio of the mass of a density substance to the volume of the substance (mass/volume) 24 specific heat amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 degree Celsius 25 divide a ridge, or continuous line of high land, from which water flows in different 26 turnover the yearly rising and sinking of cold and warm water layers in a lake 27 eutrophication an increase in nutrients in a lake or pond, occurring naturally or as a result of pollution, which causes increased growth of algae and plants decreasing the amount of oxygen in the water 28 aquifer an underground layer of permeable rock that contains water 29 artesian well a well in which water flows upward to the surface naturally because it is under 30 point-source pollution 31 nonpoint-source pollution pressure pollution that enters water from a specific source that can be identified pollution with a widely spread source that can't be tied to a specific point of origin 32 desalination the process of removing salt from ocean water

3 33 continental shelf the flat or gently sloping land that lies submerged around the edges of a continent and that extends from the shoreline out to the continental slope 34 sonar a system that uses underwater sound waves to measure distance and locate objects 35 remote sensing the science of obtaining information about an object or physical environment using data that has been acquired with a sensor technology device that is not in contact with the object or environment 36 downwelling the movement of water from the surface to greater depths carrying oxygen down allowing animals to live in the deep ocean 37 upwelling the vertical movement of deep water up to the surface bringing up nutrients from the deep ocean allowing animals to thrive 38 estuary a shoreline area where fresh water from a river mixes with salt water from the ocean 39 benthos Organisms that live on or near the ocean bottom, sometimes attached to surfaces 40 nekton free swimming ocean organisms that can move independently of currents 41 turbidity a measure of the clarity of water that depends on the amount, size and composition of suspended matter such as clay, silt, phytoplankton and other microscopic organisms 42 hydrothermal vent an opening in the sea floor from which heated water rises and mixes with the ocean water above 43 compound a substance made up of two or more different types of atoms bonded together 44 chemical formula an expression that shows the number and types of atoms joined in a compound 45 ionic bond a type of chemical bond with the electrical attraction between a negative ion and a positive ion 46 covalent bond a type of chemical bond with a pair of electrons shared by two atoms

4 47 molecule a group of atoms that are held together by covalent bonds so that they move chemical reaction reactant product 51 Precipitate the process by which chemical changes occur and new substances are formed; atoms are rearranged - chemical bonds are broken and formed a substance that is present at the beginning of a chemical reaction, takes part in the chemical reaction, and is changed into a new substance a substance formed by a chemical reaction; made by the rearrangement of atoms and bonds in reactants a solid substance that forms as a result of a chemical reaction between chemicals in two liquids 52 Catalyst a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction but is not consumed in the reaction Law of Conservation of Mass coefficient Neritic zone Benthic zone semiconductor solution solute solvent concentration dilute a scientific law stating that during a chemical reaction, matter is not created nor destroyed. the number before a chemical formula that indicates how many molecules are involved in a chemical reaction The area that slopes down from the edge of the shoreline toward the ocean floor The bottom part of the ocean floor a material that can precisely control the conduction of electrical signals a mixture of two or more substances that is the same throughout in a solution, a substance that is dissolved in a solvent in a solution, the substance that dissolves a solute the amount of solute that is dissolved in a solvent at a particular temperature a solution having a low concentration of solute

5 63 saturated 64 solubility 65 acid 66 base 67 ph 68 neutral 69 bacteria a solution containing the maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a solvent at a given temperature the amount of a solute that dissolves in a certain amount of a solvent at a given temperature to produce a saturated solution a substance that can donate a proton to another substance that has a ph below 7 a substance that can accept a proton from another substance that has a ph above 7 the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution measurement of acidity describing a solution that is neither an acid nor a base substance that has a ph of 7 a large group of one-celled organisms that sometimes cause disease Biology 70 cell membrane 71 cytoplasm 72 eukaryotic cell 73 nucleus 74 organelle 75 prokaryotic cell 76 cell wall the outer boundary of the cytoplasm; a layer that controls what enters or leaves a cell; a protective covering enclosing an entire cell a thick, gelatin-like material contained within the cell membrane where most of the work of the cell is carried out a cell in which the genetic material is enclosed within a nucleus, surrounded by its own membrane the structure in a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material a cell needs to reproduce and function a structure in a cell that is enclosed by a membrane and that performs a particular function a cell that lacks a nucleus and other organelles a protective outer covering that lies just outside the cell membrane of plant cells Biology Biology Biology Biology Biology Biology Biology

6 mitochondria chemical energy cellular respiration Diffusion osmosis mitosis asexual reproduction microorganism bacteria Virus pathogen antibiotic infectious disease vector carrier 91 noninfectious disease 92 resistance organelles that release energy by using oxygen to break down sugars the energy stored in the bonds between atoms of every molecule a process in which cells use oxygen to release energy stored in sugars such as glucose the process by which molecules spread out, or move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration the diffusion of water through a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration the phase in the cell cycle during which the nucleus divides the process by which a single organism produces offspring that have the same genetic material a very small organism that can be seen only with a microscope EXAMPLE: bacteria a large group of one-celled organisms that sometimes cause disease a nonliving, disease-causing particle that uses the materials inside cells to reproduce; consists of genetic material enclosed in a protein coat agents that cause disease a substance that can destroy bacteria diseases that can be spread; caused by viruses, bacteria and other pathogens insects or animals that spread diseases to humans people who are infected with a disease and can infect others but do not show symptoms of the disease themselves diseases that cannot be spread by pathogens the ability of an organism to protect itself from a disease or the effects of a substance Biology Biology Biology Biology Biology Biology Biology Biology Biology Biology Biology Biology Biology Biology Biology Biology

7 Producer decomposer parasite host cell plankton protozoa 99 geologic time scale index fossil Law of Superposition unconformity an organism that captures energy from sunlight and transforms it into chemical energy that is stored in energy-rich carbon compounds; a source of food for other organisms an organism that feeds on and breaks down dead plant or animal matter an organism that absorbs nutrients from the body of another organism, often harming it in the process a cell that a virus infects and uses to make copies of itself mostly microscopic organisms that drift in great numbers through bodies of water animal-like protists that eat other organisms or decaying parts of other organisms chart organized by scientists that divides Earth's history into intervals of time defined by major events or changes on Earth fossils of species that existed on Earth only during specific periods of time were abundant and widespread geographically used to help determine the age of rock layers scientific law that states in undisturbed sedimentary rock layers, the oldest rock layers are on the bottom and the youngest rock layers are on the top a gap in the sedimentary rock record that is due to erosion wearing away rock layers or periods of time without deposition of rock layers Biology Biology Biology Biology Biology Biology

8 ice core plate tectonics continental drift mid-ocean ridge spectral analysis a drilled tubular sample of ice that shows the layers of snow and ice that have built up over thousands of years layers serve as a vertical timeline of part of earth's past scientists study gases trapped in the ice layers to learn how the atmosphere has changed 's lithosphere is made up of huge plates that move over the Earth's surface caused by convection currents in the Earth's asthenosphere when hot molten rock constantly rises, cools, sinks, and is heated again a hypothesis proposed by Alfred Wegener, a German scientist, stating that Earth's continents were once joined in a single landmass called Pangaea and gradually drifted apart a long line of sea-floor mountains where new ocean crust is formed by volcanic activity along a divergent boundary forms the longest chain of mountains on Earth method of charting and analyzing the chemical properties of matter by looking at the bands in their visible spectrum of light 108 reflectance curve the percentage of energy that is reflected off a surface and back to a sensor different patterns of reflectance occur at different wavelengths of light and radiation 109 ground truthing process of gathering measurements or other data on the ground to see if the information provided by remote sensing is correct

9 remote sensing topographic map urban sprawl permeable impermeable Subscript Natural selection Relative age Water table Variable Control group the process of gathering information about something without actually making contact with the object sensing from afar computers turn the data gathered into images type of map that uses contour lines to represent the shape and elevation of the land the spreading of a city and its suburbs over rural land Allows substances to easily pass through Does not allow substances to pass through The number written slightly below and to the right of a chemical symbol that shows how many atoms of an element are in a compound The theory that explains how populations can eventually evolve into new species The age of an object or event in comparison to another object or event The highest part in the ground that is saturated, or completely filled with water Any factor that can change in a controlled experiment A standard set up in which to the experimental results are compared term