UNIT 11 PLATE TECTONICS
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1 UNIT 11 PLATE TECTONICS
2 A. ALFRED WEGENER 1. Continental drift hypothesis Single supercontinent called Pangaea 200 million years ago Pangaea (all land) began to break up and started drifting to their present positions
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4 A. ALFRED WEGENER Evidences Matching fossils Mesosaurus fossils limited to South America and to southern Africa Rock types and structures several mountain belts that end at one coastline, reappear on a landmass across the ocean
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6 A. ALFRED WEGENER Hypothesis rejected Wegener could not describe a mechanism that was capable of moving the continents across the globe
7 B. THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS The theory that proposes that Earth s outer shell consists of individuals plates that interact in various ways and thereby produce earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and the crust itself Lithosphere rigid outer layer of Earth, including the crust and upper mantle Divided into segments called plates seven major plates Largest plate = Pacific Plate Move about 5 cm/yr (about as fast as your fingernail)
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9 TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES
10 DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES Divergent boundaries when two plates move apart Results in upwelling of material from the mantle to create new seafloor Oceanic ridge seafloor that is elevated along well developed divergent boundaries Rift valleys deep faulted structures found along the axes of some segments Seafloor spreading The process in which the ocean floor is extended when two plates move apart, forming a crack where magma can rise to the surface, cooling and forming new crust Ex. East African Rift Valley
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12 CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES Convergent boundaries when two plates move together Results in a subduction zone when one oceanic plate is forced down into the mantle beneath a second plate Creates an ocean trench
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14 CONVERGENT BOUDARIES 3 types of convergent boundaries Oceanic-Continental Ocean plate (more dense) sinks down under continental plate Can eventually cause volcanic eruptions Ex. Andes
15 Oceanic-Oceanic One descends beneath the other Can cause volcanoes to form on ocean floor Activity will eventually build a chain of volcanic structures that become islands called volcanic island arc Ex. Aleutian Islands off the shore of Alaska
16 CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES Continental-Continental Plates collide Causes formation of complex mountains Ex. Himalayas Urbanizing mountainsides leads to erosion, landslides, and water pollution
17 TRANSFORM FAULT BOUNDARIES Transform fault boundaries two plates grind past each other without the production or destruction of lithosphere Can cause earthquake activity Ex. San Andreas fault zone
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19 EVIDENCE FOR PLATE TECTONICS 1. Paleomagnetism - the study of the Earth s magnetic field in the past used as evidence for seafloor spreading Normal Polarity when rocks show the same magnetism as the present magnetic field Reverse polarity rocks that show the opposite magnetism the discovery of strips of alternating polarity, while lie as mirror images across the ocean ridges, is among the strongest evidence of seafloor spreading
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21 Earthquake patterns Ocean drilling Hot spots - a concentration of heat in the mantle capable of producing magma, which rises to Earth s surface pacific plate moves over a hot spot, producing the Hawaiian Islands supports the idea that the plates move over Earth s surface
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23 G. MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOTION Convection warm, less dense material rises and cooler, denser material sinks Convection currents transfer of thermal energy from warmer regions of magma below the crust to cooler regions Convection occurring in the mantle is the basic driving force for plate movement
24 G. MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOTION Slab-pull Occurs because cold oceanic crust, sinks into the asthenosphere and pulls the trailing lithosphere along Thought to be the primary downward arm of convective flow in the mantle Ridge-push Results from the elevated position of the oceanic ridge system Causes oceanic lithosphere to slide down the sides of the oceanic ridge Less important than slab-pull
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26 G. MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOTION Mantle convection mantle plumes are masses of hotter-than-normal mantle material that ascend toward the surface The unequal distribution of heat within Earth causes the thermal convection in the mantle that ultimately drives plate motion
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