Rheology and Processing of Liquid Crystal Polymers
|
|
- Gwendoline Davis
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Rheology and Processing of Liquid Crystal Polymers JOIN US ON THE INTERNET VIA WWW, GOPHER, FTP OR WWW: GOPHER: gopher.thomson.com A service of loop FTP: ftp.thomson.com findit@kiosk.thomson.com
2 Polymer Liquid Crystals Series Series editors: D. Acierno, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Salerno, Italy W.K. Brostow, Center for Materials Characterization, University of North Texas, USA AA. Collyer, formerly of the Division of Applied Physics, Sheffield Hallam University, UK The series is devoted to an increasingly important class of polymer-based materials. As discussed in some detail in Chapter 1 of Volume 1, polymer liquid crystals (PLCs) have better mechanical performances, higher thermal stabilities and better physical properties than flexible polymers. They are more easily processable than reinforced plastics and can be used in small quantities to lower dramatically the viscosities of flexible polymer melts. PLCs can be oriented easily in shearing, electric and magnetic fields. They also have interesting optical properties, making applications in optical data storage possible, such as light valves and as erasable holograms. Current applications of PLCs include automobile parts. The areas of potential applications include the electrical, electronic, chemical, aircraft, petroleum and other industries. One measure of the rapidly increasing interest in PLCs is the number of names that are used for them: in-situ composites, molecular composites, liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs), self-reinforcing plastics, etc. The very rapidly growing literature on the subject makes it more and more difficult for researchers, engineers, faculty members and students to keep up with the new developments. Newcomers to the field are typically overwhelmed by the complexity of these materials in comparison to traditional engineering plastics - as reflected in sometimes mutually conflicting conclusions in publications, phrased moreover in difficult terminology. The present book series solves these problems for people already in the field as well as for the novices. Experts in the field from allover the world have been called upon to clarify the situation in their respective areas. Thus, conflicting evidence is sorted out and general features are stressed - which becomes achievable after a uniform picture of the structures of these materials is provided. Volume 1 gives an introduction to liquid crystallinity, describes characterization of LC phases including NMR studies, discusses lyotropic (produced in solution) as well as thermotropic (produced by manipulating the temperature) PLC phases. Volume 2 deals with rheology and processing. Volume 3 deals with mechanical and thermo physical properties of PLCs and PLC-containing blends, including inorganic PLCs, formation of PLC phases - also in non-covalently bonded systems - memory effects, phase diagrams, relaxation of orientations, creep and stress relaxation, thermoreversible gels, acoustic properties and computer simulations of PLCs. Volume 4 deals with electrical, magnetic and optical properties, including a discussion of displays and also of optical storage. Overall, the book series constitutes the only truly comprehensive source of knowledge on these exciting materials. Titles in the series 1. Liquid Crystal Polymers: From structure to applications Edited by AA Collyer 2. Rheology and Processing of Liquid Crystal Polymers Edited by D. Acierno and A.A Collyer 3. Mechanical and Thermophysical Properties of Polymer Liquid Crystals Edited by W.K. Brostow (forthcoming) 4. Electrical, Magnetic and Optical Effects on Polymer Liquid Crystals Edited by W.K. Brostow and AA Collyer (forthcoming)
3 Rheology and Processing of Liquid Crystal Polymers Edited by D. Acierno Department of Chemical Engineering University of Salerno Italy and A.A. Collyer formerly of the Division of Applied Physics Sheffield Hallam University UK Innl SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, BV
4 First edition Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1996 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996 Typeset in 10/12 pt Palatino by AFS Image Setters Ltd, Glasgow ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook) Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of repro graphic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: e Printed on permanent acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with ANSIINISO Z and ANSI/NISO Z (Permanence of Paper).
5 Contents List of contributors Preface x xii 1 Introduction to liquid crystal polymers 1 A.A. Collyer 1.1 Introduction Liquid crystal mesophases Identification of mesophases Mutual miscibility of known mesogens Polarized liquid microscopy X-ray diffraction Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) Molecular architecture in thermotropic main chain LCPs Frustrated chain packing LCPs with flexible spacers Non-linear units Lyotropic main chain LCPs Polyamides Polybenzazoles Formation of nematic mesophases Conclusion 26 Acknowledgement 26 References Theoretical aspects of the flow of liquid crystal polymers 30 G. Marrucci Introduction 30 Molecular orientation 31 Slow flows - the linear situation 34 Nonlinear behaviour - negative normal stresses 37 Defects and polydomains 39
6 vi Contents 2.6 Flow-induced orientation Acknowledgements References Hamiltonian modelling of liquid crystal polymers and blends 49 M. Grmela and B.z. Dlugogorski 3.1 Introduction Family of mutually compatible models Nonlinear Onsager-Casimir equation State variables Thermodynamic potential Kinematics Examples of the nonlinear Onsager-Casimir equation Molecular simulations Blends Concluding remarks List of symbols 81 References 83 4 Rheology and processing of liquid crystal polymer melts 86 F.N. Cogswell and K.F. Wissbrun 4.1 Introduction Structure in polymer melts Liquid crystal phenomena and the rheology of fibre filled polymers Outline characteristics of liquid crystal polymer melt rheology Thermotropic aromatic polyesters Some characteristics of thermotropic polyesters Molecular structure and mobility Molecular weight and distribution Domain structure Crystallinity Thermal and thermodynamic properties Precautions in use Rheology Small amplitude oscillatory shear Torsional flow transient behaviour and normal force measurements Steady state shear viscosity Melt elastic response Capillary viscometry Elongational flows
7 Contents vii The influence of temperature and pressure The effects of thermo-mechanical history Solid phase properties relevant to processing Processing with thermotropic melts Extrusion Free surface flows Injection moulding Processing comparisons for LCPs and fibre reinforced plastics Conclusions Key characteristics of LCP melts Similarities of LCPs and fibre reinforced melts 127 References Rheological and relaxation behaviour of filled LC-thermoplastics and their blends 135 V.G. Kulichikhin, V.F. Shumskii and A. V. Semakov 5.1 Introduction Experimental Results and discussion Rheology of the binary filled LCPs Comparison of mechanical and rheological properties of the binary filled systems Mechanical and dielectric relaxation in CB-reinforced CPE Rheology and mechanics of polymer blends filled with carbon black Conclusion References The morphology and rheology of liquid crystal polymer blends 185 A.A. Collyer 6.1 Introduction Results for capillary flows Polystyrene/LCP blends X7G/polycarbonate blends Vectra/Trogamid T blends VectraA950/polycarbonate blends Vectra B950 in polyamide 6, polybutyleneterephthalate blends and polyamide Vectra B950 in polycarbonate and polyelhersulphone SBH/polycarbonate blends 198
8 viii Contents Wholly aromatic copolyester with polycarbonate and polyamide LCP blends with polyetherimide (PEl) and polysulphone (PSF) Summary of results of capillary flows Models to explain viscosity minima Phase equilibria Droplet morphology Migration Interfacial slip Elongational flows Dynamic measurements Conclusion (capillary flows) Model to explain the viscosity minimum in capillary flows Explanation of the viscosity maximum in blends of vedra B950/PA The yield value Suitable LCPs for blending Conclusions (other flows) 213 Acknowledgements 213 References Processing of liquid crystal polymers and blends 218 J.B. Hull and A.R. Jones 7.1 Introduction Structure of LCPs Structural order Orientation and its role in processing 7.3 Processing of LCPs Injection moulding Extrusion of LCPs LCP fibre spinning 7.4 Other developments. References Time-dependent effeds in lyotropic systems P. Moldenaers 8.1 Introduction Liquid crystallinity Lyotropics versus thermotropics 8.2 Commonly investigated lyotropics Types of polymers Behaviour in steady-state flow
9 Contents ix 8.3 Time-dependent effects during shear flow Stress growth Stepwise changes in shear rate Flow reversal Intermittent shear flow Time-dependent effects upon cessation of shear flow Stress relaxation Structural relaxation Recoil Banded textures 282 References Processing and properties of rigid rod polymers and their molecular composites 288 W.-F. Hwang 9.1 Introduction Lyotropic LCPs Background Rigidity of PBZ Processing and properties of lyotropic PBZ Molecular composite systems Phase separation of rigid-rod/flexible coil blends Block/segmented rigid-rod copolymer systems Thermoplastic molecular composites as advanced matrices for continuous-filament composites Recent developments 308 References 310 Index 312
10 Contributors D.Acierno Universita di Salerno, Dipartimento Ingegnaria Chimica E Alimentare, Via Ponte Don Melillo, Fisciano (SA), Italy. F.N. Cogswell 10 Latimer Lane, Guisborough, Cleveland, TS14 8DD, UK. A.A. Collyer Flat 2, 9 Elrnhyrst Rd, Weston Super Mare, BS23 2SJ, UK; formerly of Division of Applied Physics, Sheffield Hallam University, Pond Street, Sheffield, SllWB, UK. B.Z. Dlugogorski Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia. M.Grmela Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnic de Montreal, 2900 Boul Eduard-Montpetit, Montreal, H3C 3A7, Canada. J.B. Hull Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nottingham Trent University, Burton Street, Nottingham NG 1 4BU, UK. W.-F.Hwang Central R&D, 1702 Building, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA. A.R.Jones Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nottingham Trent University, Burton Street, Nottingham NG 1 4BU, UK. V.G. Kulichikhin Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, The Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninskii Park, Moscow, Russia.
11 Contributors xi G.Marrucci Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Universita di Napoli, P.le Tecchio, Naples, Italy. P. Moldenaers Chemical Engineering Department, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, W. de Croylaan 46, B-3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium. A.V. Semakov Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, The Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninskii Park, Moscow, Russia. V.F. Shumskii Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ukranian Academy of Sciences, Kharkovsloye Shosse , Kiev, Ukraine. K.F. Wissbrun 1 Euclid Avenue, Appartment 4E, Summit, NJ 07901, USA.
12 Preface Liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) have many strange properties that may be utilized to advantage in the processing of products made from them and their blends with isotropic polymers. This volume (volume 2 in the series Polymer Liquid Crystals) deals with their strange flow behaviour and the models put forward to explain the phenomena that occur in such polymers and their blends. It has been known for some time that small additions of a thermotropic LCP to isotropic polymers not only gives an improvement in the strength and stiffness of the blend but improves the processability of the blend over that of the isotropic polymer. In the case of lyotropic LCPs, it is possible to create a molecular composite in which the reinforcement of an isotropic polymer is achieved at a molecular level by the addition of the LCP in a common solvent. If the phenomena can be fully understood both the reinforcement and an increase in the processability of isotropic polymers could be optimized. This book is intended to illustrate the current theories associated with the flow of LCPs and their blends in the hope that such an optimization will be achieved by future research. Chapter 1 introduces the subject of LCPs and describes the terminology used; Chapter 2 then discusses the more complex phenomena associated with these materials. In Chapter 3, the way in which these phenomena may be modelled using hamiltonians is fully covered. Chapters 4, 5 and 6 deal with the practical results associated with the flow of LCPs, filled LCPs and LCP blends with isotropic polymers. These chapters refer mainly to thermotropic LCPs; the way in which these materials are processed is described in Chapter 7. The last two chapters examine exclusively lyotropic LCPs: Chapter 8 discusses the time-dependent effects occurring in this kind of LCP; Chapter 9 describes the phenomena that occur in lyotropic LCPs and the way in which they are processed, particularly with regard to the processing of molecular composites. It is hoped that this book will be a suitable introduction to this fascinating and rapidly changing subject as well as providing a much deeper in-
13 Preface xiii sight into the flow behaviour of these materials. Apart from Chapter 3, the mathematics used is of an A level or pre-university standard. This work is of importance to all establishments in which rheological measurements are carried out on polymeric materials. Materials scientists, engineers or technologists in industry, research laboratories or academia should find this book invaluable in updating their information and understanding the processes involved in the flow of liquid crystal polymers and their blends. D. Acierno and AA Collyer 1995
Structure and Properties of Oriented Polymers
Structure and Properties of Oriented Polymers Structure and Properties of Oriented Polymers Edited by 1. M. Ward IRC in Polymer Science and Technology Universities of Leeds, Bradford and Durham UK I uni
More informationElectrical and Magnetic Methods of Non-destructive Testing
Electrical and Magnetic Methods of Non-destructive Testing NON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION SERIES Non-destructive evaluation now has a central place in modem technology both as a means of evaluating materials
More informationGeophysical Interpretation using Integral Equations
Geophysical Interpretation using Integral Equations Geophysical Interpretation using Integral Equations L. ESKOLA Head of the Geophysics Department, Geological Survey of Finland 1~lll SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS
More informationAstronomy with a Budget Telescope
Astronomy with a Budget Telescope Springer-Verlag London Ltd. Patrick Moore and John Watson Astro omy w h a Budget elescope With 100 Figures, 98 in colour, Springer British Library Cataloguing in Publication
More informationIntroduction to CLASSICAL MECHANICS
Introduction to CLASSICAL MECHANICS Introduction to CLASSICAL MECHANICS A.P. FRENCH Massachusetts Institute oj Technology M.G. EBISON The Institute oj Physics, London KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT
More informationFinite Element Analysis for Heat Transfer. Theory and Software
Finite Element Analysis for Heat Transfer Theory and Software Hou-Cheng Huang and Asif S. Usmani Finite Element Analysis for Heat Transfer Theory and Software With 62 Figures Springer-Verlag London Berlin
More informationPowder Surface Area and Porosity
Powder Surface Area and Porosity Powder Technology Series EDITED BY BRIAN SCARLETI Delft University of Technology The Netherlands Many materials exist in the form of a disperse system, for example powders,
More informationINTRODUCTION TO LIQUID CRYSTALS
INTRODUCTION TO LIQUID CRYSTALS INTRODUCTION TO LIQUID CRYSTALS Edited by E. B. Priestley Peter J. Wojtowicz Ping Sheng RCA Laboratories Princeton, New Jersey PLENUM PRESS NEW YORK AND LONDON Main entry
More informationAn Introduction to Polymer Physics
An Introduction to Polymer Physics David I. Bower Formerly at the University of Leeds (CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Preface Acknowledgements xii xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Polymers and the scope of the book
More informationApplications of Electroactive Polymers
Applications of Electroactive Polymers Applications of Electroactive Polymers Edited by Bruno Scrosati Chemistry Department University of Rome 'La Sapienza' Italy [cn[ SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA,
More informationPROPERTIES OF POLYMERS
PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS THEIR CORRELATION WITH CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; THEIR NUMERICAL ESTIMATION AND PREDICTION FROM ADDITIVE GROUP CONTRIBUTIONS Third, completely revised edition By D.W. VÄN KREVELEN Professor-Emeritus,
More informationTHEORY OF MOLECULAR EXCITONS
THEORY OF MOLECULAR EXCITONS THEORY OF MOLECULAR EXCITONS A. S. Davydov Kiev State University Kiev, USSR Translated from Russian by Stephen B. Dresner g? SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC 1971 Aleksandr
More informationPhysics for Scientists & Engineers with Modern Physics Douglas C. Giancoli Fourth Edition
Physics for Scientists & Engineers with Modern Physics Douglas C. Giancoli Fourth Edition Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the
More informationADVANCES IN MOLTEN SALT CHEMISTRY Volume 1
ADVANCES IN MOLTEN SALT CHEMISTRY Volume 1 CONTRIBUTORS TO TIDS VOLUME C.R.Boston Metals and Ceramics Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee John W. Hastie National Bureau of Standards
More informationUniversitext. Series Editors:
Universitext Universitext Series Editors: Sheldon Axler San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA Vincenzo Capasso Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy Carles Casacuberta Universitat
More informationP.M. Cohn. Basic Algebra. Groups, Rings and Fields. m Springer
Basic Algebra P.M. Cohn Basic Algebra Groups, Rings and Fields m Springer P.M. Cohn, MA, PhD, FRS Department of Mathematics, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK British Library
More informationINTRODUCTION TO SOL-GEL PROCESSING
INTRODUCTION TO SOL-GEL PROCESSING THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES in SOL-GEL PROCESSING: TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS Consulting Editor Lisa Klein Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey INTRODUCTION
More informationThermal Methods of Analysis Principles, Applications and Problems
Thermal Methods of Analysis Principles, Applications and Problems Thermal Methods of Analysis Principles, Applications and Problems P.]. Haines With contributions by M. Reading F.W. Wilburn D. Dollimore
More informationProbability Theory, Random Processes and Mathematical Statistics
Probability Theory, Random Processes and Mathematical Statistics Mathematics and Its Applications Managing Editor: M.HAZEWINKEL Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Volume
More informationLiquid Crystal. Liquid Crystal. Liquid Crystal Polymers. Liquid Crystal. Orientation of molecules in the mesophase
Liquid Crystal - Liquid crystals (LCs) are a state of matter that have properties between those of a conventional liquid and those of a solid crystal. (Fourth state of matter) Liquid Crystal Orientation
More informationCHM 6365 Chimie supramoléculaire Partie 8
CHM 6365 Chimie supramoléculaire Partie 8 Liquid crystals: Fourth state of matter Discovered in 1888 by Reinitzer, who observed two melting points for a series of cholesterol derivatives Subsequent studies
More informationSelection Methods in Plant Breeding
Selection Methods in Plant Breeding PLANT BREEDING SERIES Edited by Professor P.D.S. Caligari Head of the Department of Agricultural Botany The University of Reading, UK Modem plant breeders need to have
More informationPHYSICAL PROCESSES IN SOLAR FLARES
PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN SOLAR FLARES ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY A SERIES OF BOOKS ON THE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF SPACE SCIENCE AND OF GENERAL GEOPHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS PUBLISHED IN CONNECTION
More informationAdvanced Engineering. Dynamics. H. R. Harrison. T. Nettleton. Formerly Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics City University London
Advanced Engineering Dynamics H. R. Harrison Formerly Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics City University London T. Nettleton Formerly Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics
More informationin this web service Cambridge University Press
CONTINUUM MECHANICS This is a modern textbook for courses in continuum mechanics. It provides both the theoretical framework and the numerical methods required to model the behavior of continuous materials.
More informationAn Introduction to Surface-Micromachining
An Introduction to Surface-Micromachining An Introduction to S urface-micromachining by Robert W. Johnstone M. Parameswaran Engineering Science Simon Fraser University Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston/DordrechtiLondon
More informationDissipative Ordered Fluids
Dissipative Ordered Fluids Andr é M. Sonnet Epifanio G. Virga Dissipative Ordered Fluids Theories for Liquid Crystals Andr é M. Sonnet Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Strathclyde
More informationNumerical Methods for the Solution of Ill-Posed Problems
Numerical Methods for the Solution of Ill-Posed Problems Mathematics and Its Applications Managing Editor: M.HAZEWINKEL Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Volume 328
More informationTHE BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD
THE BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD SOLID MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS Volume 27 Series Editor: G.M.L. GLADWELL Solid Mechanics Division, Faculty of Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
More informationLandolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology New Series / Editor in Chief: W.
Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology New Series / Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen Group VIII: Advanced Materials and Technologies Volume 6 Polymers Subvolume
More informationGIS AND TERRITORIAL INTELLIGENCE. Using Microdata. Jean Dubé and Diègo Legros
GIS AND TERRITORIAL INTELLIGENCE Spatial Econometrics Using Microdata Jean Dubé and Diègo Legros Spatial Econometrics Using Microdata To the memory of Gilles Dubé. For Mélanie, Karine, Philippe, Vincent
More informationPolymers on the Crime Scene
Polymers on the Crime Scene Valerio Causin Polymers on the Crime Scene Forensic Analysis of Polymeric Trace Evidence Valerio Causin Università di Padova Padova, Italy ISBN 978-3-319-15493-0 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-15494-7
More informationFRACTIONAL CALCULUS IN PHYSICS
APPLICATIONS OF FRACTIONAL CALCULUS IN PHYSICS APPLICATIONS OF FRACTIONAL CALCULUS IN PHYSICS Editor Universitat Mainz and Universitat Stuttgart Germany Vfe World Scientific «Singapore New Jersey London
More informationCircuit Analysis for Power Engineering Handbook
Circuit Analysis for Power Engineering Handbook Circuit Analysis for Power Engineering Handbook Arieh L. Shenkman SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V A c.i.p. Catalogue record for this book is available
More informationPractical Astronomy. Springer-Verlag London Ltd.
Practical Astronomy Springer-Verlag London Ltd. Other titles in this series The Modern Amateur Astronomer Patrick Moore (Ed.) Telescopes and Techniques: An Introduction to Practical Astronomy C. R. Kitchin
More informationCOSSERAT THEORIES: SHELLS, RODS AND POINTS
COSSERAT THEORIES: SHELLS, RODS AND POINTS SOLID MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS Volume 79 Series Editor: G.M.L. GLADWELL Department of Civil Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
More informationRarefied Gas Dynamics
Rarefied Gas Dynamics Rarefied Gas Dynamics Mikhail N. Kogan Computer Center Academy of Sciences of the USSR Moscow Translated from Russian Translation Editor Leon Trilling Department of Aeronautics and
More informationPOLYMERS: CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF MODERN MATERIALS
POLYMERS: CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF MODERN MATERIALS THIRD EDITION J.M.G. COWIE Heriot-Watt University Scotland,UK VALERIA ARRIGHI Heriot-Watt University Scotland,UK Contents Preface The Authors xv xvii
More informationQUANTUM SCATTERING THEORY FOR SEVERAL PARTICLE SYSTEMS
.: ' :,. QUANTUM SCATTERING THEORY FOR SEVERAL PARTICLE SYSTEMS Mathematical Physics and Applied Mathematics Editors: M. Plato, Universite de Bourgogne, Dijon, France The titles published in this series
More informationShallow Refraction Seismics
Shallow Refraction Seismics Series Editor D. S. Parasnis Professor of Applied Geophysics, University of Lulea, Sweden Fellow of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences Shallow Refraction Seismics
More informationOn Normalized Integral Table Algebras (Fusion Rings)
On Normalized Integral Table Algebras (Fusion Rings) For further volumes: www.springer.com/series/6253 Algebra and Applications Volume 16 Series Editors: Alice Fialowski Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest,
More informationConvective Heat Transfer
Convective Heat Transfer Solved Problems Michel Favre-Marinet Sedat Tardu This page intentionally left blank Convective Heat Transfer This page intentionally left blank Convective Heat Transfer Solved
More informationThermal Plasmas. Fundamentals and Applications. Volume 1
Thermal Plasmas Fundamentals and Applications Volume 1 Thermal Plasmas Fundamentals and Applications Volume 1 Maher I. Boulos University 0/ Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada Pierre Fauchais University
More informationChapter 1 Introduction
Since application of thermotropic liquid crystals has always been of wide interest, discovery of bent-shaped (banana, boomerang, bow) liquid crystals [1] opened a very promising field concerning new mesophases.
More informationHigh strength high modulus Fibres
High strength high modulus Fibres Module 2: FAQ Q1. Define aramids. A manufactured fibre in which the fibre-forming substance is a long-chain synthetic polyamide in which at least 85% of the amide (-CO-NH-)
More informationMechanical properties of polymers: an overview. Suryasarathi Bose Dept. of Materials Engineering, IISc, Bangalore
Mechanical properties of polymers: an overview Suryasarathi Bose Dept. of Materials Engineering, IISc, Bangalore UGC-NRCM Summer School on Mechanical Property Characterization- June 2012 Overview of polymer
More informationDIPOLE MOMENTS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
DIPOLE MOMENTS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PHYSICAL METHODS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY B. I. lonin and B. A. Ershov NMR Spectroscopy in Organic Chemistry, 1970 V. I. Minkin, O. A. Osipov, and Yu. A. Zhdanov Dipole
More informationBIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani Pilani Campus Instruction Division
Instruction Division FIRST SEMESTER 2017-18 Course Handout (Part II) Date:23/07/2017 In addition to Part I (General Handout for all courses appended to the Time Table), this portion gives further specific
More informationA Workbook of. Electrochemistry
A Workbook of Electrochemistry A Workbook of Electrochemistry John O'M. Bockris Professor of Physical Chemistry The Flinders University Adelaide, Australia and Ronald A. Fredlein Lecturer in Physical Chemistry
More informationNumerical Data Fitting in Dynamical Systems
Numerical Data Fitting in Dynamical Systems Applied Optimization Volume 77 Series Editors: Panos M. Pardalos University of Florida, U.S.A. Donald Hearn University of Florida, U.S.A. The titles published
More informationPolymer engineering syllabus (BSc)
Polymer engineering syllabus (BSc) First semester Math 1 Physics 1 Physics 1 lab General chemistry General chemistry lab workshop Second semester Math 2 Physics 2 Organic chemistry 1 Organic chemistry
More information1000 Solved Problems in Classical Physics
1000 Solved Problems in Classical Physics Ahmad A. Kamal 1000 Solved Problems in Classical Physics An Exercise Book 123 Dr. Ahmad A. Kamal Silversprings Lane 425 75094 Murphy Texas USA anwarakamal@yahoo.com
More informationENGINEERING MECHANICS
ENGINEERING MECHANICS Engineering Mechanics Volume 2: Stresses, Strains, Displacements by C. HARTSUIJKER Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands and J.W. WELLEMAN Delft University of Technology,
More informationColloids and Interfaces with Surfactants and Polymers An Introduction
Colloids and Interfaces with Surfactants and Polymers An Introduction Colloids and Interfaces with Surfactants and Polymers An Introduction J. W. Goodwin ß 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-84142-7
More informationTWILIGHT. Georgii Vladimirovich Rozenberg Deputy Director Institute of Physics of the Atmosphere Academy of Sciences of the USSR
TWILIGHT TWILIGHT A STUDY IN ATMOSPHERIC OPTICS Georgii Vladimirovich Rozenberg Deputy Director Institute of Physics of the Atmosphere Academy of Sciences of the USSR With a Preface by J. V. Dave National
More informationTRANSPORT PHENOMENA AND UNIT OPERATIONS
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA AND UNIT OPERATIONS TRANSPORT PHENOMENA AND UNIT OPERATIONS A COMBINED APPROACH Richard G. Griskey A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION This book is printed on acid-free paper Copyright
More informationENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF NICKEL AND NICKEL AllOYS by John l. Everhart,P. E. Metallurgical Engineer Westfield, New Jersey 9? PLENUM PRESS NEW YORK - LONDON
More informationQing-Hua Qin. Advanced Mechanics of Piezoelectricity
Qing-Hua Qin Advanced Mechanics of Piezoelectricity Qing-Hua Qin Advanced Mechanics of Piezoelectricity With 77 figures Author Prof. Qing-Hua Qin Research School of Engineering Australian National University
More informationAhmet Gürses. Introduction to Polymer Clay Nanocomposites
Ahmet Gürses Introduction to Polymer Clay Nanocomposites Introduction to Polymer Clay Nanocomposites Introduction to Polymer Clay Nanocomposites Ahmet Gürses Published by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte.
More informationDynamics and Randomness
Dynamics and Randomness Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems VOLUME 7 The Centre for Nonlinear Physics and Complex Systems (CFNL), Santiago, Chile, and Kluwer Academic Publishers have established this
More informationPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC SOLVENT SYSTEMS
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC SOLVENT SYSTEMS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC SOLVENT SYSTEMS Edited by A. K. Covington and T. Dickinson Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Newcastle upon Tyne,
More informationOSCILLATION THEORY FOR DIFFERENCE AND FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
OSCILLATION THEORY FOR DIFFERENCE AND FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Oscillation Theory for Difference and Functional Differential Equations by Ravi P. Agarwal Department of Mathematics, National University
More informationThe original 1990 hardcover edition ISBN Softcover edition (reprinted 1998) ISBN
The original 1990 hardcover edition ISBN 981-02-0108-7 Softcover edition (reprinted 1998) ISBN 981-02-3796-0 Finite Size Scaling and Numerical Simulation of Statistical Systems Editor V Privman Department
More informationSpringer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics
Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics Volume 51 Editor-in-chief Gordon W. F. Drake, Department of Physics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada Series editors James Babb, Harvard-Smithsonian
More informationElectrochemical Process Engineering. A Guide to the Design of Electrolytic Plant
Electrochemical Process Engineering A Guide to the Design of Electrolytic Plant Electrochemical Process Engineering A Guide to the Design of Electrolytic Plant F. Goodridge and K. Scott University of Newcastle
More informationBASICS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA
BASICS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA BASICS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA BRIAN M. TISSUE Virginia Tech Department of Chemistry Blacksburg, VA Cover Design: Wiley Cover
More informationIgor Emri Arkady Voloshin. Statics. Learning from Engineering Examples
Statics Igor Emri Arkady Voloshin Statics Learning from Engineering Examples Igor Emri University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia Arkady Voloshin Lehigh University Bethlehem, PA, USA ISBN 978-1-4939-2100-3
More informationFORENSIC ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
FORENSIC ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Analytical Techniques in the Sciences (AnTS) Series Editor: David J. Ando, Consultant, Dartford, Kent, UK A series of open learning/distance learning books which covers all
More informationPHOTOPOLYMERISATION AND PHOTOIMAGING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PHOTOPOLYMERISATION AND PHOTOIMAGING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PHOTOPOL YMERISATION AND PHOTOIMAGING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Edited by NORMAN S. ALLEN, BSc, PhD, DSc Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science
More informationThe Practice Book for Conceptual Physics. Paul G. Hewitt Eleventh Edition
The Practice Book for Conceptual Physics Paul G. Hewitt Eleventh Edition Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on
More informationContents. Preface XIII. 1 General Introduction 1 References 6
VII Contents Preface XIII 1 General Introduction 1 References 6 2 Interparticle Interactions and Their Combination 7 2.1 Hard-Sphere Interaction 7 2.2 Soft or Electrostatic Interaction 7 2.3 Steric Interaction
More informationMOLECULES AND LIFE. An Introduction to Molecular Biology
MOLECULES AND LIFE An Introduction to Molecular Biology MOLECULES AND LIFE An Introduction to Molecular Biology Mikhail V. Vol'kenshtein Institute of Molecular Biology Academy of Sciences of the USSR,
More informationFOUNDATION SCIENCE FOR ENGINEERS
FOUNDATION SCIENCE FOR ENGINEERS Other titles of interest to engineers Dynamics G.E. Drabble Electric Circuits P. Silvester Electromagnetism R.G. Powell Engineering Mathematics, fourth edition K.A. Stroud
More informationEarth Life System. An Introduction to the
An Introduction to the Earth Life System This undergraduate textbook brings together Earth and biological sciences to explore the co-evolution of the Earth and life over geological time. It examines the
More informationEmission and Scattering Techniques. Studies of Inorganic Molecules, Solids, and Surfaces
Emission and Scattering Techniques Studies of Inorganic Molecules, Solids, and Surfaces NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES Proceedings of the Advanced Study Institute Programme, which aims at the dissemination
More informationGraphene Plasmonics. An Introduction to. P.A.D Gonçalves. N.M.R Peres. World Scientific. University of Minho, Portugal. Univeristy of Minho, Portugal
An Introduction to Graphene Plasmonics P.A.D Gonçalves University of Minho, Portugal N.M.R Peres Univeristy of Minho, Portugal World Scientific NEW JERSEY LONDON SINGAPORE BEIJING SHANGHAI HONG KONG TAIPEI
More informationPowder Surface Area and Porosity
Powder Surface Area and Porosity Powder Technology Series Edited by B. Scarlett Department of Chemical Engineering University of Technology Loughborough Powder Surface Area and Porosity S. Lowell PhD Quantachrome
More informationHANDBOOK OF ELECTRONICS FORMULAS, SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS
HANDBOOK OF ELECTRONICS FORMULAS, SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS HANDBOOK OF ELECTRONICS FORMULAS, SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS Second Edition John R. Brand Inm!I VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD ~ New York ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-6493-1
More informationSpringerBriefs in Statistics
SpringerBriefs in Statistics For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8921 Jeff Grover Strategic Economic Decision-Making Using Bayesian Belief Networks to Solve Complex Problems Jeff Grover
More informationEnantiomer Separation
Enantiomer Separation Enantiomer Separation Fundamentals and Practical Methods Edited by Professor of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Okayama University of Science, Japan KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
More informationArrow Pushing in Organic Chemistry
Arrow Pushing in Organic Chemistry An Easy Approach to Understanding Reaction Mechanisms Daniel E. Levy Arrow Pushing in Organic Chemistry Arrow Pushing in Organic Chemistry An Easy Approach to Understanding
More informationApplications of Analytical Techniques to the Characterization of Materials
Applications of Analytical Techniques to the Characterization of Materials Applications of Analytical Techniques to the Characterization of Materials Edited by Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory University of
More informationTHEORY OF PLASMAS TEORIYA PLAZMY. TEOPMH lljla3mbi
THEORY OF PLASMAS TEORIYA PLAZMY TEOPMH lljla3mbi The Lebedev Physics Institute Series Editors: Academicians D. V. Skobel'tsyn and N. G. Basov P. N. Lebedev Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the
More informationAnalysis and Control of Age-Dependent Population Dynamics
Analysis and Control of Age-Dependent Population Dynamics MATHEMATICAL MODELLING: Theory and Applications VOLUME I I This series is aimed at publishing work dealing with the definition, development and
More informationChemistry by Computer. An Overview of the Applications of Computers in Chemistry
Chemistry by Computer An Overview of the Applications of Computers in Chemistry Chemistry by Computer An Overview of the Applications of Computers in Chemistry Stephen Wilson Theoretical Chemistry Department
More informationHIGH-INTENSITY ULTRASONIC FIELDS
HIGH-INTENSITY ULTRASONIC FIELDS ULTRASONIC TECHNOLOGY A Series of Monographs General Editor Lewis Balamuth Ultrasonic Systems, Inc., Farmingdale, N. Y. 1967: RAYLEIGH AJ'jl> LAMB WAVES Physical Theory
More informationContents. Foreword by Darrell H. Reneker
Table of Foreword by Darrell H. Reneker Preface page xi xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 How big is a nanometer? 1 1.2 What is nanotechnology? 1 1.3 Historical development of nanotechnology 2 1.4 Classification
More informationVISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS
VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS John D. Ferry Professor of Chemistry University of Wisconsin THIRD EDITION JOHN WILEY & SONS New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore Contents 1. The Nature of
More informationFoundations and Applications of Engineering Mechanics
Foundations and Applications of Engineering Mechanics 4843/24, 2nd Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi - 110002, India Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the
More informationVibration Mechanics. Linear Discrete Systems SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. M. Del Pedro and P. Pahud
Vibration Mechanics Vibration Mechanics Linear Discrete Systems by M. Del Pedro and P. Pahud Swiss Federal Institute oftechnology, Lausanne, Switzerland SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. ISBN 978-94-010-5554-3
More informationElectromagnetism PATHS TO RESEARCH
Electromagnetism PATHS TO RESEARCH Electromagnetism PATHS TO RESEARCH Edited by DORIS TEPLITZ SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC Main entry under title: Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication
More informationStarBriefs A Dictionary of Abbreviations, Acronyms and Symbols in Astronomy, Related Space Sciences and Other Related Fields.
StarBriefs 2001 StarBriefs 2001 A Dictionary of Abbreviations, Acronyms and Symbols in Astronomy, Related Space Sciences and Other Related Fields Compiled by Andre Heck Strasbourg Astronomical Observatory,
More informationContents. Introduction.
Introduction. Chapter 1 Crystallography and 1.1 Crystal Lattices 1 1.2 Lattices and Unit Cells 1 1.3 Miller Indices 4 1.4 Powder X-Ray Diffraction and Bragg's Law 5 1.5 Typical Powder XRD Setup 7 1.6 Indexing
More informationNuclear Magnetic Resonance Data
Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology New Series / Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen Group III: Condensed Matter Volume 35 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Data
More informationDynamics and Control of Lorentz-Augmented Spacecraft Relative Motion
Dynamics and Control of Lorentz-Augmented Spacecraft Relative Motion Ye Yan Xu Huang Yueneng Yang Dynamics and Control of Lorentz-Augmented Spacecraft Relative Motion 123 Ye Yan College of Aerospace Science
More informationPractical Statistics for Geographers and Earth Scientists
Practical Statistics for Geographers and Earth Scientists Nigel Walford A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Practical Statistics for Geographers and Earth Scientists Practical Statistics for Geographers
More informationProcess Control Instrumentation Technology Curtis D. Johnson Eighth Edition
Process Control Instrumentation Technology Curtis D. Johnson Eighth Edition Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us
More informationConversion Tables of Units in Science & Engineering
Conversion Tables of Units in Science & Engineering Conversion Tables of Units in Science & Engineering Ari L. Horvath Imperial Chemical Industries PLC, Mond Division, Runcorn, Cheshire, UK M MACMILLAN
More informationWei Gao. Editor. Graphene Oxide. Reduction Recipes, Spectroscopy, and Applications
Graphene Oxide Wei Gao Editor Graphene Oxide Reduction Recipes, Spectroscopy, and Applications Editor Wei Gao The Department of Textile Engineering Chemistry & Science, College of Textiles North Carolina
More informationPolymers in Modified Asphalt Robert Q. Kluttz KRATON Polymers
Polymers in Modified Asphalt Robert Q. Kluttz KRATON Polymers Polymers in Modified Asphalt Types of Polymers Compatibility of Polymers Effects of Polymers Analysis of polymers Recovery of PMA What Is a
More information