Structure and Properties of Oriented Polymers

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Structure and Properties of Oriented Polymers"

Garey Ira Foster
6 years ago
Views:

1 Structure and Properties of Oriented Polymers

2 Structure and Properties of Oriented Polymers Edited by 1. M. Ward IRC in Polymer Science and Technology Universities of Leeds, Bradford and Durham UK I uni SPRlNGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

3 First edition 1975 Second edition Springcr sat:nce+busincss Media Dordrccht Originally publishcd by Chapman & Hali in 1915, 1991 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 1991 Typeset in 10/12 Palatino by Scientific Publishing Services (P) Ud., Chennai, India ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Apart from any iair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, ar criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries conceming reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express ar implied, with regard ta the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the 8ritish Library Printed on permanent acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with ANSI/NISO Z and ANSI/NISO Z (Permanence of Paper).

4 Contents List of contributors Preface 1 Introduction I. M. Ward 1.1 The phenomenon of orientation 1.2 General effects of orientation and anisotropy 1.3 Some structural features of polymers 1.4 Achieving orientation 1.5 Orientation and its relationship to anisotropy 2 Physicochemical approaches to the measurement of molecular anisotropy G. L. Wilkes and RS. Stein 2.1 Optical techniques 2.2 Wide-angle X-ray diffraction 2.3 Orientation function diagrams 2.4 Linear dichroism 2.5 Sonic velocity 2.6 Scattering of light and small-angle X-rays 2.7 Comparison of the different methods 2.8 Closing remarks 3 Structure and morphology of oriented polymers P. J. Barham 3.1 Introduction ix xi

5 VI Contents 3.2 Rigid polymeric fibres 3.3 Flexible polymeric fibres 4 Infrared dichroism, polarized fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy D. I. Bower 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Theory 4.3 Experimental work 4.4 Summary 5 Nuclear magnetic resonance H. W. Spiess 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Solid-state NMR 5.3 NMR line shapes of oriented polymers 5.4 Experimental examples 5.5 Summary 6 Mechanical anisotropy at small strains D. W. Hadley and I. M.Ward 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Anisotropic mechanical behaviour 6.3 Theoretical calculation of elastic constants 6.4 Mechanical measurement of elastic constants 6.5 Interpretation of anisotropic mechanical behaviour 6.6 Models for ultrahigh modulus polyethylene 6.7 Modern wave propagation methods 6.8 Conclusion 7 Anisotropic creep behaviour M. W. Darlington 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Theoretical background 7.3 Experimental methods 7.4 Problems of data presentation 7.5 Utility of elasticity theory 7.6 Anisotropic creep in semicrystalline polymers

6 Contents VII 7.7 Anisotropic creep in amorphous thermoplastics 7.8 General conclusions 8 Anisotropic yield behaviour R. A. Duckett 8.1 Preliminary definitions 8.2 The phenomenology of yield 8.3 Structural changes resulting from plastic strain 8.4 The nature of the yield point 8.5 General discussion and conclusions 9 Film formation P. J. Mills 9.1 Introduction 9.2 General principles of film formation 9.3 Film forming processes 9.4 Summary Acknowledgements 10 Liquid crystalline polymers J. E. McIntyre 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Classification of liquid crystalline polymers 10.3 Chemical structures 10.4 Rheological behaviour 10.5 Fibres from lyotropic systems 10.6 Thermotropic polymers 10.7 Blends 10.8 Metastable and transient mesophases 10.9 End uses Acknowledgements Index

7 Contributors P. J. Barham University of Bristol H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory Royal Fort Tyndall Avenue Bristol BS8 1 TL D.1. Bower Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT M. W. Darlington School of Industrial and Manufacturing Science Cranfield University Cranfield Bedford MK43 OAL R. A. Duckett IRC in Polymer Science and Technology University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT D. W. Hadley Department of Physics University of Reading Reading RG6 6AF J. E. McIntyre Department of Textile Industries University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT P. J. Mills ICI Materials Centre PO Box 90 Wilton Middlesbrough TS6 8JE D. W. Saunders 98 Topcliffe Road Thirsk N. Yorkshire 407 IRY. H. W. Spiess Max-Planck Institut fur Polymerforschung Postfach 3148 D Mainz Germany

8 X Contributors R. S. Stein Polymer Research Institute Lederle Graduate Research Centre and University of Massachusetts Amherst MA United States G. L. Wilkes Polymer Materials Laboratory State University Blacksburg VA United States I. M. Ward IRC in Polymer Science and Technology University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT

9 Preface The first edition was produced at a time when the advantages of studying oriented polymers were just becoming apparent. From a scientific standpoint it had been demonstrated that greater insight into both structure and properties could be obtained if an oriented polymer was prepared. From a technological viewpoint, major advances were underway, especially in high modulus and high strength fibres. Twenty years later, it is possible to review the scientific advances which have been made in this area and to provide much wider perspectives for the technology. As in the case of the first edition, the emphasis is on the methodologies available for characterizing oriented polymers and their mechanical behaviour. It is a particular pleasure to thank the contributing authors for their cooperation and Dr Philip Hastings of Chapman & Hall for his support and encouragement. I am also indebted to Professors A. H. Windle and D. C. Bassett for their respective contributions to sections and Although this chapter has been extensively revised, the contribution of the late Leslie Holliday to the first edition of this book is also acknowledged.

Geophysical Interpretation using Integral Equations

Geophysical Interpretation using Integral Equations Geophysical Interpretation using Integral Equations L. ESKOLA Head of the Geophysics Department, Geological Survey of Finland 1~lll SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS