Ch24 Test. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Transcription

1 h24 Test Multiple hoice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The major function of carbohydrates in living organisms is as a source of a. nitrogen. c. information. b. hydrogen. d. energy. 2. How many carbon atoms do most common monosaccharides have? a. 1 c. 5 or 6 b. 2 or 3 d. 9 or Most simple sugars are water soluble because they have several a. polar groups. c. hydrogen atoms. b. nonpolar groups. d. carbon atoms. 4. In aqueous solution, monosaccharides exist as a. polymers. c. cyclic structures. b. open-chain structures. d. both open-chain and cyclic structures. 5. When two monosaccharides bond to form a disaccharide, the new bond is a. a peptide bond. c. an alcohol bond. b. an ether bond. d. a carbonyl group. 6. Glucose and fructose link to form the disaccharide known as a. maltose. c. sucrose. b. galactose. d. lactose. 7. isaccharides are too large to be absorbed into the bloodstream, so they must be broken down into a. monosaccharides. c. carbon dioxide. b. polysaccharides. d. atoms. 8. omplex carbohydrates are known as a. disaccharides. c. monosaccharides. b. polysaccharides. d. simple sugars. 9. Starch, cellulose, and glycogen are all made from monomers of a. amylase. c. lactose. b. sucrose. d. glucose. 10. The main function of N is to store a cell s a. excess fat. c. energy reserves. b. genetic information. d. phosphate groups. 11. The instructions in a N molecule are carried in the form of a specific sequence of a. hydrogen bonds. c. phosphate groups. b. sugars. d. nitrogen bases. 12. RN is usually a. single stranded. c. triple stranded. b. double stranded. d. a monomer. 13. The order of nitrogen bases in RN determines the sequence of a. simple sugars in a polysaccharide. c. amino acids in a protein. b. fatty acids in a triglyceride. d. phosphate groups in N. 14. Like any catalyst, an enzyme named papain breaks down protein into free amino acids in the intestine. Which of the following is responsible for the lowering of activation energy? a. Nature of the substrate

2 b. loseness among active sites c. Inter molecular forces between the enzyme and substrate d. High acidity of the digestive juices formed in the intestine 15. cell membrane of living cells is formed by a double layer of phospholipids. How are the heads and the tails arranged? a. Two polar heads facing outside b. One polar head facing outside c. Two nonpolar heads facing outside d. One nonpolar head facing outside 16. N contains four different nitrogen bases: adenine (), thymine (T), cytosine (), and guanine (G). onsidering the complementary base pairing, which of the following pairs are of equal amounts? a. denine and cytosine c. denine and thymine b. denine and guanine d. Thymine and cytosine 17. uring rigorous physical activity, energy is released from glucose in a human cell giving out a gaseous product. In which of the following can this cell process be categorized? a. atabolism c. lcoholic fermentation b. ellular respiration d. Lactic acid fermentation 18. Which of the following nitrogen bases is NOT found in the RN structure? a. denine c. Guanine b. ytosine d. Thymine ompletion omplete each statement. Use the following terms to complete the statements. fatty acid phospholipid steroid wax lipid saponification triglyceride 19. In a reaction called, sodium hydroxide is used to hydrolyze the ester bonds of a triglyceride. 20. ombining a fatty acid with a long-chain alcohol produces a. 21. is a large, nonpolar, biological molecule. 22. lipid with a four-ring structure is known as a. 23. is a triglyceride in which one of the fatty acids is replaced by a polar phosphate group. 24. long-chain carboxylic acid is known as a. 25. When three fatty acids are bonded to a glycerol backbone through ester bonds, a is formed. 26. is used to make soaps out of fats and oils. 27. (n) is formed when three fatty acids are bonded to glycerol. hoose the term in parentheses that correctly completes the statement. 28. (Steroids, Waxes) are lipids that have multiple cyclic rings.

3 29. Proteins are organic polymers made of (nucleic acids, amino acids) linked together in a specific way. 30. The simplest carbohydrates are known as (monosaccharides, starches). 31. The building block of many lipids is the (amino acid, fatty acid). 32. (catalyst, substrate) is a reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. 33. typical cell membrane has two layers of (phospholipids, polypeptides). 34. The thousands of chemical reactions that take place in an organism are known as (metabolism, oxidation). 35. (simple sugar, peptide) is a chain of two or more amino acids linked together. Matching Match the terms below with their correct definitions. a. denaturation d. amino acid b. protein e. peptide c. peptide bond 36. n organic molecule that has an amino functional group and a carboxyl functional group 37. chain of two or more amino acids linked together 38. The process in which a protein s natural three-dimensional structure is disrupted 39. n organic polymer made of many amino acids linked together in a specific way 40. The amide bond that joins two amino acids Match the terms below with their correct definitions. a. catabolism c. anabolism b. metabolism d. TP 41. The complete set of reactions carried out by an organism 42. nucleotide that functions as the universal usable energy form in living cells 43. Metabolic reactions that synthesize complex molecules needed by an organism 44. Metabolic reactions that break down complex biological molecules Match the terms below with their correct definitions. a. anabolism b. catabolism 45. Starch is broken down into glucose monomers. 46. mino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form proteins. 47. N is synthesized from free nucleotides. 48. The proteins in food are broken down into individual amino acids. 49. Three fatty acids combine with glycerol to make a triglyceride. h25 Test Multiple hoice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

4 1. The number of stable isotopes that exist compared to the number of unstable isotopes is. a. much less. c. slightly more. b. much more. d. about the same. 2. lightweight isotope is likely to be stable if the ratio of protons to neutrons in its nucleus is. a. 1:2. c. 2:1. b. 1:1. d. 5:1. 3. The only nucleon among the following is the. a. electron. c. beta particle. b. positron. d. neutron. 4. The isotope least likely to be found in the band of stability among the following is. a.. c. l. b. O. d. Si. 5. The isotope formed by the beta decay of K has an atomic number of. a. 18. c. 20. b. 39. d The isotope formed by the alpha decay of U has a mass number of. a c b d The positron produced during positron emission comes from a(n). a. neutron. c. electron. b. proton. d. positron. 8. uring electron capture, a proton in the nucleus of an atom is converted into a(n). a. neutron. c. electron. b. positron. d. another proton. 9. When the isotope Pa decays by beta emission, the isotope formed is. a. c. c. U. b. Th. d. U. 10. The isotope formed by the alpha decay of y is. a. y. c. Gd. b. Ho. d. Ho. 11. The neutron-to-proton ratio for the isotope sodium-23 is. a. 1 : 1.1. c. 2.1 : 1. b. 1.1 : 1. d. 1 : The decay of Tm yields 16268Er and. a. He. c.. b.. d toms located above the band of stability on a graph of numbers of neutrons versus number of protons are usually unstable because they contain too many. a. protons. c. electrons. b. neutrons. d. nucleons. 14. The person who named radioactivity as the process in which materials give off rays and particles is. a. Marie urie. c. Wilhelm Roentgen.

5 b. Henri ecquerel. d. Ernest Rutherford. 15. The most penetrating form of nuclear radiation is. a. alpha rays. c. gamma rays. b. beta rays. d. positrons. 16. In an atom, the strong nuclear force acts on. a. protons only. c. protons and neutrons b. neutrons only. d. protons, neutrons, and electrons. 17. uring the process of electron capture, an electron from outside the nucleus joins with a proton to form. a. a neutron. c. another proton. b. a positron. d. a gamma ray. 18. What is the symbol used for a neutron in balancing nuclear equations? a. n c. b. d. 19. The half-life of calcium-47 is about 5 days. Starting with 64 g of this isotope, what would be the amount remaining after 20 days? a. 32 g c. 8 g b. 16 g d. 4 g 20. One product of all nuclear fission reactions is. a. protons. c. electrons. b. energy. d. neutrons. 21. Mass is lost or gained in. a. all chemical reactions. c. all nuclear fusion reactions. b. all nuclear fission reactions. d. all chemical and nuclear reactions. 22. chain reaction will NOT take place in a piece of uranium if. a. the temperature is too low. c. there are too few neutrons. b. there are too many neutrons. d. the piece of uranium is too large. 23. One of the most serious problems surrounding the use of nuclear power plants is. a. finding a way to dispose of spent fuel rods. b. the high cost of coolant needed. c. a lack of uranium. d. initiating a chain reaction in the fuel. 24. Fusion reactions require. a. very heavy nuclei. c. very rare elements for use as fuel. b. incredibly high temperatures. d. no initial energy. 25. What is the product of -ray emission from a radioactive isotope of lead? a. Thallium c. ismuth b. Mercury d. Lead 26. How does the nucleus of an atom change after a gamma irradiation? a. The atomic mass reduces by four and the atomic number reduces by two. b. The atomic mass remains the same, but the atomic number increases by one. c. The atomic mass remains the same, but energy is lost as the nucleus decays. d. The atomic mass changes by one, but the atomic number remains the same. 27. What is the reason for the decay of naturally radioactive elements? a. To reduce the number of neutrons as the elements lie above the band of stability. b. To reduce the number of protons as the elements lie below the band of stability. c. To reduce the number of either neutrons or protons to lie in the band of stability. d. To release the energy from nucleus in the form of gamma radiation.

6 28. In radioactive decay, is converted to with the emission of X-ray photon. What is the nature of decay? a. eta decay c. Positron emission b. Electron capture d. Gamma emission 29. Which element on bombarding with an alpha particle gives? a. c. b. d. 30. Why are cadmium or boron rods used in a nuclear fission reactor? a. To absorb the alpha emission. b. To protect people from radiation. c. To provide chemical combustion. d. To absorb neutrons produced. 31. sample of wood from the remains of a ship was found to contain 40.0% of as of ordinary wood found now. If the half-life period of is 5770 years, find the number of years elapsed. a c b d Matching Match the terms below with their correct definitions. a. PET i. neutron activation analysis b. Geiger counter j. scintillation counter c mrem k. radiotracer d. ionizing radiation l. gamma ray e. rad m. somatic damage f. iodine-131 n. phosphor g. rem o. film badge h. genetic damage 32. Worn by workers to monitor radiation exposure 33. ontains phosphors that detect radiation 34. Radiation energetic enough to break apart atoms 35. Uses a gas-filled metal tube to detect and measure radiation 36. material that gives off light when struck by radiation 37. method used to detect very small amounts of an element in a sample 38. radioisotope used to indicate the presence of an element in a sample 39. Used to detect disorders of the thyroid gland 40. procedure that uses positrons to detect many different medical disorders 41. This type of radiation easily penetrates human tissue. 42. amage caused by radiation that affects a person, but not their offspring 43. Radiation damage that can affect chromosomes and offspring 44. unit used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed by a body 45. unit used to measure the amount of damage done to a body 46. The annual amount of radiation to which a person is normally exposed Match the terms below with their correct definitions.

7 a. strong nuclear force j. breeder reactor b. band of stability k. transuranium element c. nucleon l. ionizing radiation d. radioactive decay series m. transmutation e. induced transmutation n. radiochemical dating f. thermonuclear reaction o. radiotracer g. critical mass p. radioisotope h. electron capture q. X rays i. mass defect 47. The difference between the mass of a nucleus and the sum of its nucleons 48. The process in which an atom of one element changes into an atom of another element 49. force that acts only on subatomic particles that are extremely close together 50. fusion reaction that takes place only at very high temperatures 51. Isotopes of atoms with unstable nuclei that emit radiation 52. The area on a graph plotting neutrons and protons within which all stable nuclei are found 53. Radiation energetic enough to ionize matter with which it collides 54. The artificial production of a nuclear reaction that involves striking the nuclei with high-velocity charged particles 55. way of determining the age of very old objects using radioactive materials 56. form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation 57. term to describe a sample of fissionable material that is massive enough to sustain a chain reaction 58. nother name for a proton or neutron 59. radioisotope that emits non-ionizing radiation and is used to signal the presence of an element or specific substance 60. series of nuclear reactions beginning with an unstable nucleus and resulting in the formation of a stable nucleus 61. ny element with an atomic number greater than transmutation process brought about when an electron is absorbed by a nucleus 63. Reactors able to produce more fuel than they use h24 Test nswer Section MULTIPLE HOIE 1. NS: 2. NS: 3. NS: 4. NS: 5. NS: 6. NS:

8 7. NS: 8. NS: 9. NS: 10. NS: 11. NS: 12. NS: 13. NS: 14. NS: large variety of amino acid chains in enzymes allows a number of intermolecular forces lowering the activation energy for breaking down proteins. The nature of substrate is not responsible for the lowering of activation energy. s there are no attractive forces among molecules attached to different active sites, the nearness of active sites does not reduce the activation energy. orrect! High acidity does not reduce activation energy. IF: 3 REF: Page 779 OJ: Explain the roles of proteins in cells. NT:.5.1 TOP: Explain the roles of proteins in cells. KEY: Enzyme substrate complex MS: NS: polar lipid has a polar head facing out of the bilayer. cell membrane has only one polar head. orrect! Two nonpolar tails are actually pointing inside in the bilayer. There are two nonpolar tails for a phospholipid. IF: 2 REF: Page 786 OJ: Relate the structure and function of cell membranes. NT:.2.1 TOP: Relate the structure and function of cell membranes. KEY: ell membrane MS: NS: Since adenine and thymine are complementary pairs, they are of equal amounts. denine and cytosine are not complementary pairs. Guanine is not the complementary pair of adenine. orrect! Thymine is not the complementary pair for cytosine. IF: 2 REF: Page 789 OJ: Relate the function of N to its structure. NT:.2.2 TOP: Relate the function of N to its structure. KEY: omplementary base pairing MS: NS:

9 In cellular respiration, glucose is broken down into gaseous carbon dioxide and water releasing energy. In catabolic reactions, complex biological molecules are broken down for the purpose of forming smaller building blocks. orrect! nimal cells cannot undergo alcoholic fermentation. In lactic acid fermentation, no gaseous product such as carbon dioxide is formed. IF: 3 REF: Page 794 OJ: ompare and contrast the processes of photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and fermentation. NT:.3 TOP: ompare and contrast the processes of photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and fermentation. KEY: ellular respiration Fermentation MS: NS: RN contains adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. denine is a nitrogen base that is present in N and RN structures. Thymine is never found in RN. ytosine is a nitrogen base that is present in N and RN structures. Thymine is never found in RN. Guanine is a nitrogen base that is present in N and RN structures. Thymine is never found in RN. orrect! IF: 1 REF: Page 791 OJ: escribe the structure and function of RN. NT:.2.2 TOP: escribe the structure and function of RN. KEY: RN MS: 1 OMPLETION 19. NS: saponification 20. NS: wax 21. NS: lipid 22. NS: steroid 23. NS: phospholipid 24. NS: fatty acid

10 25. NS: triglyceride 26. NS: Saponification 27. NS: triglyceride 28. NS: Steroids 29. NS: amino acids 30. NS: monosaccharides 31. NS: fatty acid 32. NS: substrate 33. NS: phospholipids 34. NS: metabolism 35. NS: peptide MTHING 36. NS: 37. NS: E 38. NS: 39. NS: 40. NS: 41. NS: 42. NS: 43. NS: 44. NS:

11 45. NS: 46. NS: 47. NS: 48. NS: 49. NS: h25 Test nswer Section MULTIPLE HOIE 1. NS: 2. NS: 3. NS: 4. NS: 5. NS: 6. NS: 7. NS: 8. NS: 9. NS: 10. NS: 11. NS: 12. NS: 13. NS: 14. NS: 15. NS: 16. NS: 17. NS: 18. NS: 19. NS: 20. NS: 21. NS: 22. NS: 23. NS: 24. NS: 25. NS: On emission of beta radiation, the atomic number of the product will increase by one, and ismuth-83 will be formed. The atomic number of thallium is one less than lead, which should have been one more after the beta radiation. Mercury is the product of an alpha emission. orrect! fter beta radiation, the product will be different from the parent element.

12 IF: 1 REF: Page 808 OJ: Identify alpha, beta, and gamma radiation in terms of composition and key properties. NT:.2.6 TOP: Identify alpha, beta, and gamma radiation in terms of composition and key properties. KEY: Radioactive isotope MS: NS: The emission of gamma rays results in the loss of energy in the nucleus. The atomic mass reduces by four and the atomic number reduces by two in alpha radiation. The atomic mass remains the same but the atomic number increases by one in beta radiation. orrect! different isotope of the element cannot be formed in gamma radiation as only energy is released in emission. IF: 1 REF: Page 809 OJ: pply your knowledge of radioactive decay to write balanced nuclear equations. NT: UP.3.1 TOP: pply your knowledge of radioactive decay to write balanced nuclear equations. KEY: Gamma radiation MS: NS: radioisotope with an atomic number above 83 attains stability by reducing the number of either neutrons or protons, thereby positioning the element within the band of stability. reduction in the number of neutrons alone will not give stability to any atom with atomic number above 83. reduction in the number of protons alone will not give stability to any element having atomic number above 83. orrect! Gamma emission will not bring an element with atomic number above 83 to the band of stability. IF: 2 REF: Page 811 OJ: pply your knowledge of radioactive decay to write balanced nuclear equations. NT: UP.3.1 TOP: pply your knowledge of radioactive decay to write balanced nuclear equations. KEY: Radioactive decay MS: NS: Radioactive decay of involves electron capture, resulting in the formation of and the emission of X-ray photon. Therefore, the type of decay is electron capture. In beta decay, the atomic number increases by one which does not happen in the decay of Rb with atomic mass 81. orrect! In positron emission, a positron is emitted and not X-ray photon. In gamma irradiation, there is no change in the atomic number as in the radioactive isotope of atomic mass 81.

13 IF: 2 REF: Page 812 OJ: pply your knowledge of radioactive decay to write balanced nuclear equations. NT: UP.3.1 TOP: pply your knowledge of radioactive decay to write balanced nuclear equations. KEY: Electron capture MS: NS: The completed nuclear equation for the process is:. Neon, with atomic mass 21, is the product of bombardment of oxygen, with mass number 17, with an alpha particle. Nitrogen, with mass number 14, on bombardment with an alpha particle gives O-17 and a proton. orrect! Oxygen, with mass number 16, is formed with the emission of one neutron from oxygen having mass number 17. IF: 1 REF: Page 815 OJ: escribe how induced transmutation is used to produce a transuranium element. NT: UP TOP: escribe how induced transmutation is used to produce a transuranium element. KEY: Induced transmutation MS: NS: admium or boron rods are used in a nuclear fission reactor to absorb neutrons produced during the reaction. lpha emissions are not absorbed by cadmium or boron rods. admium or boron rods are not used in a nuclear reactor to shield people from irradiation. Usually water is used as a coolant to remove heat. orrect! IF: 2 REF: Page 824 OJ: Explain the process by which nuclear reactors generate electricity. NT: UP TOP: Explain the process by which nuclear reactors generate electricity. KEY: Nuclear reactor MS: NS: The time elapsed can be found by substituting the values in the equation:. Therefore, time elapsed years. 5770*ln(1/mass)/ln(0.5). Percentage was not accounted in the equation. 2*5770*ln(mass)/ln(2). You have taken ln(2) instead of ln(1/2). orrect! 2*5770*ln(1/(100/mass))/ln(0.5). You have multiplied 2 in the equation. IF: 2 REF: Page 817

14 OJ: Solve problems involving radioactive decay rates. NT: UP.3.1 TOP: Solve problems involving radioactive decay rates. KEY: Half-life MS: 3 MTHING 32. NS: O 33. NS: J 34. NS: 35. NS: 36. NS: N 37. NS: I 38. NS: K 39. NS: F 40. NS: 41. NS: L 42. NS: M 43. NS: H 44. NS: E 45. NS: G 46. NS: 47. NS: I 48. NS: M 49. NS: 50. NS: F 51. NS: P 52. NS: 53. NS: L 54. NS: E 55. NS: N 56. NS: Q 57. NS: G 58. NS: 59. NS: O 60. NS: 61. NS: K 62. NS: H 63. NS: J