Chapter 14 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
|
|
- Estella Snow
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 14 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers Homework- 8, 12, 20, 34, 36, 42, 46, 58, 74, Bonding Characteristics of Oxygen Atoms in Organic Compounds Already seen that Carbon forms 4 bonds and Hydrogen 1 bond Oxygen in organic compounds normally forms 2 bonds 2 single bonds 1 double bond 1
2 14.2 Structural Characteristics of Alcohols An alcohol is an organic compound in which an OH group is bonded to a saturated carbon atom The functional group of OH is called a hydroxyl group Looked at as structural derivatives of water Same bent shape around the oxygen atom 14.3 Nomenclature for Alcohols Common names exist for alcohols with simple alkyl groups Name of alkyl group + alcohol Isopropyl alcohol, Butyl alcohol. Propyl alcohol 2
3 14.3 Nomenclature for Alcohols IUPAC rules for naming alcohols (single OH) Name the longest chain to which the hydroxyl group is attached Name the chain by dropping the e from the alkane name and add suffix ol Number the chain starting at the end nearest the hydroxyl group and use the appropriate number to indicate the position of the OH Alcohols take precedence of numbering over double and triple bonds as well as halogens Name and locate any other substituents In alcohols where the OH is attached to a carbon atom in a ring, the hydroxyl group is assumed to be on carbon 1 3
4 14.3 Nomenclature for Alcohols Name the following alcohols 14.3 Nomenclature for Alcohols Polyhydroxy alcohols, alcohols with more than 1 OH, can be named with only a slight modification to the IUPAC rules -ol of alcohol name is substituted with alternate ending 2 OH s is a diol 2 OH s is a triol Etc 4
5 14.4 Isomerism for Alcohols Alcohols can have structural and positional isomers Structural if C is moved Positional if OH is moved Ex C 4 H 9 OH 14.5 Important Commonly Encounter Alcohols Methanol Sometimes called wood alcohols from early preparation methods Current method of preparation CO + 2 H 2 CH 3 OH Good for fuel internal combustion engines Good solvent Paints, shellacs, varnishes Toxic, in liver produces formaldehyde (causes blindness) and formic acid (causes acidosis of blood) 1 oz can cause optic nerve damage 5
6 14.5 Important Commonly Encounter Alcohols Ethanol Ethanol is the alcohol found in beverages Produced by fermentation of yeast Yeasts can grow in the presence of up to only about 14% alcohol, but the concentration of alcohol in the final product can be increased by distillation. To produce absolute ethanol a small amount of benzene is added and the mixture is again fractionally distilled. The resulting ethanol is water free, for processes that require it. However, several ppm of benzene remains, so consumption by humans leads to distinctive liver damage Important Commonly Encounter Alcohols Ethanol (cont) Used in industry as solvent (perfumes, paints and in chemical reactions) Made from petroleum feedstocks, typically by the catalytic hydration of ethylene with sulfuric acid as catalyst. This process is cheaper than the production by fermentation. CH 2 =CH 2 +H 2 O CH 3 CH 2 OH Ethanol for industrial use is normally made unfit for human consumption ("denatured") by the inclusion of small amounts of substances that are either toxic (such as methanol) or unpleasant (such as denatonium). Ethanol is used as a fuel (often mixed with gasoline) and in a wide variety of industrial processes. Used in antifreeze products for its low melting point. A solution of 70-85% of ethanol is commonly used as a disinfectant. It kills organisms by denaturing their proteins and dissolving their lipids and is effective against most bacteria and fungi, and many viruses. 6
7 14.5 Important Commonly Encounter Alcohols Isopropyl Alcohol 70% ipa - 30%water solution is rubbing alcohol Good as a disinfectant Bitter taste Toxicity twice that of Ethanol Poisoning can occur through skin absorption, oral ingestion, or inhalation Symptoms from ingestion, inhalation or absorption of large quantities (>150mL) include flushing, headache, dizziness, mental depression, nausea, vomiting, anesthesia, and coma. Few fatalities b/c vomiting keeps much of the alcohol from getting into the system 7
8 14.5 Important Commonly Encounter Alcohols Ethylene Glycol & Propylene Glycol Two simplest diols, also glycols A glycol is a diol in which the 2 OH s are on adjacent carbon atoms Colorless, odorless, high boiling pt liquids Year-round antifreeze, airplane de-icers Starting material for polyester fibers Ethylene Glycol is Extremely toxic Metabolizes to oxalic acid which crystallizes in kidneys and causes renal damage Propylene Glycol is essentially nontoxic Metabolized to pyruvic acid a chemical normally found in the body Used as solvent for many drugs 14.5 Important Commonly Encounter Alcohols Glycerol Contains 3 hydroxyl groups Clear, thick liquid Part of human fat metabolism Biological Antifreeze Used in lubrication High affinity for water Used in soaps and skin lotions Used in candies and icings to prevent sugar crystallization 8
9 14.6 Physical Properties of Alcohols Alcohol molecules have both polar and nonpolar character Physical properties of an alcohol depend on whether the polar or nonpolar portion dominates Depends upon the length of the chain and number of OH s 14.6 Physical Properties of Alcohols Boiling points For terminal alcohols the boiling point increases as the length of the chain increases Increasing London Forces Alcohols with more than 1 OH have significantly higher boiling points than their monohydroxy counterparts Increased hydrogen bonding Branching effects alcohol boiling points in the same manner as in Hydrocarbons Water solubility Small monohydroxy alcohols are soluble in water C>3 solubility rapidly decreases for monohydroxy alcohols Diols and triols are more soluble than monohydroxyl alcohols Increased hydrogen bonding with water 9
10 14.6 Physical Properties of Alcohols Hydrogen Bonding of Alcohols Alcohols have Higher boiling points than their alkane counterpart Alcohols have Much Higher solubility in water than their alkane counterpart Difference is due to hydrogen bonding More interactions therefore more energy needed Alcohols H-Bond w/ themselves Alcohols H-Bond w/ water 14.7 Preparation of Alcohols The general method for preparing alcohols is the Markovnikov addition of water to an alkene An addition method is the addition of H 2 to a carbonyl group (C=O) 10
11 14.8 Classification of Alcohols Alcohols are classified based on the type of carbon the OH is attached to Reactions of Alcohols Alcohols can undergo many reactions we will only look at 4 Combustion Dehydration Oxidation Halogenation Combustion- A reaction of an alcohol with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water CH 3 CH 2 OH + 3 O 2 2 CO H 2 O 11
12 14.9 Reactions of Alcohols Dehydration- A reaction in which the components of water (H & OH) are removed from a single reactant or 2 reactants (H from one & OH from another) Alcohol dehydration is an intramolecular dehydration both H & OH removed from one molecule An example of an elimination reaction, a reaction in which 2 groups or 2 atoms on neighboring carbon atoms are removed, or eliminated, from a molecule, leaving a multiple bond between the carbon atoms 14.9 Reactions of Alcohols Dehydration of an alcohol can sometimes result in more than one alkene product Follow Zaitsev s Rule The major product in an intramolecular dehydration reaction is the alkene that has the greatest number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon atoms of the double bond 12
13 14.9 Reactions of Alcohols Intermolecular dehydration can also occur Occurs when reaction is carries out at a lower temperature Still have loss of water Only occurs with a primary alcohol Called a Condensation Reaction- A reaction in which 2 molecules combine to form a larger one while liberating a small molecule, usually water 14.9 Reactions of Alcohols Oxidation A carbon atom in an organic cmpd is considered oxidized if it loses H s or gains O s in a redox reaction A carbon atom in an organic cmpd is considered reduced if it loses O s or gains H s in a redox reaction Opposite processes Some alcohols readily undergo oxidation while others do not Depends upon the type of alcohol Primary and Secondary alcohols readily undergo oxidations by mild oxidizing reagents but tertiary alcohols do not 13
14 14.9 Reactions of Alcohols Mild Oxidation reagents include (Oxidize 1º & 2º alcohols) Potassium Permanganate (KMnO 4 ) Potassium Dichromate (K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ) Chromic Acid (H 2 CrO 4 ) The net product of oxidation varies depending upon type of alcohol oxidized and the extent of oxidation Primary Alcohol- aldehyde of carboxylic acid Secondary Alcohol- ketone Tertiary Alcohol- No product 14.9 Reactions of Alcohols General oxidation reactions of 1 and 2 alcohols 14
15 14.9 Reactions of Alcohols Halogenation In an alcohol halogenation reaction a halogen atom is substituted for the OH producing an alkyl halide Unlike halogenation of an alkane this reaction only produces 1 product Preferred method of halogenation Can be performed with Cl or Br 3 R-OH + PX 3 + heat 3 R-X + H 3 PO 3 15
16 14.11 Structural Characteristics of Phenols A phenol is an organic compound in which an OH group is attached to a carbon atom that is part of an aromatic carbon ring system Generic formula for a phenol is Ar-OH where Ar stands for aryl group (the benzene ring) Nomenclature for Phenols Phenol is an IUPAC approved name Rules for naming phenol are very close to that of naming benzene derivatives -OH always at position 1 Ortho, meta, and para still used 16
17 14.13 Physical and Chemical Properties of Phenols Phenols are low-melting solids or oily liquids at room temp Only slightly soluble in water Weak acidic properties Ar-OH + H 2 O H 3 O + + Ar-O - (phenoxide ion) Most Physical properties are different to those of alcohols Both Flammable Do NOT undergo dehydration reaction Cannot be oxidized with mild oxidizing agents (can be with stronger agents) Both undergo halogenation reactions Have antiseptic (living) and disinfectant (inanimate) properties Occurrence and Uses for Phenols 2% solutions of phenol are used as antiseptics Used in mouthwashes and throat lozenges Chloroseptic/Sucrets Concentrated phenol causes skin burns Carcinogen Lysol contains a phenol derivative for disinfecting 17
18 14.14 Occurrence and Uses for Phenols Some phenols also possess antioxidant activity An antioxidant is a substance that protects other substances from being oxidized by being oxidized itself in preference to the other substance Used on foods as BHT and BHA Vitamin E is a natural phenolic antioxidant Occurrence and Uses for Phenols Many phenols are also used as flavoring agents and/or antibacterial agents as well as cause adverse effects 18
19 14.15 Structural Characteristics of Ethers An ether is an organic compound in which an oxygen atom is bonded to 2 carbons atoms by single bonds General Formula R 1 - O-R 2 where R can be any alkyl or aryl group, but not a Hydrogen Similar to water H-O-H in shape Structural Characteristics of Ethers Alcohols and ethers with the same number of carbon atoms and the same degree of saturation are structural isomers. 19
20 14.16 Nomenclature for Ethers Common names for ethers are formed by naming the 2 hydrocarbon groups attached to the oxygen atom and adding the word ether When both groups are the same di- prefix is used Ethyl Methyl Ether Nomenclature for Ethers In the IUPAC nomenclature system ethers are named as substituted hydrocarbons The smaller hydrocarbon chain and the oxygen are called an alkoxy group, an are considered a substituent on the larger hydrocarbon chain An alkoxy group is an OR group, an alkyl (or aryl) group attached to an oxygen atom 20
21 14.16 Nomenclature for Ethers IUPAC steps for naming an ether are Select the longest carbon chain and use its name as the base name Change the yl ending of the other hydrocarbon group to oxy to obtain the alkoxy group name Place the alkoxy name, with a locator number, in front of the base chain name Nomenclature for Ethers Name the following ethers 21
22 14.16 Nomenclature for Ethers MTBE, Methyl tert-butyl ether Used in gasoline to raise octane levels since 1979 Now being used in larger amounts so that the fuel is cleaner burning But MTBE is making its way into water supply from car emissions Choice clean air or clean water? Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Ethers Boiling points of ethers are similar to those of alkanes but much lower than those of alcohols Due to the absence of Hydrogen bonding between ether molecules Ethers are more soluble than alkanes in water b/c they can H-bond with water 22
23 14.18 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Ethers Ethers are very flammable Ethers react slowly with air to form unstable hydroperoxides Hydroperoxides represent an explosion hazard therefore extra care must be taken when using older supplies of ethers Ethers are unreactive towards acids, bases, and oxidizing agents but do undergo halogenation reactions Prepared by the intermolecular dehydration of a primary alcohol Cyclic Ethers Cyclic ethers contain ether functional groups within a ring system Cyclic ethers are examples of heterocyclic organic compounds A heterocyclic organic compound is a cyclic organic compound in which 1 or more of the carbon atoms in the ring have been replaced with atoms of other elements Normally O or N 23
24 14.20 Sulfur Analogs of Alcohols Many organic compounds containing oxygen have sulfur analogs S and O in same group of periodic table therefore have similar electron configurations and properties A thiol is the sulfur analog of an alcohol contain sulfhydryl groups A sulfhydryl group is the SH functional group A thiol is an organic compound in which a sulfhydryl group is present Older term for thiols is mercaptans General structure of R-SH Sulfur Analogs of Alcohols Important properties of thiols are low boiling points and a strong disagreeable odor The smell of a skunk is that of a thiol Thiols are also the source of odors and smells of many foods as well Can form disulfide bonds H-S-S-H Important in proteins Reversible 24
25 14.21 Sulfur Analogs of Ethers Sulfur analogs of ethers also exist A thioether is an organic compound in which a sulfur atom is bonded to 2 carbons atoms by single bonds General formula R 1 -S-R 2 Also have strong characteristic odors 25
Chapter 14 Organic Compounds That Contain Oxygen, Halogen, or Sulfur
Chapter 14 Organic Compounds That Contain Oxygen, Halogen, or Sulfur Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission
More informationAlcohols. Contents. Structure. structure
Page 1 of 9 Alcohols Contents structure Physical Properties Classification of Alcohols Nomenclature of Alcohols Preparation of Alcohols Oxidation of Alcohols oxidation of aldehydes Structure Alcohols can
More informationAlcohols and Phenols. Classification of Alcohols. Learning Check. Lecture 4 Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols. Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols
Lecture 4 Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols Alcohols and Phenols An alcohol contains A hydroxyl group ( ) attached to a carbon chain. A phenol contains A hydroxyl group ( ) attached
More informationChemistry 1506: Allied Health Chemistry 2. Section 3: Alchols, Phenols, Ethers, and Halides. Functional Groups with Single Bonds to Oxygen.
Chemistry 1506 Dr. Hunter s Class Section 3 Notes - Page 1/21 Chemistry 1506: Allied Health Chemistry 2 Section 3: Alchols, Phenols, Ethers, and Halides Functional Groups with Single Bonds to Oxygen Outline
More informationChapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry
Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry The study of carbon compounds constitutes a separate branch of chemistry known as organic chemistry The
More informationChemistry 110. Bettelheim, Brown, Campbell & Farrell. Ninth Edition
Chemistry 110 Bettelheim, Brown, Campbell & Farrell Ninth Edition Introduction to General, rganic and Biochemistry Chapter 14 Alcohols, Ethers and Thiols Alcohols have a ydroxyl Group, -, bonded to tetrahedral
More informationFunctional Groups SCH4C
Functional Groups With the huge number of organic compounds in existence, it would be very difficult for you to memorize the properties of each compound separately. Fortunately the compounds fall into
More informationChapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Thiols
Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Thiols 45 -Alcohols have the general formula R-OH and are characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group, -OH. -Phenols have a hydroxyl group attached directly to an
More informationChem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline
Chem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline Slide 2 Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of and its compounds. The major sources of carbon are the fossil fuels: petroleum, natural gas,
More informationNaming Organic Halides. Properties of Organic Halides
Organic Compounds Organic Halides A hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms Freons (chlorofluorocarbons) in refrigeration and air conditioning Teflon (polytetrafluoroethane)
More informationUNIT (8) OXYGEN CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
UNIT (8) OXYGEN CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 8.1 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers An alcohol is an organic compound that contains the hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an alkyl group. They are essentially
More informationChapter 1 Reactions of Organic Compounds. Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons
Chapter 1 Reactions of Organic Compounds Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons Reactions of Alkanes Single bonds (C-C) are strong and very hard to break, therefore these compounds are relatively unreactive
More informationHW #3: 14.26, 14.28, 14.30, 14.32, 14.36, 14.42, 14.46, 14.52, 14.56, Alcohols, Ethers and Thiols
Chemistry 131 Lecture 8: Alcohols, Ethers and Sulfur Analogs: Structure, Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Chemical Reactivity Chapter 14 in McMurry, Ballantine, et. al. 7 th edition HW #3: 14.26,
More informationElectronegativity Scale F > O > Cl, N > Br > C, H
Organic Chem Chapter 12 Alkanes Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Carbon has several properties that are worth discussing: Tetravalent Always forms 4 bonds Can form multiple bonds (double
More informationChapter 9. Organic Chemistry: The Infinite Variety of Carbon Compounds. Organic Chemistry
Chapter 9 Organic Chemistry: The Infinite Variety of Carbon Compounds Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of carbon compounds. Of tens of millions of known chemical compounds,
More informationALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS
ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS Alcohols contain an OH group connected to a a saturated C (sp3) They are important solvents and synthesis intermediates Phenols contain an OH group connected to
More informationHydrocarbons and their Functional Groups
Hydrocarbons and their Functional Groups Organic chemistry is the study of compounds in which carbon is the principal element. carbon atoms form four bonds long chains, rings, spheres, sheets, and tubes
More informationChapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry
Chapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry Organic Chemistry The chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon has the ability to form long chains. Without this property, large biomolecules such as proteins,
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon.
Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. In this chapter we will discuss the structural features of organic molecules, nomenclature, and a
More informationSynthesis and Structure of Alcohols Alcohols can be considered organic analogues of water.
Synthesis and Structure of Alcohols Alcohols can be considered organic analogues of water. Alcohols are usually classified as primary, secondary and tertiary. Alcohols with the hydroxyl bound directly
More informationBIOB111_CHBIO - Tutorial activities for session 9
BIOB111_CHBIO - Tutorial activities for session 9 General topics for week 5 Session 9 Physical properties and chemical reactions of organic compounds (functional groups: alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes,
More information10) The common name of CH 3CH2OH is A) wood alcohol. B) grain alcohol. C) antifreeze. D) rubbing alcohol. E) glycerol.
1) Compounds with the -OH group attached to a saturated alkane-like carbon are known as A) alcohols. B) phenols. C) ethers. D) alkyl halides. E) hydroxyls. ) Compounds with an oxygen atom bonded to two
More informationLearning Guide for Chapter 14 - Alcohols (I)
Learning Guide for Chapter 14 - Alcohols (I) I. Introduction to Alcohols and Thiols II. Acid/base Behavior of Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols III. Nomenclature of Alcohols IV. Synthesis of Alcohols Previous
More informationCHEM 261 Dec 4, 2017
200 CEM 261 Dec 4, 2017 REVIEW: 1. N 3 2 S 4 1. 2 Al 3 N 2 2. 2 Al 3 2. N 3 2 S 4 N 2 I II For the left hand reaction, I - to create a meta positioned, the first molecule to be subsituted should be N 2,
More informationName Date Class. aryl halides substitution reaction
23.1 INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Section Review Objectives Explain how organic compounds are classified Identify the IUPAC rules for naming halocarbons Describe how halocarbons can be prepared Vocabulary
More informationAlkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons generally fall into 2 general groupings, aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. Aliphatic hydrocarbons contain chains and rings of hydrocarbons,
More informationAP Chemistry Chapter 22 - Organic and Biological Molecules
AP Chemistry Chapter - Organic and Biological Molecules.1 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons A. Straight-chain Hydrocarbons 1. Straight-chain alkanes have the formula C n H n+. Carbons are sp hybridized The
More informationCH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH
03SEP 18:00 19:00 ORGANIC MOLECULES STUDY NOTES ORGANIC MOLECULES Important features of Carbon Carbon has a valency of 4 (can form 4 bonds), and has 4 valence electrons (outermost energy level). Carbon
More informationObjectives. Organic molecules. Carbon. Hydrocarbon Properties. Organic Chemistry Introduction. Organic versus Hydrocarbon 1/1/17
Objectives Organic Chemistry Introduction 8.1 To determine the properties of organic molecules and recognize a hydrocarbon. Use table P and Q to write structural and molecular formulas for hydrocarbons.
More informationChapter 22 Hydrocarbon Compounds
Chapter 22 Hydrocarbon Compounds 1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Organic compounds are carbon compounds and there are over a million. The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons and they are composed of hydrogen
More informationStraight. C C bonds are sp 3 hybridized. Butane, C 4 H 10 H 3 C
Hydrocarbons Straight Chain Alkanes aren t Straight C C bonds are sp 3 hybridized Butane, C 4 H 10 Structural Shorthand Explicit hydrogens (those required to complete carbon s valence) are usually left
More informationAlcohols Classification
Alcohols Alcohols are compounds of the general formula ROH, where R is any alkyl or substituted alkyl group. The group may be primary, secondary, or tertiary; it may be open-chain or cyclic; it may contain
More informationALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS
Chem 306 Name Partner Section (Circle) M Tu W Th Date ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS Purpose: In this laboratory activity you will investigate some chemical and physical properties of alcohols and phenols Introduction:
More informationPacket 11 Unit 7 Chapters 22 & 23 Lessons 62 67
Lesson Topic Chapter Sections Assignment Material 62 7 22 22.1 & 22.3 WorksheetLesson64 (Includesbookquestions) Worksheets29-4through29-7 (Classify& name) 63 7 22 22.2-22.4 Q 13, 14, 15, 26, 28, 29, 30,
More informationPhenols, Ethers, and Organic Sulfur Compound
Phenols, Ethers, and rganic Sulfur Compound Phenols - Structure General Structure - A hydroxy () group attached directly to an aromatic ring: Phenol α-naphthol β-naphthol Note: C2 is not a phenol. Phenols
More informationAlkanes and Cycloalkanes
Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Families of Organic Compounds Organic compounds can be grouped into families by their common structural features We shall survey the nature of the compounds in a tour of the families
More informationCh08. Carbonyls. The carbonyl functional group. Exploring ketones, aldehydes and their reactions. version 1.0
Ch08 Carbonyls The carbonyl functional group. Exploring ketones, aldehydes and their reactions. version 1.0 Nick DeMello, PhD. 2007-2015 Important Dates This Wednesday: - Lab Checkout (you must check out
More informationUnit 12 Organic Chemistry
Unit 12 Organic Chemistry Day 138 5/5/14 QOD: What is Organic Chemistry? Do Now: True or false? 1. Electrochemical cells generate electricity. 2. Electrons flow from left to right in a battery. 3. Redox
More informationChapter 23 Aldehydes and Ketones
Chapter 23 Aldehydes and Ketones Ketones are common solvents for quickdrying paints. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 10e John Wiley & Sons, Inc Morris Hein, Scott Pattison, and Susan
More informationChapter 20 (part 2) Organic Chemistry
Chapter 20 (part 2) Organic Chemistry Section 20.7 Alkenes and Alkynes Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain a carbon carbon double bond. [C n H 2n ] CH 3 CH=CH 2 propene Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing
More informationvideo 14.4 isomers isomers Isomers have the molecular formula but are rearranged in a structure with different properties. Example: Both C 4 H 10
video 14.4 isomers isomers Isomers have the molecular formula but are rearranged in a structure with different properties. Example: Both C 4 H 10 Butane Methylpropane 1 match the isomers drawing an isomer
More informationBIOB111 - Tutorial activities for session 8
BIOB111 - Tutorial activities for session 8 General topics for week 4 Session 8 Physical and chemical properties and examples of these functional groups (methyl, ethyl in the alkyl family, alkenes and
More informationCHEM 263 Oct 11, Lecture Outline 3: Alcohols, Ethers, Stereochemistry, Ketones, and Aldehydes. Ethanol
CEM 263 ct 11, 2016 Lecture utline 3: Alcohols, Ethers, Stereochemistry, Ketones, and Aldehydes Nomenclature of Alcohols Alcohols are compounds that have a hydroxyl group (-) bonded to a carbon atom (but
More informationORGANIC MOLECULES (LIVE) 10 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes and Examples Naming and Functional Groups
ORGANIC MOLECULES (LIVE) 10 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes and Examples Naming and Functional Groups Important Features of Carbon There are different allotropes (same element, same phase, different
More informationChapter 22. Organic and Biological Molecules
Chapter 22 Organic and Biological Molecules The Bonding of Carbon Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. Because carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds, the following
More informationChapter 17: Alcohols and Phenols. Based on McMurry s Organic Chemistry, 7 th edition
Chapter 17: Alcohols and Phenols Based on McMurry s Organic Chemistry, 7 th edition Alcohols and Phenols Alcohols contain an OH group connected to a a saturated C (sp 3 ) They are important solvents and
More informationName Date Class FUNCTIONAL GROUPS. SECTION 23.1 INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL GROUPS (pages )
Name Date lass 23 FUNTINAL GRUPS SETIN 23.1 INTRDUTIN T FUNTINAL GRUPS (pages 725 729 This section defines a functional group and gives several examples. It also describes halocarbons and the substitution
More informationDefinition: A hydrocarbon is an organic compound which consists entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
Hydrocarbons Definition: A hydrocarbon is an organic compound which consists entirely of hydrogen and carbon. It is important to note that carbon atoms have 4 free bonds and that hydrogen has 1 free bond.
More informationQuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry. QuickTime and a are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry Has
More informationOrganic Chemistry SL IB CHEMISTRY SL
Organic Chemistry SL IB CHEMISTRY SL 10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry Understandings: A homologous series is a series of compounds of the same family, with the same general formula, which differ
More information15.1: Hydrocarbon Reactions
15.1: Hydrocarbon Reactions Halogenation An alkane will react with a halogen to produce a halalkane and the corresponding hydrogen halide. The catalyst is ultraviolet radiation. Reaction 1 methane chlorine
More informationAlkanes 3/27/17. Hydrocarbons: Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon only. Aliphatic (means fat ) - Open chain Aromatic - ring. Alkane Alkene Alkyne
Alkanes EQ 1. How will I define Hydrocarbons? 2. Compare and contrast the 3 types of hydrocarbons (Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes). Hydrocarbons: Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon only. Aliphatic (means
More information17 Alcohols H H C C. N Goalby chemrevise.org 1 H H. Bond angles in Alcohols. Boiling points. Different types of alcohols H 2 C CH 2 CH 2
17 Alcohols General formula alcohols n 2n+1 Naming Alcohols These have the ending -ol and if necessary the position number for the group is added between the name stem and the ol If the compound has an
More informationChapter 12: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Chapter 12: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS contain carbon-carbon multiple bonds. Alkenes C=C double bonds Alkynes triple bonds Aromatics benzene rings 1 2 NAMING ALKENES Step 1: Name
More informationChapter 8: Ethers and Epoxides. Diethyl ether in starting fluid
Chapter 8: Ethers and Epoxides Diethyl ether in starting fluid 8.1 Nomenclature of Ethers Ethers are usually named by giving the name of each alkyl or aryl group, in alphabetical order, followed by the
More informationCHAPTER 2. Structure and Reactivity: Acids and Bases, Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
CHAPTER 2 Structure and Reactivity: Acids and Bases, Polar and Nonpolar Molecules 2-1 Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Simple Chemical Processes Chemical thermodynamics: Is concerned with the extent that
More informationINTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: ALKANES
P a g e 1 Chapter 12 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: ALKANES Organic chemistry: The study of carbon compounds. Carbon is tetravalent; it always forms four bonds. Organic molecules have covalent bonds.
More informationCHMA2000 EXPT 7: The Physical and Chemical Properties of Alcohols
CHMA2000 EXPT 7: The Physical and Chemical Properties of Alcohols Objectives: At the end of this experiment you should be able to: 1. Understand the physical and chemical properties of alcohols 2. Understand
More informationAlcohols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones. Chapter 10
Alcohols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones Chapter 10 Chapter 10 Educational Goals 1. Given the structure of an alcohol, ether, thiol, sulfide, aldehyde, or ketone molecule, be able to give the systemic
More informationChapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Thiols
Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Thiols Nomenclature of Alcohols In the IUPAC system, the hydroxyl group in alcohols is indicated by the ending ol. In common names, the separate word alcohol is placed
More informationMolecular Geometry: VSEPR model stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion and predicts the 3D shape of molecules that are formed in bonding.
Molecular Geometry: VSEPR model stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion and predicts the 3D shape of molecules that are formed in bonding. Sigma and Pi Bonds: All single bonds are sigma(σ), that
More informationCh12. Functional Groups. Building new utility onto carbon skeletons. With small groups of atoms, featuring oxygen & sulfur. version 1.
Ch12 Functional Groups Building new utility onto carbon skeletons. With small groups of atoms, featuring oxygen & sulfur. version 1.0 Nick DeMello, PhD. 2007-2015 Ch12 Functional Groups What is a functional
More informationChapter 10 Lecture Notes: Alcohols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones
Chapter 10 Lecture Notes: Alcohols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones Educational Goals 1. Given the structure of an alcohol, ether, thiol, sulfide, aldehyde, or ketone molecule, be able to give the systemic
More informationOrganic Chemistry. A. Introduction
Organic Chemistry A. Introduction 1. Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of CARBON compounds. There are a huge number of organic compounds. This results from the fact that carbon forms chains
More informationUnit 5: Organic Chemistry
Unit 5: Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry: discipline in chemistry focussing strictly on the study of hydrocarbons compounds made up of carbon & hydrogen Organic compounds can contain other elements
More informationLoudon Chapter 8 Review: Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, etc. Jacquie Richardson, CU Boulder Last updated 8/24/2017
In this chapter, we look at a lot of non-hydrocarbon functional groups. These first three alkyl halides, alcohols, and thiols are all functional groups with only one bond to the rest of the molecule. They
More informationChapter 12 Alkanes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Chapter 12 Alkanes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Introduction
More informationChapter 3: Structure and Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Focus on Alkanes
hapter 3: Structure and Nomenclature of rganic ompounds Focus on Alkanes rganic molecules are composed of one or more functional groups attached to one or more hydrocarbon groups (alkyl or groups) I. Functional
More informationOrganic and Biochemical Molecules. 1. Compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.
Organic and Biochemical Molecules 1. Compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. 2. A compound is said to be saturated if it contains only singly bonded carbons. Such hydrocarbons
More informationChemistry 2.5 AS WORKBOOK. Working to Excellence Working to Excellence
Chemistry 2.5 AS 91165 Demonstrate understanding of the properties of selected organic compounds WORKBOOK Working to Excellence Working to Excellence CONTENTS 1. Writing Excellence answers to Cis-Trans
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are joined by single covalent bonds.
Organic Chemistry Organic compounds: The branch of chemistry which deals with the study of carbon compounds is called organic chemistry. Catenation: The carbon atom has a property to undergo self linking
More information3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Based on McMurry s Organic Chemistry, 6 th edition, Chapter 3 2003 Ronald Kluger Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 1 Families of Organic Compounds!
More informatione.g. propan-2-ol ethane-1,1-diol propane-1,2,3-triol H H
Alcohols General The functional group is - The homologous series has general formula n 2n+1 The names end in ol, with a number if needed to indicate where on the carbon skeleton the group is located. When
More informationDownloaded from
1 Class XII Chemistry Chapter: Alcohols, Phenols And Ethers Top concepts: 1. Structure of alcohols, phenols and ethers: 2. Preparation of alcohols: 3. Preparation of phenols: 2 4. Physical properties of
More informationORGANIC - BRUICE 8E CH.3 - AN INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: INDEX OF HYDROGEN DEFICIENCY (STRUCTURAL) A saturated molecule is any molecule that has the maximum number of hydrogens possible for its chemical structure. The rule that
More informationChapter 10: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
Chapter 10: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives The back of the white willow tree (Salix alba) is a source of salicylic acid which is used to make aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) The functional group
More informationAlcohols, Ethers,and Thiols by Dr.Alaa J. Mahrath
Fermentation vats of wine grapes at the Beaulieu Vineyards, California. In this lecture we will studying the physical and chemical properties of alcohols and ethers, two classes of oxygen-containing organic
More informationMSC. ISMAIL M.ALI DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEEING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TIKRIT UNIVERSITY
LECTURE 1 SYLLABUS FOR FIRST CLASS 2013-2014 MSC. ISMAIL M.ALI DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEEING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TIKRIT UNIVERSITY MANDATORY CLASS: 1ST ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CH 122 Teaching scheme:
More informationIntroduction to Organic Chemistry. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Introduction to Organic Chemistry Copyright The McGraw-ill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Common Elements in Organic Compounds 2 Classification of ydrocarbons ydrocarbons
More informationOrganic Chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing.
Chapter 21 Lecture Notes Organic Chemistry Intro Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing. The Bonding of Carbon Because carbon has four valence electrons, it can form covalent bonds.
More informationCore. Topic 10: Organic chemistry. Essential idea: Organic chemistry focuses on the chemistry of compounds containing carbon.
Core Chemistry guide 67 Essential idea: Organic chemistry focuses on the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. 10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry Nature of science: Serendipity and scientific discoveries
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Ch16_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which type of compound does not contain a carbonyl group? ketone B) aldehyde C) amine D)
More informationReactions of Chapter 10 Worksheet and Key
1) Alcohol Fermentation Reactions of Chapter 10 Worksheet and Key Alcohol fermentation is a series of chemical reaction that convert sugar molecules, such a glucose, into ethanol and C 2. The overall reaction
More informationORGANIC REACTIONS 11 MARCH 2014
ORGANIC REACTIONS 11 MARCH 2014 In this lesson we: Lesson Description Look at the chemical reactions of organic molecules Summary Organic molecules can undergo several important chemical reactions. 1.
More informationORGANIC - EGE 5E CH. 2 - COVALENT BONDING AND CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: HYBRID ORBITAL THEORY The Aufbau Principle states that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy. If carbon has only two unfilled orbitals, why does it like to
More informationChapter 11. Introduction to Organic Chemistry
hapter 11 Introduction to rganic hemistry Properties of arbon and its compounds 2 Properties of arbon and its compounds 3 Properties of arbon and its compounds 4 Properties of arbon and its compounds 5
More informationDrawing Hydrocarbons. Classifying Hydrocarbons. Four types of diagrams can be used to represent the structure of a hydrocarbon: e.g.
Classifying Hydrocarbons alkanes- single C-C bonds, if all C s have H s attached, molecules are called hydrocarbons alkenes- have one or more C=C bonds alkynes- have one or more CΞC bonds alkenes & alkynes
More informationDAMIETTA UNIVERSITY. Energy Diagram of One-Step Exothermic Reaction
DAMIETTA UNIVERSITY CHEM-103: BASIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LECTURE 5 Dr Ali El-Agamey 1 Energy Diagram of One-Step Exothermic Reaction The vertical axis in this graph represents the potential energy. The transition
More informationClassifying Hydrocarbons
Classifying Hydrocarbons alkanes- single C-C bonds, if all C s have H s attached, molecules are called saturated hydrocarbons alkenes- have one or more C=C double bonds alkynes- have one or more CΞC triple
More informationAlcohols, Ethers and Epoxides. Chapter Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition John McMurry
Alcohols, Ethers and Epoxides Chapter 17-18 Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition John McMurry 1 Introduction Structure and Bonding Alcohols contain a hydroxy group (OH) bonded to an sp 3 hybridized carbon. 2
More informationAromatic Hydrocarbons
Aromatic Hydrocarbons Aromatic hydrocarbons contain six-membered rings of carbon atoms with alternating single and double carbon-carbon bonds. The ring is sometimes shown with a circle in the center instead
More informationAlkenes. Dr. Munther A. M-Ali For 1 st Stage Setudents
Alkenes Dr. Munther A. M-Ali For 1 st Stage Setudents Alkenes Family of hydrocarbons, the alkenes, which contain less hydrogen, carbon for carbon, than the alkanes Structure of ethylene, The carbon-carbon
More informationAll organic compounds contain carbon, however, not all carbon containing compounds are classified as organic. Organic compounds covalently bonded
Chapter 20 All organic compounds contain carbon, however, not all carbon containing compounds are classified as organic. Organic compounds covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonates
More informationCHAPTER 13: Alcohols, Phenols, & Ethers 13.3 ALCOHOLS: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 13.1 ALCOHOLS: NOMENCLATURE. Page H δ. water-like
APTE 13: Alcohols, Phenols, & Ethers Identify alcohols, phenols. ethers, and thiols LASS GENEAL STUTUE PLAITY lassify alcohols as primary, secondary, or tertiary Understand how hydrogen bonding influences
More informationAlcohols. Alcohol any organic compound containing a hydroxyl (R-OH) group. Alcohols are an extremely important organic source
Alcohols Alcohol any organic compound containing a hydroxyl (R-OH) group Uses: synthetic intermediate, cleanser, cosmetics, fuel, alcoholic beverages, etc. Alcohols are an extremely important organic source
More informationAlkyl phenyl ketones are usually named by adding the acyl group as prefix to phenone.
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Nomenclature of aldehydes and ketones Aldehydes: Often called by their common names instead of IUPAC names. Ketones: Derived by naming two alkyl or aryl groups bonded
More informationBut in organic terms: Oxidation: loss of H 2 ; addition of O or O 2 ; addition of X 2 (halogens).
Reactions of Alcohols Alcohols are versatile organic compounds since they undergo a wide variety of transformations the majority of which are either oxidation or reduction type reactions. Normally: Oxidation
More information1) Which type of compound does not contain a carbonyl group? A) ketone B) aldehyde C) amine D) ester E) carboxylic acid
1) Which type of compound does not contain a carbonyl group? ketone aldehyde amine ester carboxylic acid 2) Which functional group contains a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group bonded to the same carbon
More informationChapter 19 Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Chapter 19 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 1 19.1 The beginnings of organic chemistry large number of remarkably stable compounds consist of C, H, O and N organic compounds no organic compounds had been
More informationChapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes
Section 21.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons Section 1 Objectives: Explain the terms organic compound and organic chemistry. Section 21.2 Alkanes Chapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes
More information