Chapter 14 Organic Compounds That Contain Oxygen, Halogen, or Sulfur
|
|
- Darleen Stafford
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 14 Organic Compounds That Contain Oxygen, Halogen, or Sulfur Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2 Introduction Alcohols, ethers, alkyl halides, and thiols are four families of compounds that contain a C atom singly bonded to O, S, or X (F, Cl, Br, or I). 1. Alcohols contain an OH (hydroxyl) group. 2. Ethers have two alkyl groups bonded to an O atom. 2
3 Introduction 3. Alkyl halides contain a halogen atom X (X = F, Cl, Br, or I) 4. Thiols contain a SH (sulfhydryl) group 3
4 Structure and Properties of Alcohols Alcohols are classified by the number of C atoms bonded to the C with the OH group. 1 o A primary (1 o ) alcohol has an OH group on a C bonded only to 1 C atom. 4
5 Structure and Properties of Alcohols A secondary (2 o ) alcohol has an OH group on a C bonded only to 2 C atoms. 2 o A tertiary (3 o ) alcohol has an OH group on a C bonded only to 3 C atoms. 3 o 5
6 Structure and Properties of Alcohols An alcohol contains an O atom with a bent shape like H 2 O, with a bond angle of o. Alcohols have two polar bonds, C O and O H, with a bent shape, therefore it has a net dipole. 6
7 Structure and Properties of Alcohols Alcohols have an H atom bonded to an O atom, making them capable of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. All of these properties give alcohols much stronger intermolecular forces than alkanes and alkenes. 7
8 Structure and Properties of Alcohols Therefore, alcohols have higher boiling and melting points than hydrocarbons of comparable size and shape. 8
9 Structure and Properties of Alcohols Alcohols are soluble in organic solvents. Low molecular weight alcohols (6 C s or less) are soluble in water. Higher molecular weight alcohols (6 C s or more) are not soluble in water. 2 C s in chain water soluble 8 C s in chain water insoluble 9
10 Nomenclature of Alcohols HOW TO Name an Alcohol Using the IUPAC System Example Give the IUPAC name of the following alcohol. Step [1] Find the longest carbon chain containing the C bonded to the OH group. 6 C s in longest chain hexane hexanol Change the e ending of the parent alkane to the suffix ol. 10
11 Nomenclature of Alcohols HOW TO Name an Alcohol Using the IUPAC System Step [2] Number the carbon chain to give the OH group the lower number, and apply all other rules of nomenclature. 11
12 Nomenclature of Alcohols When an OH group is bonded to a ring, the OH is automatically on C1. The 1 is usually omitted from the name. The ring is then numbered to give the next substituent the lower number. 12
13 Nomenclature of Alcohols Common names are also used for simple alcohols. Name all the C atoms of the molecule as a single alkyl group. Add the word alcohol, separating the words with a space. 13
14 Nomenclature of Alcohols Compounds with two OH groups are called diols or glycols. Compounds with three OH groups are called triols. 1,2-ethanediol 1,2-cyclopentanediol 14
15 Interesting Alcohols Methanol (CH 3 OH) is a useful as a solvent and a starting material for plastics, but it is toxic due to its oxidation in the liver. Ethanol (CH 3 CH 2 OH) is the alcohol present in alcoholic beverages, and it is formed from the fermentation of carbohydrate chains. It is likely the first alcohol synthesized by humans (~ 4000 years) 2-Propanol [(CH 3 ) 2 CHOH), isopropyl alcohol] is the major component of rubbing alcohol, which is used to sterilize skin and medical instruments. 15
16 Interesting Alcohols Ethylene glycol (HOCH 2 CH 2 OH), a diol, is the major component of antifreeze; it is sweet tasting but extremely toxic. Glycerol [(HOCH 2 ) 2 CHOH], a triol, is used in lotions, liquid soap, and shaving cream; it is also sweet tasting, but nontoxic, so it can be used in food products. 16
17 Interesting Alcohols Starch is the main carbohydrate in seeds and the roots of plants, and it can be metabolized by humans into glucose. Cellulose, the major component of wood, cotton, and flax, gives rigidity to plants, however it cannot be metabolized by humans. Glucose 17
18 Reactions of Alcohols A. Dehydration Dehydration is the loss of H 2 O from a starting material. It occurs when an alcohol is treated with a strong acid like H 2 SO 4, and forms an alkene product. Dehydration is an example of an elimination reaction, in which parts of the starting material are lost and a multiple bond is formed. 18
19 Examples: Reactions of Alcohols A. Dehydration 19
20 H Reactions of Alcohols A. Dehydration Asymmetric alcohols can form two possible products. H H H H C 1 C 2 C 3 CH 3 + H 2 O H H H H H 2 SO 4 1-butene C 1 C 2 C 3 CH 3 H H H H OH H H C 1 C 2 C 3 CH 3 + H 2 O 2-butanol H major product: 2-butene Zaitsev Rule: the major product has the most alkyl groups bonded to the C C. 20
21 Reactions of Alcohols B. Oxidation Oxidation results in an increase in the number of C O bonds or a decrease in the number of C H bonds The symbol [O] indicates an oxidation reagent (commonly K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ) has been added. 21
22 Reactions of Alcohols B. Oxidation Primary (1 o ) alcohols first oxidize to aldehydes (RCHO), replacing 1 C H with 1 C O. Aldehydes are further oxidized to carboxylic acids (RCOOH), replacing 1 C H with 1 C O. 1 o alcohol (ROH) aldehyde (RCHO) carboxylic acid (RCOOH) 22
23 Reactions of Alcohols B. Oxidation Secondary (2 o ) alcohols are oxidized to ketones (R 2 CO). 23
24 Reactions of Alcohols B. Oxidation Tertiary (3 o ) alcohols have no H atoms on the C with the OH group, so they are not oxidized. 24
25 Focus on Health & Medicine A. The Metabolism of Ethanol When ethanol is consumed it is quickly absorbed in the stomach and small intestines. In the liver, the enzymes alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase act as oxidizing reagents. CH 3 CH OH ethanol O [O] [O] C CH 3 H acetaldehyde O C CH 3 OH acetic acid Consuming more ethanol than can be metabolized leads to a buildup of acetaldehyde, which is toxic. 25
26 Focus on Health & Medicine A. The Metabolism of Methanol Methanol is oxidized into formaldehyde and then to formic acid by the same enzymes as ethanol. Both of these compounds are extremely toxic, and consumption of methanol leads to decreased blood ph, blindness, and finally death. CH 3 OH [O] H O C H [O] H O C OH methanol formaldehyde formic acid 26
27 Structure and Properties of Ethers Ethers have two alkyl groups bonded to an O atom. The two alkyl groups can be the same, or they can be different. 27
28 Structure and Properties of Ethers An ether has an O atom with a bent shape like H 2 O, with a bond angle of o. 28
29 Structure and Properties of Ethers The ether O can also be found contained in a ring. A ring that contains a heteroatom is called a heterocycle. A 3 carbon heterocyclic ether is called an epoxide. 29
30 Structure and Properties of Ethers A. Physical Properties Ether has two polar C O bonds with a bent shape, therefore it has a net dipole. Ether does not contain an H atom bonded to an O atom, so ether cannot form intermolecular hydrogen bonds. 30
31 Structure and Properties of Ethers A. Physical Properties These facts give ethers: stronger intermolecular forces than alkanes weaker intermolecular forces than alcohols As a result, ethers of comparable size and shape tend to have: higher melting and boiling points than hydrocarbons lower melting and boiling points than alcohols 31
32 Structure and Properties of Ethers A. Physical Properties 32
33 Structure and Properties of Ethers A. Physical Properties Ethers are soluble in organic solvents. Low molecular weight ethers (5 C s or less) are soluble in water, as water can hydrogen bond to the ether s O atom. Higher molecular weight ethers (6 C s or more) are not soluble in water. 33
34 Structure and Properties of Ethers B. Naming Ethers Simple ethers have usually common names: name both alkyl groups bonded to the O atom arrange these names alphabetically finally, add the word ether to the end 34
35 Structure and Properties of Ethers B. Naming Ethers More complex ethers are named using the IUPAC system: one alkyl group is named as a hydrocarbon chain the other is named as part of a substituent bonded to that chain CH 3 O methoxy CH 3 CH 2 O ethoxy 35
36 Focus on Health & Medicine Ethers as Anesthetics Diethyl ether was first demonstrated as an anesthetic in 1846 by the dentist Dr. William Morton. Prior to this, patients undergoing surgery had to tolerate excruciating pain. Modern variations include the three ethers below: 36
37 Alkyl Halides Alkyl halides contain a halogen atom X (where X = F, Cl, Br, I). They are classified by the number of C atoms bonded to the C with the halogen. A primary (1 o ) alkyl halide has an X group on a C bonded only to 1 C atom. 1 o 37
38 Alkyl Halides A secondary (2 o ) alkyl halide has an X group on a C bonded only to 2 C atoms. 2 o 3 o A tertiary (3 o ) alkyl halide has an X group on a C bonded only to 3 C atoms. 38
39 Alkyl Halides A. Physical Properties Alkyl halides contain a polar C X bond, thus they contain a net dipole. They are not capable of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. As a result, they have higher melting and boiling points than similar alkanes, but lower than alcohols. 39
40 Alkyl Halides A. Physical Properties The boiling and melting points of an alkyl halide will increase with: the size of the alkyl group the size of the halogen All alkyl halides are insoluble in water. 40
41 Alkyl Halides B. Nomenclature HOW TO Name an Alkyl Halide Using the IUPAC System Example Give the IUPAC name of the following alkyl halide. Step [1] Find the parent carbon chain containing the halogen. 7 C s = heptane 41
42 Alkyl Halides B. Nomenclature HOW TO Name an Alkyl Halide Using the IUPAC System Step [2] Apply all other rules of nomenclature. a) Number the chain, give the halogen the lowest possible number. 42
43 Alkyl Halides B. Nomenclature HOW TO Name an Alkyl Halide Using the IUPAC System Step [2] Apply all other rules of nomenclature. b) Name and number, then alphabetize the substituents. Answer: 2-chloro-5-methylheptane 43
44 Alkyl Halides C. Interesting Alkyl Halides Chloromethane (CH 3 Cl) is produced by kelp, algae, and emissions from volcanoes. Dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ) is a solvent once used to decaffeinate coffee. Trichloromethane (CHCl 3, chloroform) and tetrachloromethane (CCl 4, carbon tetrachloride) are useful industrially produced solvents that are toxic if inhaled or ingested. 44
45 Organic Compounds that Contain Sulfur Thiols contain a SH (sulfhydryl) group. Because S is just below O on the periodic table, thiols are similar to alcohols. Thiols have a bent shape around the S atom. 45
46 Organic Compounds that Contain Sulfur However, thiols contain no O H bonds, so they are incapable of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. This gives thiols lower boiling and melting points than similar alcohols. CH 3 CH 2 OH ethanol bp 78 o C CH 3 CH 2 SH ethanethiol bp 35 o C 46
47 Organic Compounds that Contain Sulfur To name a thiol in the IUPAC system: name the parent hydrocarbon chain as an alkane add the suffix -thiol number the chain to give the SH the lowest number CH 3 SH methanethiol CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 SH 1-propanethiol 47
48 Organic Compounds that Contain Sulfur Thiols have a characteristic foul odor (skunk, onions, etc.) They can be oxidized to disulfides. 48
49 Organic Compounds that Contain Sulfur The disulfides can be converted back to thiols with a reducing agent, [H], through a reduction reaction. 49
50 Organic Compounds that Contain Sulfur To make straight hair curly, the disulfide bonds holding the hair proteins together are reduced. The hair is then turned around curlers, and an oxidizing agent is applied. This re-forms the disulfide bonds in the hair, now giving it a curly appearance. 50
Chapter 16 Aldehydes and Ketones Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Chapter 16 Aldehydes and Ketones Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
More informationAlcohols and Phenols. Classification of Alcohols. Learning Check. Lecture 4 Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols. Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols
Lecture 4 Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols Alcohols and Phenols An alcohol contains A hydroxyl group ( ) attached to a carbon chain. A phenol contains A hydroxyl group ( ) attached
More informationAlcohols. Contents. Structure. structure
Page 1 of 9 Alcohols Contents structure Physical Properties Classification of Alcohols Nomenclature of Alcohols Preparation of Alcohols Oxidation of Alcohols oxidation of aldehydes Structure Alcohols can
More informationChapter 14 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Chapter 14 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers Homework- 8, 12, 20, 34, 36, 42, 46, 58, 74, 96 14.1 Bonding Characteristics of Oxygen Atoms in Organic Compounds Already seen that Carbon forms 4 bonds and Hydrogen
More informationChemistry 1506: Allied Health Chemistry 2. Section 3: Alchols, Phenols, Ethers, and Halides. Functional Groups with Single Bonds to Oxygen.
Chemistry 1506 Dr. Hunter s Class Section 3 Notes - Page 1/21 Chemistry 1506: Allied Health Chemistry 2 Section 3: Alchols, Phenols, Ethers, and Halides Functional Groups with Single Bonds to Oxygen Outline
More informationChemistry 110. Bettelheim, Brown, Campbell & Farrell. Ninth Edition
Chemistry 110 Bettelheim, Brown, Campbell & Farrell Ninth Edition Introduction to General, rganic and Biochemistry Chapter 14 Alcohols, Ethers and Thiols Alcohols have a ydroxyl Group, -, bonded to tetrahedral
More informationAlcohols, Ethers and Epoxides. Chapter Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition John McMurry
Alcohols, Ethers and Epoxides Chapter 17-18 Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition John McMurry 1 Introduction Structure and Bonding Alcohols contain a hydroxy group (OH) bonded to an sp 3 hybridized carbon. 2
More informationALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS
ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS Alcohols contain an OH group connected to a a saturated C (sp3) They are important solvents and synthesis intermediates Phenols contain an OH group connected to
More informationAlcohols. Alcohol any organic compound containing a hydroxyl (R-OH) group. Alcohols are an extremely important organic source
Alcohols Alcohol any organic compound containing a hydroxyl (R-OH) group Uses: synthetic intermediate, cleanser, cosmetics, fuel, alcoholic beverages, etc. Alcohols are an extremely important organic source
More informationLoudon Chapter 8 Review: Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, etc. Jacquie Richardson, CU Boulder Last updated 8/24/2017
In this chapter, we look at a lot of non-hydrocarbon functional groups. These first three alkyl halides, alcohols, and thiols are all functional groups with only one bond to the rest of the molecule. They
More informationHW #3: 14.26, 14.28, 14.30, 14.32, 14.36, 14.42, 14.46, 14.52, 14.56, Alcohols, Ethers and Thiols
Chemistry 131 Lecture 8: Alcohols, Ethers and Sulfur Analogs: Structure, Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Chemical Reactivity Chapter 14 in McMurry, Ballantine, et. al. 7 th edition HW #3: 14.26,
More informationChapter 9. Organic Chemistry: The Infinite Variety of Carbon Compounds. Organic Chemistry
Chapter 9 Organic Chemistry: The Infinite Variety of Carbon Compounds Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of carbon compounds. Of tens of millions of known chemical compounds,
More information10) The common name of CH 3CH2OH is A) wood alcohol. B) grain alcohol. C) antifreeze. D) rubbing alcohol. E) glycerol.
1) Compounds with the -OH group attached to a saturated alkane-like carbon are known as A) alcohols. B) phenols. C) ethers. D) alkyl halides. E) hydroxyls. ) Compounds with an oxygen atom bonded to two
More informationChapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Thiols
Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Thiols 45 -Alcohols have the general formula R-OH and are characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group, -OH. -Phenols have a hydroxyl group attached directly to an
More informationHydrocarbons and their Functional Groups
Hydrocarbons and their Functional Groups Organic chemistry is the study of compounds in which carbon is the principal element. carbon atoms form four bonds long chains, rings, spheres, sheets, and tubes
More informationChapter 13 Alkenes and Alkynes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Chapter 13 Alkenes and Alkynes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette 1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
More informationChapter 11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Chapter 11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction
More informationFunctional Groups SCH4C
Functional Groups With the huge number of organic compounds in existence, it would be very difficult for you to memorize the properties of each compound separately. Fortunately the compounds fall into
More informationGeneric formula. Suffix or prefix. Family Name. alkene -ene C n H 2n. alkyne -yne C n H 2n-2 -OH R-OH. propan-2-ol. F- Cl- Br- I- 2-bromobutane
Chemistry 30 Notes Hydrocarbon Derivatives these notes cover textbook pages 565-568 A functional group is a special arrangement of atoms that is mainly responsible for the chemical and physical behaviour
More informationChapter 10 Lecture Notes: Alcohols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones
Chapter 10 Lecture Notes: Alcohols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones Educational Goals 1. Given the structure of an alcohol, ether, thiol, sulfide, aldehyde, or ketone molecule, be able to give the systemic
More informationNaming Organic Halides. Properties of Organic Halides
Organic Compounds Organic Halides A hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms Freons (chlorofluorocarbons) in refrigeration and air conditioning Teflon (polytetrafluoroethane)
More informationCHEM 263 Oct 11, Lecture Outline 3: Alcohols, Ethers, Stereochemistry, Ketones, and Aldehydes. Ethanol
CEM 263 ct 11, 2016 Lecture utline 3: Alcohols, Ethers, Stereochemistry, Ketones, and Aldehydes Nomenclature of Alcohols Alcohols are compounds that have a hydroxyl group (-) bonded to a carbon atom (but
More informationChapter 08 Alcohols, Ethers, and Thiols
Alcohols, Ethers and Thiols Chapter 08 Alcohols, Ethers, and Thiols CEM 240: Fall 2016 Prof. Greg Cook 2 Alcohol Nomenclature - common imple alcohols are often named using common naming (functional class)
More informationElectronegativity Scale F > O > Cl, N > Br > C, H
Organic Chem Chapter 12 Alkanes Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Carbon has several properties that are worth discussing: Tetravalent Always forms 4 bonds Can form multiple bonds (double
More informationAlcohols Classification
Alcohols Alcohols are compounds of the general formula ROH, where R is any alkyl or substituted alkyl group. The group may be primary, secondary, or tertiary; it may be open-chain or cyclic; it may contain
More informationUNIT (8) OXYGEN CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
UNIT (8) OXYGEN CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 8.1 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers An alcohol is an organic compound that contains the hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an alkyl group. They are essentially
More informationAlcohols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones. Chapter 10
Alcohols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones Chapter 10 Chapter 10 Educational Goals 1. Given the structure of an alcohol, ether, thiol, sulfide, aldehyde, or ketone molecule, be able to give the systemic
More informationCHEM 261 Dec 4, 2017
200 CEM 261 Dec 4, 2017 REVIEW: 1. N 3 2 S 4 1. 2 Al 3 N 2 2. 2 Al 3 2. N 3 2 S 4 N 2 I II For the left hand reaction, I - to create a meta positioned, the first molecule to be subsituted should be N 2,
More informationCh12. Functional Groups. Building new utility onto carbon skeletons. With small groups of atoms, featuring oxygen & sulfur. version 1.
Ch12 Functional Groups Building new utility onto carbon skeletons. With small groups of atoms, featuring oxygen & sulfur. version 1.0 Nick DeMello, PhD. 2007-2015 Ch12 Functional Groups What is a functional
More informationORGANIC MOLECULES (LIVE) 10 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes and Examples Naming and Functional Groups
ORGANIC MOLECULES (LIVE) 10 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes and Examples Naming and Functional Groups Important Features of Carbon There are different allotropes (same element, same phase, different
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Dr. Catherine Tan. (IGCSE Chemistry Syllabus )
Organic Chemistry (IGCSE Chemistry Syllabus 2016-2018) Number of carbon(s) Root Alkanes Alkenes Alcohols Carboxylic acids 1 Meth- Methane Methene Methanol Methanoic acid 2 Eth- Ethane Ethene Ethanol Ethanoic
More informationReactions of Chapter 10 Worksheet and Key
1) Alcohol Fermentation Reactions of Chapter 10 Worksheet and Key Alcohol fermentation is a series of chemical reaction that convert sugar molecules, such a glucose, into ethanol and C 2. The overall reaction
More informationCarbon-heteroatom single bonds basic C N C X. X= F, Cl, Br, I Alkyl Halide C O. epoxide Chapter 14 H. alcohols acidic H C S C. thiols.
hapter 13: Alcohols and Phenols 13.1 Structure and Properties of Alcohols Alkanes arbon - arbon Multiple Bonds arbon-heteroatom single bonds basic Alkenes X X= F, l,, I Alkyl alide amines hapter 23 nitro
More informationSynthesis and Structure of Alcohols Alcohols can be considered organic analogues of water.
Synthesis and Structure of Alcohols Alcohols can be considered organic analogues of water. Alcohols are usually classified as primary, secondary and tertiary. Alcohols with the hydroxyl bound directly
More informationvideo 14.4 isomers isomers Isomers have the molecular formula but are rearranged in a structure with different properties. Example: Both C 4 H 10
video 14.4 isomers isomers Isomers have the molecular formula but are rearranged in a structure with different properties. Example: Both C 4 H 10 Butane Methylpropane 1 match the isomers drawing an isomer
More informationChapter 20 (part 2) Organic Chemistry
Chapter 20 (part 2) Organic Chemistry Section 20.7 Alkenes and Alkynes Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain a carbon carbon double bond. [C n H 2n ] CH 3 CH=CH 2 propene Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing
More informationIntroduction to Organic Chemistry. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Introduction to Organic Chemistry Copyright The McGraw-ill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Common Elements in Organic Compounds 2 Classification of ydrocarbons ydrocarbons
More informationChapter 12 Alkanes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Chapter 12 Alkanes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Introduction
More informationChapter 1 Reactions of Organic Compounds. Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons
Chapter 1 Reactions of Organic Compounds Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons Reactions of Alkanes Single bonds (C-C) are strong and very hard to break, therefore these compounds are relatively unreactive
More informationLearning Guide for Chapter 14 - Alcohols (I)
Learning Guide for Chapter 14 - Alcohols (I) I. Introduction to Alcohols and Thiols II. Acid/base Behavior of Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols III. Nomenclature of Alcohols IV. Synthesis of Alcohols Previous
More information15.1: Hydrocarbon Reactions
15.1: Hydrocarbon Reactions Halogenation An alkane will react with a halogen to produce a halalkane and the corresponding hydrogen halide. The catalyst is ultraviolet radiation. Reaction 1 methane chlorine
More informationAlcohols, Ethers,and Thiols by Dr.Alaa J. Mahrath
Fermentation vats of wine grapes at the Beaulieu Vineyards, California. In this lecture we will studying the physical and chemical properties of alcohols and ethers, two classes of oxygen-containing organic
More informationDrawing Hydrocarbons. Classifying Hydrocarbons. Four types of diagrams can be used to represent the structure of a hydrocarbon: e.g.
Classifying Hydrocarbons alkanes- single C-C bonds, if all C s have H s attached, molecules are called hydrocarbons alkenes- have one or more C=C bonds alkynes- have one or more CΞC bonds alkenes & alkynes
More informationObjectives. Organic molecules. Carbon. Hydrocarbon Properties. Organic Chemistry Introduction. Organic versus Hydrocarbon 1/1/17
Objectives Organic Chemistry Introduction 8.1 To determine the properties of organic molecules and recognize a hydrocarbon. Use table P and Q to write structural and molecular formulas for hydrocarbons.
More informationBIOB111_CHBIO - Tutorial activities for session 9
BIOB111_CHBIO - Tutorial activities for session 9 General topics for week 5 Session 9 Physical properties and chemical reactions of organic compounds (functional groups: alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes,
More informationCH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH
03SEP 18:00 19:00 ORGANIC MOLECULES STUDY NOTES ORGANIC MOLECULES Important features of Carbon Carbon has a valency of 4 (can form 4 bonds), and has 4 valence electrons (outermost energy level). Carbon
More informationChapter 10. Reactions of Alcohols, Amines, Ethers, and Epoxides
Chapter 10. Reactions of Alcohols, Amines, Ethers, and Epoxides Learning objectives: 1. Provide both IUPAC and common (when applicable) names for alcohols and ethers. 2. Describe the physical properties
More informationChapter 23 Aldehydes and Ketones
Chapter 23 Aldehydes and Ketones Ketones are common solvents for quickdrying paints. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 10e John Wiley & Sons, Inc Morris Hein, Scott Pattison, and Susan
More informationORGANIC - EGE 5E CH. 2 - COVALENT BONDING AND CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: HYBRID ORBITAL THEORY The Aufbau Principle states that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy. If carbon has only two unfilled orbitals, why does it like to
More informationOrganic Chemistry. A. Introduction
Organic Chemistry A. Introduction 1. Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of CARBON compounds. There are a huge number of organic compounds. This results from the fact that carbon forms chains
More informationChapter 18 Amines and Neurotransmitters Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Chapter 18 Amines and Neurotransmitters Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction
More informationChapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Thiols
Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Thiols Nomenclature of Alcohols In the IUPAC system, the hydroxyl group in alcohols is indicated by the ending ol. In common names, the separate word alcohol is placed
More informationAlkanes and Cycloalkanes
Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Families of Organic Compounds Organic compounds can be grouped into families by their common structural features We shall survey the nature of the compounds in a tour of the families
More informationLecture 2. The framework to build materials and understand properties
Lecture 2 The framework to build materials and understand properties 1 Trees are made into a solid materials/structures in an environment that consists of small molecules: CO 2, N 2, H 2 0, CH 4 O C 2.58Ǻ
More informationChapter 19 Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Chapter 19 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 1 19.1 The beginnings of organic chemistry large number of remarkably stable compounds consist of C, H, O and N organic compounds no organic compounds had been
More informationAromatic Hydrocarbons
Aromatic Hydrocarbons Aromatic hydrocarbons contain six-membered rings of carbon atoms with alternating single and double carbon-carbon bonds. The ring is sometimes shown with a circle in the center instead
More informationDAMIETTA UNIVERSITY. Energy Diagram of One-Step Exothermic Reaction
DAMIETTA UNIVERSITY CHEM-103: BASIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LECTURE 5 Dr Ali El-Agamey 1 Energy Diagram of One-Step Exothermic Reaction The vertical axis in this graph represents the potential energy. The transition
More informationACETONE. PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION CAS NO EINECS NO MOL WT H.S. CODE Oral rat LD50: 5800 mg/kg
ACETONE www.pawarchemicals.com PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION CAS NO 67-64-1 EINECS NO. 200-662-2 FORMULA (CH3)2C=O MOL WT. 58.08 H.S. CODE 2914.11 TOXICITY SYNONYMS Oral rat LD50: 5800 mg/kg Dimethyl ketone;
More informationChemistry 11 Hydrocarbon Alkane Notes. In this unit, we will be primarily focusing on the chemistry of carbon compounds, also known as.
1 Chemistry 11 Hydrocarbon Alkane Notes In this unit, we will be primarily focusing on the chemistry of carbon compounds, also known as. Why is organic chemistry so important? Many of the compounds that
More informationUnit 5: Organic Chemistry
Unit 5: Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry: discipline in chemistry focussing strictly on the study of hydrocarbons compounds made up of carbon & hydrogen Organic compounds can contain other elements
More informationCHAPTER 13: Alcohols, Phenols, & Ethers 13.3 ALCOHOLS: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 13.1 ALCOHOLS: NOMENCLATURE. Page H δ. water-like
APTE 13: Alcohols, Phenols, & Ethers Identify alcohols, phenols. ethers, and thiols LASS GENEAL STUTUE PLAITY lassify alcohols as primary, secondary, or tertiary Understand how hydrogen bonding influences
More informationOrganic and Biochemical Molecules. 1. Compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.
Organic and Biochemical Molecules 1. Compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. 2. A compound is said to be saturated if it contains only singly bonded carbons. Such hydrocarbons
More informationChem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline
Chem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline Slide 2 Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of and its compounds. The major sources of carbon are the fossil fuels: petroleum, natural gas,
More informationAP Chemistry Chapter 22 - Organic and Biological Molecules
AP Chemistry Chapter - Organic and Biological Molecules.1 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons A. Straight-chain Hydrocarbons 1. Straight-chain alkanes have the formula C n H n+. Carbons are sp hybridized The
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon.
Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. In this chapter we will discuss the structural features of organic molecules, nomenclature, and a
More informationChapter 3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Their Stereochemistry
Chapter 3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Their Stereochemistry Functional Group: Be able to identify and name any of the functional groups listed on Table 3.1, pages 76-77. Summary of important functional
More informationRegents review Organic chemistry
2011-2012 1. Which structural formula represents a saturated hydrocarbon? 2. Which molecule contains ten hydrogen atoms? A) butane B) butene C) propane D) propene 3. A double carbon-carbon bond is found
More informationQuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry. QuickTime and a are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry Has
More informationChapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry
Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry The study of carbon compounds constitutes a separate branch of chemistry known as organic chemistry The
More informationChapter 04 Alcohols and Alkyl Halides part 01
hapter 04 Alcohols and Alkyl alides part 01 EM 341: Spring 2012 Prof. Greg ook Functional Groups A functional group is a structural feature in a molecule that has characteristic reactivity. A functional
More informationName Date Class. aryl halides substitution reaction
23.1 INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Section Review Objectives Explain how organic compounds are classified Identify the IUPAC rules for naming halocarbons Describe how halocarbons can be prepared Vocabulary
More informationAlkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons generally fall into 2 general groupings, aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. Aliphatic hydrocarbons contain chains and rings of hydrocarbons,
More information3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Based on McMurry s Organic Chemistry, 6 th edition, Chapter 3 2003 Ronald Kluger Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 1 Families of Organic Compounds!
More informationChapter 8 Chemical Bonding
Chapter 8 Chemical Bonding Types of Bonds Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding Shapes of Molecules 8-1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Table 8.1 Two
More informationDefinition: A hydrocarbon is an organic compound which consists entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
Hydrocarbons Definition: A hydrocarbon is an organic compound which consists entirely of hydrogen and carbon. It is important to note that carbon atoms have 4 free bonds and that hydrogen has 1 free bond.
More informationSAN JOSE CITY COLLEGE INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY 32B Spring March 9, 2009 Chapters 13, 14 and 17 Bettelheim, Brown, March
SAN JOSE CITY COLLEGE INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY 32B Spring 2009 Name: ID#: Instructor: Dr. T. Johnson Time Allowed:1h 20 min March 9, 2009 Chapters 13, 14 and 17 Bettelheim, Brown, March 108 Points LEARNING
More informationAlkanes 3/27/17. Hydrocarbons: Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon only. Aliphatic (means fat ) - Open chain Aromatic - ring. Alkane Alkene Alkyne
Alkanes EQ 1. How will I define Hydrocarbons? 2. Compare and contrast the 3 types of hydrocarbons (Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes). Hydrocarbons: Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon only. Aliphatic (means
More informationAlcohols, Ethers, & Epoxides
Alcohols, Ethers, & Epoxides Alcohols Structure and Bonding Enols and Phenols Compounds having a hydroxy group on a sp 2 hybridized carbon enols and phenols undergo different reactions than alcohols. Chapter
More informationChapter 2: An Introduction to Organic Compounds
Chapter : An Introduction to Organic Compounds I. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: Functional groups with similar structure/reactivity may be "grouped" together. A. Functional Groups With Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bonds.
More informationClassifying Hydrocarbons
Classifying Hydrocarbons alkanes- single C-C bonds, if all C s have H s attached, molecules are called saturated hydrocarbons alkenes- have one or more C=C double bonds alkynes- have one or more CΞC triple
More informationUnit 12 Organic Chemistry
Unit 12 Organic Chemistry Day 138 5/5/14 QOD: What is Organic Chemistry? Do Now: True or false? 1. Electrochemical cells generate electricity. 2. Electrons flow from left to right in a battery. 3. Redox
More informationL I D E. Chapter 6 Organic Chemistry CARBON. Carbon. Chemistry in Focus 3rd edition Tro
Chemistry in Focus rd edition Tro Chapter 6 Organic Chemistry CARBON Of the millions of known compounds in our world, 95% have a single element in common CARBON. What is so special about carbon? Carbon
More informationChapter 22 Hydrocarbon Compounds
Chapter 22 Hydrocarbon Compounds 1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Organic compounds are carbon compounds and there are over a million. The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons and they are composed of hydrogen
More informationALCOHOLS: Properties & Preparation
ALLS: Properties & Preparation General formula: -, where is alkyl or substitued alkyl. Ar-: phenol - different properties. Nomenclature 1. ommon names: Name of alkyl group, followed by word alcohol. 2.
More information14.1 Aldehydes and Ketones Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chapter 14 Aldehydes, Ketones, and Chiral Molecules 14.1 Aldehydes and Ketones Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbonyl Group in Aldehydes A carbonyl group and
More informationEthers & Epoxides. Chapter 5. Dr. Seham ALTERARY. Chem 340-2nd semester
Ethers & Epoxides Chapter 5 Dr. Seham ALTERARY Chapter s out line Ethers Definition; General formula; Classification and Types Nomenclature - Common Names. - IUPAC Naming. Physical Properties General methods
More informationTopic 10.1: Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry Notes
Topic 10.1: Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry Notes Terminology Hydrocarbon: compounds that contain mostly hydrogen and carbon Homologous Series: compounds with the same general formula Molecular Formula:
More informationCHAPTER 12 (MOORE) FUELS, ORGANIC CHEMICALS AND POLYMEYS
CHAPTER 12 (MOORE) FUELS, ORGANIC CHEMICALS AND POLYMEYS This chapter deals organic compounds. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of hydrocarbons, which have the general chemical formula, C X H Y, and
More informationCarbon Compounds. Chemical Bonding Part 2
Carbon Compounds Chemical Bonding Part 2 Introduction to Functional Groups: Alkanes! Alkanes Compounds that contain only carbons and hydrogens, with no double or triple bonds.! Alkyl Groups A part of a
More informationAn alcohol is a compound obtained by substituting a hydoxyl group ( OH) for an H atom on a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon group.
Derivatives of Hydrocarbons A functional group is a reactive portion of a molecule that undergoes predictable reactions. All other organic compounds can be considered as derivatives of hydrocarbons (i.e.,
More informatione.g. propan-2-ol ethane-1,1-diol propane-1,2,3-triol H H
Alcohols General The functional group is - The homologous series has general formula n 2n+1 The names end in ol, with a number if needed to indicate where on the carbon skeleton the group is located. When
More informationOrganic Chemistry. FAMILIES of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1 SCH4U September 2017 Organic Chemistry Is the chemistry of compounds that contain carbon (except: CO, CO 2, HCN, CO 3 2- ) Carbon is covalently bonded to another carbon, hydrogen and possibly to oxygen,
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups
For updated version, please click on http://ocw.ump.edu.my Organic Chemistry Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups by Dr. Seema Zareen & Dr. Izan Izwan Misnon Faculty Industrial Science
More informationALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS; ETHERS AND EPOXIDES; THIOLS AND SULFIDES
ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS; ETHERS AND EPOXIDES; THIOLS AND SULFIDES A STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO: 1. Give the IUPAC name when given the structure, and draw the structure given the name of open-chain and monocyclic
More informationSome Families of Organic Compounds HL
Name: Organic Chemistry 22. Some Families of Organic Compounds Objectives -define tetrahedral carbon -explain what is meant by the term alcohol -describe the alcohols as a homologous series of organic
More informationChapter 16. Ethers, Epoxides, and Sulfides. Class Notes. 2. Epoxides: cyclic ethers, 3-membered rings. 1. Symmetrical and unsymmetrical (mixed) ethers
Chapter 16 Ethers, Epoxides, and Sulfides Chapter 16 suggested problems: 21, 25, 26, 31, 32, 33 Class Notes I. Nomenclature of ethers, epoxides, and sulfides A. General B. Ethers 1. Ethers: C-O-C 2. Epoxides:
More informationChapter 11. Introduction to Organic Chemistry
hapter 11 Introduction to rganic hemistry Properties of arbon and its compounds 2 Properties of arbon and its compounds 3 Properties of arbon and its compounds 4 Properties of arbon and its compounds 5
More informationLecture 2. The framework to build materials and understand properties
Lecture 2 The framework to build materials and understand properties 1 Trees are made into a solid materials/structures in an environment that consists of small molecules: C 2, N 2, H 2 0, CH 4 C 2.58Ǻ?
More informationChapter 8: Ethers and Epoxides. Diethyl ether in starting fluid
Chapter 8: Ethers and Epoxides Diethyl ether in starting fluid 8.1 Nomenclature of Ethers Ethers are usually named by giving the name of each alkyl or aryl group, in alphabetical order, followed by the
More informationOrganic Compounds Containing Oxygen
BI-GANI EMISTY (rganic hemistry for Biology Students) (SQBS 1603) rganic ompounds ontaining xygen Dr Nik Ahmad Nizam Bin Nik Malek, BSc (Ind. hem.)(utm), MSc (hem)(utm), PhD (hem)(utm), A.M.I. Senior Lecturer,
More information