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1 QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.

2 Organic Chemistry Has Carbon C has 4 valence e- s tetrahedral Poor conductors 4 covalent bonds Low M.P. Slow reactors Inorganic Organic Contains only small amount of Carbon (I.e., carbides, oxides) Ionic or Covalent bonds Contains Carbon!!!! (CHON) Covalent bonds High MP, strong intermolecular forces EXCEPT CO 2 it s inorganic Hydrocarbons contain Carbon & Hydrogen ONLY!!!!!!

3 Alkane Single bonds C n H 2n+2 Ends in -ane Alkene One double bond C n H 2n Ends in -ene Ex. H H H- C- C- H Ex. C 2 H 4 H H H- C=C-H C 2 H 6 H H Saturated All single bonds--- ALKANES ONLY!!

4 Alkyne 1 triple bond C n H 2n-2 Ends in -yne Aromatic Ring C n H 2n-6 Benzene Toluene Ex. C 2 H 2 H-C=C-H QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Unsaturated Double or triple bonds Alkenes & Alkynes

5 Prefix Naming Hydrocarbons Branches 1-meth 2-eth 3-prop 4-but 6-hex 7-hept 8-oct 9-non F-fluoro- Cl-chloro- Br-bromo- CH 3 - methyl CH 3 CH 2 - ethyl 5-pent 10-dec

6 Steps: Name the longest chain of carbons Look for double/triple bonds (tell where they are) Look for branches, name, & tell where they are Ex. H H H H H-C- C- C- C- H H H H H Butane Ex. #2 CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH-CH 2 -CH 3 CH 3 3-methyl hexane

7 Characteristics of Hydrocarbons: Contains only Carbon & Hydrogen Can be found in nature Can be straight chained or branched Soluble in nonpolar solvents Non polar Low M.P. Non electrolytes Carbon has 4 valence e- s, so it makes 4 covalent bonds

8 Isomers Same molecular formula Different structural formula Count up the atoms, put in different order C 5 H 12 -C-C-C-C-C- C 5 H 12 -C-C-C-C- C

9 Alcohol -OH name ends in ol Tell what C # it is on 2-pentanol Primary- 1 C attached to C-OH Secondary- 2 C attached to C-OH Tertiary 3 C attached to C-OH Acid End in oic acid Occurs at the end of a chain Conduct electricity O -C OH CH 3 COOH -COOH Monohydroxy-1 OH Dihydroxy-2OH (diols) Trihydroxy- 3OH (glycerol) Functional Groups Table R

10 Ester -C O O-C- Occurs in the middle of a chain -COOC- Draw line between single bond O and C Single bond side (yl) Double bond side (oate) Ether Occurs in middle of chain -C-O-C- CH 3 CH 2 OCH 3 H on the carbon Functional Groups Branch (yl) Branch(yl) ether

11 Functional Groups Amine Derivative of ammonia: formed when one or more of the H atoms are replaced by an alkyl group Ketone Occurs in the middle of a chain CH 3 COCH 3 No H on the carbon O -C-C-C- Ends in one Tell what C# Amide Formed when one of the H s of the amine react w/the OH of an acid to produce an amide & water

12 Functional Groups Aldehyde HO ends in al -C O H occurs at the end of a chain -CHO

13 Substitution Substitute on atom for another Alkane + diatomic Addition Add both atoms of the diatomic Alkene + diatomic CH 4 + Cl 2 CH 3 Cl +HCl C 2 H 4 + Br 2 C 2 H 4 Br 2 H H-C-H + Cl-Cl H H H-C-Cl + H-Cl H H H Br Br C=C + Br-Br H-C-C-H H H H H Types of Organic Reactions

14 Fermentation Enzymatic reaction (zymase) Glucose ==> ethanol + CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 ==> C 2 H 5 OH + CO 2 Saponification Fatty acid + strong base==> soap R-COOH + NaOH ==> O Types of Organic Reactions 3CH 3 (CH 2 ) 16 - C-O-Na +

15 Types of Organic Reactions Polymerization 1. Condensation: start with an alkane remove water H H H H H H H H HO-C-C-OH + HO-C-C-OH ==> HO-C-C-O-C-C-OH+H 2 O H H H H H H H H 2. Addition: start with an alkene X(C 2 H 4 ) ==> H(CH 2 -CH 2 ) x H Natural : cellulose, starch, proteins Synthetic: nylon, polyethylene

16 Combustion Oxidation or burning CH 4 + O 2 ==> CO 2 +H 2 O Types of Reactions Fractional Distillation A process used to separate liquids with different B.P. s (which is boiled to produce a vapor that s then condensed into a liquid). Cracking A controlled process by which hydrocarbons are broken down or rearranged into smaller, more useful molecules. Esterification Alcohol + acid ==> ester + water QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.

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