Cassava Starch: Exploring its Potential as an Alternative Gelling Agent for In vitro Regeneration and Multiplication of Sweet Potato Plantlets

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1 Amrin-Eursin J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 14 (8): , 2014 ISSN IDOSI Pulitions, 2014 DOI: /iosi.js Cssv Strh: Exploring its Potntil s n Altrntiv Glling Agnt for In vitro Rgnrtion n Multiplition of Swt Potto Plntlts Alfr O. Ulu, Crol I. Ihzi n Ahmful I. Ikpm Plnt Tissu Cultur Unit, Biothnology Rsrh n Dvlopmnt Cntr, Ntionl Root Crops Rsrh Institut (NRCRI) Umuik, PMB 7006 Umuhi, Ai Stt, Nigri Astrt: Murshig n Skoog sl mi gll with gr, glrit n iffrnt ssv strhs, supplmnt with 30g/l suros wr invstigt for rgnrtion n in vitro propgtion of swt potto plntlts. Highst shoot hight, lvs n no inrss of 10.7±2.5 m, 15.5±1.4 n 14.5±1.6 wr otin from, n TMS 92/00057 nwly pross strh-gll mi ompr to 13.6±2.7 m, 19±2.1 n 17.7±2.0 from glrit-gll mi ftr 8 wks of ultur. Aftr 3 yrs of storg, n strh-gll mi improv rmtilly in nhning rgnrtion n propgtion. Consquntly, strh-gll mium improv from 4.2±0.04 to 13.1±2.4 m shoot hight, 6.6±0.6 to13.8±4.8 n 6.1±0.5 to 13.0±3.5 for lvs n nos rsptivly. Similr inrss wr lso otin from strh-gll mium with shoot hight inrs of 10.7±1.5 to 15.0±2.2 m, 13.8±5.5 to 15.7±6.6 n 12.9±1.8 to 14.7±5.7 for lf n no growth rsptivly. Although strh-gll mium prform ttr thn th ontrols with 15.0±2.2 m in shoot hight inrs ftr storg, glrit n gr-gll mi prov to th most ffiint for in vitro rgnrtion n multiplition. Ky wors: Cssv strh Extrtion Purifition Glling gnts in vitro propgtion Gl strngth Aging Clrity INTRODUCTION th gl stility of ssv strh is muh highr ompr to rl strhs n gnrlly ssv strh Cssv is uniquly suit for foo surity n n is vill n hpr thn orn, ym, swt potto n yil strh mor ffiintly thn ny othr rop [1]. potto strhs. Cssvs turous roots ontin up to 30% of strh n Agr th glling gnt of hoi for ultur mi is r low in protins, solul rohyrts n fts, thus wily mploy for oth plnts n miroil ulturs. xtrtion n purifition of ssv strh is rltivly Thr xist lvls n omposition of impuritis in th simpl n stright forwr. It is stimt tht out 12 xisting onvntionl glling gnts lik phytgl, nol t. of high qulity strh pr h oul prou in gr, gr, gltin n glrit. Phytgl n glrit r singl hrvst [2]. Strh is on of th most ommon purr n of mor lrity thn gr. Thy r lso us in rohyrt polymrs in ntur. It is wily istriut lssr mount pr litr thn gr to otin th sm throughout th plnt kingom n funtions s mjor onsistny [3]. Although ths glling gnts r sour of ron n nrgy for most orgnisms. In ol gnrlly goo in ulturs, rnt invstigtions hv wtr strh sors wtr rvrsily n swlls slightly. st outs out thir iologil inrtnss n thir In hot wtr irrvrsil swlling ours, prouing non-toxi ntur [4]. For xmpl, glrit ws rport to gltiniztion. Hn, th proprty of forming thik psts inu hyprhyriity on rgnrt shoots [5]. or gls is th ss of mny strh uss. Comprtivly, Inhiitory ffts of gr rsulting in mryo ortion in Corrsponing Author: Alfr O. Ulu, Plnt Tissu Cultur Unit, Biothnology Rsrh n Dvlopmnt Cntr, Ntionl Root Crops Rsrh Institut (NRCRI) Umuik, PMB 7006 Umuhi, Ai Stt, Nigri. 748

2 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 14 (8): , 2014 nthr ultur of Niotin tum hv n rport qulity of th strhs. y Kohlnh n Wrnik [6]. Hnrson n Kinnrsly [7] lso rport tht mryo formtion from MATERIALS AND METHODS rly nthrs ws grtr on mi gll with strh thn on gr-soliifi mi. Thy lso osrv tht th Extrtion of Strh Milk: Mtur ssv roots (NR frquny of plntlt proution from nthrs ultur on 8082; ; ; ; ) mi with rly strh ws fiv tims highr thn tht wr pl n wsh with ln wtr n llow to from nthrs on gr-soliifi mi. ry t room tmprtur. Ths vritis wr slt for Mium omposition is prrquisit for sussful thir outstning gronomi trits (xmpl, is miropropgtion n onsrvtion. Mium ingrints high yiling n rsistnt to psts n isss; TMS suh s gr, glrit n nol gr us s glling gnts 92/0057 is firly suitl for mix ropping, high yiling r import n onsirly xpnsiv in su-shrn n lso suitl for foo n inustry; is high Afri u to import utis n wk urrnis yiling n rsistnt to ssv mosi iss; TMS nssitting th srh for lol ltrntivs. Stuis on 98/0505 is high yiling n rsistnt to ssv mosi ltrntiv gr sustituts hv n sussfully iss; n is high yiling). Thy wr rri out n thir ost rution hv n rport. susquntly isintgrt with grtr. Th pulps wr Th us of sgo s hpr glling gnt hs n pl on muslin loth siv n flush with ln sri y Bhtthry t l., [8] n Nik n Srkr wtr until th strh strm ss. Th ru strh [9]. Gr n Sthynryn [10] invstigt th us milks wr kpt in rfrigrtor ovrnight to isourg of ssv n sgo strhs for in vitro propgtion of miroil growth n grtion. Th suprntnts wr potto (Solnum turosum L.). Mliro n Lmrk [11] nt lving th pripitt strh. sussfully improv th glling qulity of ssv flour with som gr. Twiwri n Rhimv [12] lso work Purifition of th Strhs: Thr (3) litrs of ln on rly strh s glling gnt. Similr invstigtions wtr quivlnt to thr tims th volum of th ru hv n rri out with gur gum [13], isugol [14]; strh ws n stirr until ll th strh ws [15]; ispghol [16]; [17]; gum ktir [18] n loust n suspn in th wtr. Th suspnsion ws unistur gum [19]. Othr rsrhrs hv lso rport th us of until simnttion ss. Th suprntnt ws isugol in miropropgtion of ommrilly importnt nt lving th simnts in plsti ukt. plnts suh s wo plnt, nn, tumri, lurry n An quivlnt volum of frsh ln wtr ws too [20], [21], [22], [23], [15], whil Chitt n gin to th volum of th strh simnts n stirr Aolml, [24] hv sussfully ultur Cymiium until th strh ws suspn in th wtr. Th strh iriiois on low ost sustrt. slurry ws filtr through muslin loth siv of out Although th glling qulity of ssv strh hs 125 miron por siz n flush with wtr. Th filtrt n invstigt for in vitro multiplition of rops lik ws llow to simnt for 20 minuts n th ym, gingr n ssv, its us for in vitro propgtion suprntnt nt. This prour ws rpt two of swt potto my not hv n rport. Swt tims for h of th strhs, yiling ln strh potto (Ipomo tts L. Lm) is mong th worl s k. most importnt vrstil n unrxploit root rops. It is n importnt foo rop ftr ssv, ri n ym in Qulity Control of th Strhs: A tspoonful smpl th tropis. It is ultivt minly for its storg roots n ws tkn from th top of th ln strh k simnt is proly th foo rop tht prous th most nrgy n issolv in 15 ml of wtr in tst tu. Th tu pr unit r. Its high-nrgy vlu xs vn tht of n its ontnt wr ntrifug for 20 minuts t potto, ssv n othr known turs [25]. Bs on its 2000 rpm n smll smpl ws rwn from th lorifi yils, nutritionl vlu, ptility, vrstility ounry twn th liqui n th simnt using n vgttiv rproution, swt potto oul in futur piptt. Osrvtion ws on unr mirosop ontriut signifintly to worl griultur. (mgnifition x100). Asn of prtils in th smpl W now rport our sussful in vitro rgnrtion unr osrvtion onfirm tht th strh ws pur n propgtion of lol swt potto ultivr (UMUSP/3) [26]. using pross ssv strh s n ltrntiv glling gnt with mphsis on th fft of ging on th glling Drying n Storg: Th strh ks wr spr on 749

3 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 14 (8): , 2014 tl n llow to ry. Thy wr pulvriz with n th strh sturt mi prform iffrntly. milling mhin (Thoms Wily Mill-mol E-5, Among th ssv strhs n th two ontrols Phillphi, USA, 1982) n stor in ottls. Th (glrit n gr) invstigt, glrit ws osrv to strhs wr prsrv in rfrigrtor (Hir hv th most signifint support on rgnrtion n Thrmoool, mol HRF-350, 2001). growth of th swt potto plntlts (Tl 1). Consquntly, th rgnrnts grown in glrit-gll Mi Prprtion: Th omplt Murshig n Skoog mium prou th highst shoot hight of 13.6±2.7 m mi with vitmins wr rought to ph 5.8 for ing ompr to 10.7±2.5 m prou y th strhs n th glling gnts. Th gr n glrit strh-gll mium ftr 8 wks in ultur (Tl 1). wr issolv in th mium y hting whil thik Howvr, ftr 3 yrs of storg, slurris of th strhs wr first m with 20 ml of th strh-gll mium support n inrs in growth of mium to gll. Th rmining portion of th mium 15.0±2.2 m shoot hight ginst 13.8±2.6 m n 11.3±2.1 ws ht to tmprtur of 75±5 C n th m for glrit n gr-gll mi ftr 8 wks of orrsponing strh slurry stirr vigorously into it. ultur (Tl 2) rsptivly. Aitionlly, Tn (10) ml of h of th mium wr ispns into prform xingly yon ll othr strh-gll ln tst tus, sl n utolv t tmprtur mi y supporting growth from 4.2±0.04 m in 2009 of 121 C for 15 minuts. (Tl 1) to 13.1±2.4 m in 2011 (Tl 2) ftr 8 wks of th plntlts in ultur, suggsting tht ging my hv Estlishmnt of Culturs: Apil shoot-u xplnts nhn th suitility of this strh for in vitro wr sptilly xis in lminr irflow int from propgtion of th swt potto plntlts. Howvr, th prolifrting shoot ulturs of lol swt potto rson for xptionl prformn of n ultivr (UMUSP/3) ftr ight wks of growth in MS strh-gll mi (Tl 2) is not known t sl mium. Th shoot-us wr s singly into this tim. stril tst tus ontining 10 ml of prviously striliz Lf vlopmnt n growth lmost follow mi. Th tst tus wr sl proprly with prfilm similr pttrn s th highst numr of lvs ror n lrly ll for growing th ulturs t in glrit-gll mium ws 17.4±2.1 ompr to tmprtur of 28±2 C for 16 h photoprio n 8 h 15.5±1.4 ror in th nwly pross rknss t light intnsity of lux. In ll th strh-gll mium (Tl 3) ftr 8 wks in ultur. xprimnts, 8 plntlts wr ultur in h mium Howvr, ftr 3 yrs of ging, glrit n gr (on plntlt pr tst tu) with 3 rplits pr trtmnt. mintin thir ling rol in supporting growth n Aftr 8 wks, shoot hight, numr of nos, numr of vlopmnt of th plntlts in th mi (Tl 4). lvs, rts of survivl of th plntlts in th vrious Hn, glrit n gr ror 17.1±2.4 n 16.3±1.2 mi n olour wr ssss n trmin. ginst 15.7±2.3 n 15.1±3.1 for n TMS 92/0057 rsptivly (Tl 4). Although thr ws Sttistil Anlysis: Compltly rnomiz sign ws signifint iffrn twn glrit n gr-sturt us for th xprimnts. Eh trtmnt ws rpt mi in supporting lf growth n vlopmnt, thr tims n t wr otin vry 2 wks for thr is no signifint iffrn twn gr n TMS prio of 8 wks ftr th ginning of th trtmnts. 98/0505 strh-gll mi ftr 8 wks of ultur Anlysis of vrin (ANOVA) ws us to ompr th (Tl 4) implying tht oul sustitut gr numr of lvs, nos n shoot hight in ll th mi s glling gnt in in vitro rgnrtion n invstigt. Mns wr sprt using DMRT tst t multiplition of swt potto plntlts. 5% lvl of signifin. Th supriority of glrit n gr-gll mi ws furthr monstrt in th pttrns of no vlopmnt RESULTS AND DISCUSSION n growth (Tls 5 n 6) ftr 8 wks of ultur. In th glrit-gll mium, highst numr of nos Th stuy ompr th potntils of gr, glrit (17.7±2.8) ws osrv in ontrst to 14.5±1.6 for TMS n ssv strh (nw n g) gll mi on 92/0057 (Tl 5). strh-gll mium in vitro shoot rgnrtion n propgtion using swt whih ror n vrg of 12.9±1.8 of nos (Tl 5) potto (Ipom tts L. Lm) pil om uttings s prior to ging improv with n vrg of 14.7±2.7 xplnts. Exptly, th xplnts ultur on gr, glrit 750

4 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 14 (8): , 2014 Tl 1: Mn shoot hight prou y th in vitro swt potto ultivr (UMUSP/3) ris in mi gll with gr, glrit n nw ssv strhs Mn shoot hight (m) Glling gnts 2 wks 4 wks 6 wks 8 wks 2.27± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.04 Agr 2.83± ± ± ±1.2 Glrit 2.5± ± ± ±2.7 Ky: Vlus rprsnts mn ± stnr rrors for thr rplitions for h trtmnt. Sm lttrs r not signifintly iffrnt t p 0.05 Tl 2: Mn shoot hight prou y th in vitro swt potto ultivr (UMUSP/3) ris in mi gll with gr, glrit n g ssv strhs Mn shoot hight (m) Glling gnts 2 wks 4 wks 6 wks 8 wks 2.3± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.4 f 7.9± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±2.4 Agr 2.83± ± ± ±2.1 Glrit 2.5± ± ± ±2.6 Ky: Vlus rprsnts mn ± stnr rrors for thr rplitions for h trtmnt. Sm lttrs r not signifintly iffrnt t p Tl 3: Mn numr of lvs/shoot prou y th in vitro swt potto ultivr (UMUSP/3) ris in mi gll with gr, glrit n nw ssv strhs Mn numr of lvs Glling gnts 2 wks 4 wks 6 wks 8 wks 1.6± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.6 Agr 3.0± ± ± ±1.4 Glrit 2.7± ± ± ±2.1 Ky: Vlus rprsnts mn ± stnr rrors for thr rplitions for h trtmnt. Sm lttrs r not signifintly iffrnt t p Tl 4: Mn numr of lvs/shoot prou y th in vitro swt potto ultivr (UMUSP/3) ris in mi gll with gr, glrit n g ssv strhs Mn numr of lvs Glling gnts 2 wks 4 wks 6 wks 8 wks 3.1± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±4.8 Agr 3.0± ± ± ±1.2 Glrit 2.7± ± ± ±2.4 Ky: Vlus rprsnts mn ± stnr rrors for thr rplitions for h trtmnt. Sm lttrs r not signifintly iffrnt t p

5 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 14 (8): , 2014 Tl 5: Mn numr of nos/shoot prou y th in vitro swt potto ultivr (UMUSP/3) ris in mi gll with gr, glrit n nw ssv strhs Mn numr of nos Glling gnts 2 wks 4 wks 6 wks 8 wks 3.0± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.5 Agr 2.3± ± ± ±2.4 Glrit 1.7± ± ± ±2.3 Ky: Vlus rprsnts mn ± stnr rrors for thr rplitions for h trtmnt. Sm lttrs r not signifintly iffrnt t p Tl 6: Mn numr of nos/shoot prou y th in vitro swt potto ultivr (UMUSP/3) ris in mi gll with gr, glrit n g ssv strhs Mn numr of nos Glling gnts 2 wks 4 wks 6 wks 8 wks 3.1± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.5 Agr 2.3± ± ± ±2.6 Glrit 1.7± ± ± ±1.4 Ky: Vlus rprsnts mn ± stnr rrors for thr rplitions for h trtmnt. Sm lttrs r not signifintly iffrnt t p Tl 7: Summry of th prformns of th strhs n th ontrols ftr 8 wks ultur prio Nw strh Ol strh Nw strh Ol strh Nw strh Ol strh G. gnts Shoot hight G. gnts G. gnts Numr of lvs G. gnts G. gnts Numr of nos G. gnts Glrit 13.6± ±2.2 Glrit 19.1± ±2.4 Glrit Glrit 17.7± ±1.4 Glrit Agr 11.0± ±2.6 Glrit Agr 16.3± ±1.2 Agr Agr 15.1± ±2.6 Agr 10.7± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±2.1 Agr 13.8± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±2.2 NB.: G. gnts = Glling gnts. nos ftr 3 yrs of storg (Tl 6). Similrly, n n (Tl 5) n, TMS inrmnt in no growth n vlopmnt (13.0±3.5) 92/0057,, n (Tl 6) ws lso osrv ftr storg n ulturing in TMS support omprl n vn ttr rgnrtion n strh-gll mium (Tl 6), implying tht vlopmnt of th xplnts thn th gr-gll mium. ging my hv h signifint fft on th proprtis Tkn togthr, th supriority of th ontrols of th strh. It is lso worthy to mntion tht t 2 wks (glrit n gr-gll mi) ovr th nw strhs wr of ulturing, gr-gll mium prform ttr thn vint in ll th growth prmtrs invstigt ftr glrit-gll mium in ll growth prmtrs 8 wks of ultur (Tl 7). Thus, th mximum vlus invstigt (Tls 1, 2, 3, 5 n 6), lthough som of th osrv for shoot hight, vrg numr of lvs n strh-gll mi () (Tl 1), nos wr (13.6±2.7, 11.0±1.2 m), (17.4±2.1, 16.3±1.4) n (Tl 2), NR 8092, n n (17.7±2.3, 15.1±2.4) for glrit n gr rsptivly (Tl 4),,,, ftr 8 wks of th swt potto plntlts in ultur 752

6 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 14 (8): , 2014 Gl strngth is oftn n importnt ftor for ny glling gnt. In this stuy, w osrv rowning t 70g/l ssv strh onntrtion, ut whn th onntrtion ws inrs to 96g/l, qut support n orinttion of th plntlts ws hiv. This is in ontrst to 60g/l ssv strh onntrtion rport y Du t l. [29] n Krim t l. [30] for in vitro propgtion of Closi sp., Chrysnthmum mortifolium rsptivly, ut los to 100g/l rport y Du t l., [29] for in vitro potto propgtion. Ths finings wr furthr orroort y Gr n Sthynryn, [10] n Nn n Shil [31] in thir rports on sussful shoot rgnrtion on ssv strh gll mi of onntrtion lowr thn 140g/l n vlu highr thn Fig. 1: Prformn of thw swt potto xplnts in 80g/l onntrtion rsptivly. Ths ssrtions ssv strrhs, gr n glrit-gll mi onfirm our prsnt rport of 96g/l of ssv strh gll mi us in this stuy whih is twn 80g/l (Tl 7), ginst, n TMS n 140g/l rport y Nn n Shil [31] n Gr 92/0057 tht ror n vrg of 10.7±1.5 m in shoot n Sthynryn [10] rsptivly. hight, 15.5±1.4 lvs n 14.5±1.6 nos ftr 8 wks Aging of th strhs wr stggr from 2009 to in ultur (Tl 7). Howvr, with th xption of TMS 2011 n ompr ginst th ontrols. W osrv 98/0505 strh-gll mium tht suprs th som lvls of progrss in th prformn of th strhs ontrols with n inrs in shoot of 15.0±2.2 m ftr ftr 3 yrs of ging spilly with th strhs from storg, glrit n gr-gll mi ompltly n (Tls 1 n 2) ftr omint ll th strh-sturt mi in lf n no 8 wks of th plntlts in ultur. Howvr, th rson growth (Tl 7), hn ssrting thir supriority ovr for this improvmnt is not yt known t this tim. th ssv strhs in in vitro rgnrtion n Although th stui ssv strhs support propgtion. Th osrv supriority my sri to rgnrtion n propgtion of th plntlts, our th inhrnt purity of th ontrols. It is thrfor rsults lso monstrt th supriority of glrit n suggstiv tht glrit is lss inhiitory thn gr n th gr-gll mi ovr ssv strhs s glling gnt strhs to xplnt rgnrtion n propgtion unr in in vitro rgnrtion n propgtion of swt potto th onitions of ths xprimnts. Prol rsons for plntlts. W osrv tht growth n vlopmnt of th vriility in th prformns of th plntlts th in vitro plntlts wr influn y th nutrint twn th glling gnts inlu limit iffusion of omposition of th mi, qulity of th mi n nutrints, ltrl iffusion of wtr n impuritis [27] physil onsistny. It thrfor pprs tht th n [28]. visosity of th mi n thir omponnts ply Growth n survivl of th pil om xplnts in ruil rol in plntlt rgnrtion n growth. Hn th th ssv strh-gll mi n tht of th ontrols osrv vritions in th prformns of th vrious wr lso ompr (Fig. 1). Survivl rtio ws osrv mi oul sri to th iffrns in visosity of to orrlt with th prformn of th plntlts in th th rsptiv gls u to thir iohmil n struturl mi (Tls 1, 3 n 5). Th survivl prntg of th iffrns whih r xpt to fft th iffusion of plntlts in TMS 98/30572 strh-grown mium (Tls th nutrints throughout th mium, rsulting in 1, 3 n 5) rs in lin with th poor prformn of quntittiv vritions in shoot inution [20]. In vitro th plntlts grown in th mium (Tls 1, 3 n 5). growth of plntlts is s rsult of intrtion twn Imprssivly, ll th mi invstigt support 100% xplnts n mium, whih is pnnt upon th gl survivl rt of th plntlts xpt tht of th nwly qulity. Thus, hng in th onntrtion of th glling pross strh-gll mium tht ror gnt ffts nutrint vilility s wll s th ovrll 75% survivl rt (Fig. 1), suggsting tht th nwly nutrint iffusion in th mium. A smll quntity of pross strh from my mor inhiitory glrit (2g/l) n 8g/l gr wr rquir to otin th ompr to th othr glling gnts. sm gl strngth ompr to 96g/l for ssv strh. 753

7 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 14 (8): , 2014 A Fig. 2: Cssv strh (poor lrity) n glrit-gll mi A = ssv strh-gll mium, B = glrit-gll mium B Plntlts in ssv strh-gll mium Plntlts in glrit-gll mium Plntlts in gr-gll mium Fig. 3: Morphologil pprnn of swt potto (UMUSP/3) plntlts ftr 2 months propgtion in MS mium gll with ssv strh n th onvntionl glling gnts (glrit n gr) Howvr, mjor vntg of th ssv strhs softning of th strh-gll mi uring th ntir us in our xprimnts pns on thir vilility n prio of ultur, initing tht th ssv th ru ost of th mium. Bsis its hpnss, strhs wr mtoliz y th plntlts uring ultur. vilility n sustinility of ulturs, glrit n gr- In ition, uring utolving ssv strh yils gll mi prov to th most ffiint for sugrs whih prous osmoti or mtoli fft on rgnrtion n propgtion of th plntlts n r lso ulturs. Thrfor, s strh n thir prouts r not of ttr lrity (Fig. 2) n r sir to ispns. iologilly inrt, thir wispr us in plnt tissu Morovr, yon 6 wks in ultur, plntlts grown in ultur my limit [32]. Gnrlly, glling gnts r strh-s mi grully turn light yllow (Fig. 3) rih sour of impuritis n onstituts mjor sour of in ontrst to plntlts in glrit n gr-s mi vrition in ulturs. But glrit is wily known to tht rmin grnish n roust. W lso osrv purr thn gr. Morovr, it hs n rport tht gr 754

8 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 14 (8): , 2014 from iffrnt sours ontins vrious mounts of 7. Hnrson, W.E. n A.M. Kinnrsly, Corn ontminnts [33]. It thrfor implis tht this my on of th rsons for th ru plntlts growth in gr n th ssv strh-gll mi. Sholtn n Pirik, [34] suggst tht th inorgni ompouns in glling gnts n th ynmis of th intrtion of glling gnt-mium-tissu ply mjor rol uring tissu growth in vitro. Thrfor, for omprhnsiv unrstning n xplntion of th prformns of th rsptiv glling gnts, furthr work on til hmil n physil nlyss oms imprtiv. Conlusivly, lthough ssv strh is rily vill in th tropis n out svnty tims hpr thn gr, its poor lrity, low gl formtion, iffiultis in ispnsing n th ft tht it is not iologilly inrt my prlu its wispr option s n ltrntiv glling gnt. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS W r grtful to th mngmnt of th Ntionl Root Crops Rsrh Institut (NRCRI) Umuik, Umuhi, Ai Stt, Nigri for thir finnil support. REFERENCES 1. Thro, A.M., W.M. Ro, J. Rstrpo, H. Cllro, S. Pots, R. Esor, G. Mfl n C. Hrnnz, Cn in vitro iology hv frm-lvl impt for smll-sl ssv frmrs in Ltin Amri? In vitro ll Dv Biol-Plnt., 35: Cok, J.H., D. Frnklin, G. Snovl n P. Juri, Th il ssv plnt for mximum yil. Crop Si., 19: Lim, G.P.P., R.A. D Silv Cmpos, L.G. Willino, T.J.R.Câmr n F. Vinllo, Polymins, glling gnts in tissu ultur, miropropgtion of miinl plnts n iortors. InTh opn sin/opn min 4. Br, S.B. n N. Jin, Isugol s n ltrntiv glling gnt in plnt tissu ultur mi. Plnt Cll Rports, 17: Psqultto, P.L., R.H. Zimmrmn n I.M. Forhm, Th influn of tion n glling gnt onntrtions on vitrifition of ppl ultivrs in vitro. Plnt Cll Tissu Org Cult., 14: Kohlnh, H. n W. Wrnik, Invstigtions on th inhiitory ffts of gr n th funtion of tiv ron in nthr ultur. ZPflnzn Physiol., 86: strh s n ltrntiv glling gnt 8. for plnt tissu ultur. Plnt Cll, Tissu n Org. Cult., 15: Bhtthry, P., D. Styhri n B.C. Bhtthry, Us of low-ost glling gnts n support mtris for inustril sl plnt tissu ultur. Plnt ll, tissu n Org Cult., 37(1): Nik, P.S. n D. Srkr, Sgo: n ltrntiv hp glling gnt for potto in vitro ultur - Biol. Plnt., 44: Grr, E. n B.N. Sthynryn, Tpio - A nw n hpr ltrntiv to gr for irt in vitro rgnrtion n mirotur proution from nol ulturs of potto. Afr. Crop. Si. J., 9: Mliro, F.A. n G. Lmrk, Potntil of ssv flour s glling gnt in mi for plnt tissu ulturs. Afr. J. Biothnol., 3(4): Tiwri, S. n I. Rhimv, Efft of rly strh in omprison n in omintion with gr n gros on nthr ultur of horum vulgr L. Curr. Si., 62: Br, S.B., N. Jin n N. Wli Gur gum s glling gnt for plnt tissu ultur mi. In vitro Cll & Dv Biol-Plnt, pp: Jin-Rin, R. n S.B. Br, Evlution of lns of ltrntiv glling gnts with gr n vlopmnts of xnthgr, glling mix, suitl for plnt tissu ultur mi. Asin J. Biothnol., 3(2): Sglm, S. n C.Y. Cifii, Effts of gr n isugol on vntitous shoot rgnrtion of wo (Istis tintori). Intr J. Agri. n Biol., 12(2): Hussin, S.A., S.H. Sfr, A.S. Zhoor n H. Zhi, Cost fftiv miropropgtion thnology for pottos. Pk. J. Biol. Si., 6: Jin, N., S. Gupt n S.B. Br, Isugol s n ltrntiv glling gnt for miroil ultur mi. J. Plnt Biohm. Biothnol., 6: Jin, N. n S.B. Br, Gum ktir hp glling gnt for plnt tissu ultur mi. Plnt Cll Tissu Org Cult., 71: Gonlvs, S. n A. Romn, Loust n gum s glling gnt for plnt tissu ultur mi. Si. Hort., 106: Ozl, C.A., K.M. Khwr n O. Arsln, A omprison of th glling of isugol, gr n glrit on in vitro shoot rgnrtion n rooting of vrity Smsun of too (Niotin tum L.). Si Hort., 117:

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