Effects of Weed Control Methods on the Growth and Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) under Rain-Fed Conditions of Owerri

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1 Amrin-Eursin J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 1 (11): , 01 ISSN IDOSI Pulitions, 01 DOI: /iosi.js Effts of W Control Mthos on th Growth n Yil of Cowp (Vign unguiult (L.) Wlp) unr Rin-F Conitions of Owrri D.K. Mukw, H.C. Oguhi n M.O. Onuh Dprtmnt of Crop Sin n Biothnology, Fulty of Agriultur n Vtrinry Miin, Imo Stt Univrsity, Owrri, Nigri Astrt: Th xprimnt ws onut uring th ropping sson of 011 t th Thing n Rsrh Frm of th Fulty of Agriultur n Vtrinry Miin, Imo Stt Univrsity to vlut th most ommon w ontrol mthos in owp. Th trtmnts wr; hn wing t 0 n 40 DAP, Mhnil wing t 0DAP, hmil wing t -3 lf stg of th ws, mhnil wing t 0 DAP hn wing t 50 DAP, hmil wing t -3 lf stg of th ws hn wing t 50 DAP n unw hk. Th rsults show tht hmil wing t -3 lf stg of th ws hn wing t 50 DAP ws mor fftiv in ruing w iomss thn othr w ontrol mthos. This suprior trtmnt ror th highst vlus of lf r, plnt hight, numr of rnhs n numr of lvs ompr to th othr trtmnts. In ition, numr of pos pr/plnt, 100 s wight n th s yil wr signifintly highr in this suprior trtmnt thn thos otin from othr trtmnt plots. It ws onlu tht hmil wing t -3 lf stg of w hn wing t 50DAP prov fftiv w ontrol mtho in owp fils n prou th highst owp s yil. Ky wors: Ws Control mthos Cowp Rin-f Yil Growth INTRODUCTION Ws r prmnnt onstrint to rop proutivity in griultur. An thy r plnt, whih Th n to provi foo in th right quntity n ompt for nutrints, sp, light n xrt lot of hrmful qulity n t fforl osts rmins priority in most ffts y ruing th qulity s wll s quntity of th of th vloping ountris, whr th ulk of griulturl rop, if th w popultions r lft unontroll [5]. proution is lrgly in th hns of psnt frmrs. Thr r iffrnt viws out th mgnitu of w Constrints f y this tgory of frmrs inlu th losss ut it is stlish ft tht ws us hvy us of poor plnt gnti mtrils n inqut rop losss to rops. On of th omponnts of improv prottion prtis [1]. Ws onstitut mjor proution thnology is pproprit w ontrol, prolm fs th frmrs in Wst Afri (spilly us ws r of srious onrn for otining Nigri). In Nigri, unontrollling th ws us highr yil [6] % yil loss in rls, 53-60% loss in lgums, Thr is no simpl mtho to ontrolling ws of ll 50-55% loss in oil ss n 65-91% loss in root n tur forms; iffrnt kins of soil, onomil n rops []. nvironmntl ftors influn th hoi of Frmrs in th southstrn rgion of Nigri spn ontrol mtho to us. Although onvntionl mor of thir tim in wing thir rops, thn in ny othr mthos, lik hn wing n hrii pplition prt of th Nigri. Shui [3] stimt tht out 70% of r fftiv in w ontrol ut r unonomil th frmr s lor is xpn on wing. It is lso in u to highr ost of lour n hzrous ffts of this prt of th worl tht high prssur on frmrs fil, th hriis to th nvironmnt [7]. Th prsnt stuy inqut n high ost of lor s wll s th us of thrfor is im t vloping n improv w tritionl ho-wing mtho y frmrs, limit th frm ontrol mtho for fftiv w mngmnt in siz ultivt y frmrs [4]. owp proution. Corrsponing Author: D.K. Mukw, Dprtmnt of Crop Sin n Biothnology, Fulty of Agriultur n Vtrinry Miin, Imo Stt Univrsity, Owrri, Nigri. 146

2 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 1 (11): , 01 Tl 1: Physil n hmil proprtis of th soil Soil Prmtr Sttus ph (HO) 5.16 Sn (%) 80.0 Silt (%) 4.0 Cly (%) 16.0 Txturl lss Lomy Soil Orgni ron (%) 0.89 Orgni mttr (%) 1.55 T.E.A. (mg/100gsoil) Al (mg/100gsoil) 0.40 H (mg/100gsoil) 0.30 Totl Nitrogn (%) 0.70 C (mg/100gsoil).60 Mg (mg/100gsoil) 1.60 K (mg/100gsoil) 0.11 N (mg/100gsoil) 0.1 CEC (mg/100gsoil) 5.17 BASE SATURATION (%) 86.4 Avill Phosphorous (ppm) 9.5 MATERIALS AND METHODS Th stuy ws rri out uring th ropping sson of 011 in th Thing n Rsrh Frm of th Fulty of Agriultur n Vtrinry Miin, Imo Stt Univrsity, Owrri. Owrri lis twn th ltitus 5 10 N n 6 0 N n longitus 6 35 E n 7 0 E within th South Est rin forst griulturl zon of Nigri. Owrri is hrtriz y nnul mn tmprtur of 7 C, rinfll of 500mm n rltiv humiity of 75% [8]. An xprimntl plot of 7 x 18m ws us. Hrii (ifolzin), ho, knpsk spryr (15lit) n owp ss IT93K-45-1 otin from Intrntionl Institut for Tropil Agriultur In, wr us for th stuy. Soil Physio-Chmil Proprtis: Th soil typ is lomy sny soil n th physil n hmil proprtis of th soil r prsnt in Tl (1). Th xprimntl plots wr lr with th i of trtor n th fil ws li out in Rnomiz Complt Blok Dsign with thr rplits, thr loks n six trtmnts, whih ompris of 54plots h plot msuring 16m. Th trtmnts us inlu; Wy Chk (W Control (WC )), Hn wing t 0 n ys ftr plnting (DAP) (WC ), Mhnil wing t 0DAP (WC ), Chmil wing t -3 lf stg of 3 ws (WC ), Mhnil wing t 0DAP hn 4 wing t 50DAP (WC ) n hmil wing t -3 lf 5 stg of w hn wing t 50 DAP (WC ). 6 Cowp ss of IT93K-45-1 vrity wr ollt from th Intrntionl Institut for Tropil Agriultur (IITA) n plnt in plots of siz 4m x 4m. Th ss wr sown t th pth of -3m t th rt of ss pr hol t plnting istn of 50m x 50m n ltr thinn to on sling pr stn t 14 ys ftr grmintion; this gv popultion of 64 plnts pr plot. A pr-mrgn hrii, (ifolzin) ws ppli t th rt of 80ml/15 lit of wtr n ppli with th i of knpsk spryr on th spifi plots. Othr trtmnts wr ppli oringly. Frtilizr (NPK 15:15:15) ws ppli t t wks ftr plnting t th rt of kg/h t two wks ftr plnting (WAP). Dlvp pstii ws lso ppli t wks ftr plnting t th rt of 10mls in 1000mls of wtr to ontrol insts ttk. Th following prmtrs i.. grmintion prntg, numr of ys to 50% flowring, plnt hight(m), numr of lvs pr plnt, lf r pr plnt (m ), numr of pos pr plnt, 100 s wight(g) n s yil (kg/h) wr tkn. Th t ollt wr sujt to th nlysis of vrin prour n trtmnt mns wr sprt using th Lst Signifint Diffrn (LSD) mtho s sri y Onuh n Igwmm [9]. RESULTS Grmintion Prntg n Flowring: Th highst (93.0%) mn grmintion prntg ws ror from plots tht riv hrii t -3 lf stg of w n this ws sttistilly t pr with tht riv hrii t -3 lf stg of w hn wing t 50 DAP (Tl ). Whil, th lowst grmintion prntg (80.6%) ws ror from th unw hk (ontrol) plots (Tl ). Th highst numr of ys to 50% flowring ws ror s 5.0 ys in th wy hk plots. This ws signifintly iffrnt () from th lst (4.6 y) numr of ys to 50% flowring ror from th plots tht riv hmil wing t -3 lf stg of w hn wing t 50 DAP (Tl ). Tl : Effts of w ontrol mtho on grmintion prntg n flowring of owp Wy hk (WC 1) Grmintion% Dys 50% Flowring WC LSD Mns in th sm olumns hving th sm lttr(s) r not signifintly iffrnt t oring to LSD. 147

3 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 1 (11): , 01 Tl 3: Efft of w ontrol mthos on plnt hight n rnhing ility of owp Plnt Hight (m) Numr of rnhs pr plnt Trtmnt WAP 4WAP 6 WAP 8WAP 4WAP 6WAP 8WAP Wy hk(wc 1) WC LSD Mns in th sm olumn, hving th sm lttr(s) r not signifintly iffrnt t oring to LSD. At WAP th owp plnts i not rh to th rnhing stg Tl 4: Effts of w ontrol mthos on lf numrs n lf r of owp Mn numr of lvs Lf r (m ) Trtmnts WAP 4WAP 6WAP 8 WAP WAP 4WAP 6WAP 8WAP Wy hk (WC 1) WC LSD Mns in th sm olumn, hving th sm lttr(s) r not signifintly iffrnt t oring to LSD. Plnt Hight n Brnhing Prformn: Th highst Lf Proution n Lf Ar of Cowp: Th highst vlu of plnt hight t WAP ws ror from th numr of lvs (13.3 pr owp plnts t WAP ws plots tht riv hmil wing t -3 lf stg of ror from plots tht riv mhnil wing t ws hn wing of 50 DAP n this show 0 DAP hn wing t 50 DAP, whih mor thn signifint iffrn (P<0.05) from th lowst (11.9m) unw hk trtmnt y 34.0% (Tl 4). But t 8 ror with th mhnil wing t 0 DAP WAP, th omintion twn hmil ontrol t -3 (Tl 3). Howvr, t 8 WAP, th shortst plnts lf stg of ws n hn wing t 50 DAP gv th (48.1m) ws ror in th wy hk plots, whil th highst numr of lvs n th lowst on ws tllst plnts (53.4m) ws show in th trtmnt of ror in th unw hk plots. hmil wing hn wing t 50 DAP (Tl 3). At WAP, plots tht riv hmil wing At 4WAP, th highst numr of rnhs(3.3) of hn wing t 50 DAP, gv th highst (7.8m ) mn owp plnt ws ror from th plots tht riv lf r whih ws signifintly iffrnt (P<0.05) from mhnil wing t 0 DAP hn wing t 50 th lowst (6.1m ) mn lf r ror from th DAP. Howvr, this i not show signifint iffrn unw hk plots n plots tht riv mhnil from th lowst (.6) mn numr of rnhs ror wing t 0 DAP (Tl 4). At 8 WAP, using hmil from th wy hk plots (Tl 3). At 8WAP th wing t -3 lf stg of ws hn wing t 50 numr of rnhs ror from th plots tht DAP gv th highst lf r n it ws signifintly riv hmil wing hn wing t 50 DAP iffrnt from th lowst (90.6m) ror from th ws th highst (14.6) ut tht ws sttistilly t pr with wy hk plots (Tl 4). th 14.3 ror from plots tht riv mhnil wing t 0 DAP hn wing t 50 DAP. Howvr W Biomss, Yil n Yil Componnts of Cowp ws signifintly iffrnt from th lowst (8.3) mn W Biomss: Th highst (101.gm ) w iomss numr of rnhs ror from th wy hk ws ror in th unw hk plots n this ws (Tl 3). signifintly (P<0.05) highr thn tht ror in th 148

4 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 1 (11): , 01 Tl 5: Prominnt ws prsnt in th plots Trtmnts Prvlnt w spis WC1 Imprt ylinri, Cyprus rotunus, Euphori htrophyll, killing ulos, Cyprus sulntus, Amrnthus spinosus. WC Euphori htrophyll, Cyprus sulntus, Amrnthus spinosus Imprt ylinri. Imprt ylinril, Bins pilos, uphori htrophyll Imprt ylinril, Amrnthus spinosus, Euphori htrophyll killing ulos, Imprt ylinril, Mrisus longirttus, Bins pilos Cyprus sulntus, Imprt Cylinri, Amrnthus spinosus, Cyprus rotunus N:B; Imprt ylinril, Cyprus spp, Euphori htrophyll our most in th fil. Tl 6: Effts of w ontrol mtho on w iomss n Yil n yil omponnts of owp Trtmnts W iomss (gm ) Numrs of pos / plot 100 s wight(g) Mn s yil (kg/h) Wy hk WC LSD Mns in th sm olumn, hving th sm lttr(s) r not signifintly iffrnt t oring to LSD. othr plots. Howvr, th lowst w iomss ws DISCUSSION rors s 35.3g from th plots tht riv hmil wing t -3 lf ws stg hn wing t 50 Th rsult of this stuy show tht th xprimntl DAP. soil is frtil nough to support th growth of owp if Th prominnt ws in th plots wr us to othr nling ftors r prsnt. Howvr, th fft of stimt th w nsity s sn in Tl 5. Pls th iffrnt w ontrol mthos tri in th stuy mntion th min rsults in this onrn. fft th prformn of owp. Th prsn of ws fft th flowring stg of th owp plnts; Numr of Pos/plnt: Tl 6 show tht ws th plnts in th wy hk plots took longr numr of highst mn numr of pos pr plnt ro. This ys to flowring up to hlf of thir popultion. Whrs figur ws otin from plots tht riv hmil in th plots tht riv w ontrol trtmnts, wing t -3 lf stg of ws hn wing t 50 flowring ws rlir spilly in th plots tht riv DAP. It ws signifintly iffrnt () from th hmil wing t -3 lf stg hn wing t 50 lowst (5.50) mns numr of pos pr plot ror DAP. This is in lin with th finings of Chtth t l. [10] from th unw plots. who stt tht trting plots with hmil n supplmnting with hn wing t intrvls hlps to S Wight: Cowp plnts in th plots riv ru numr of ys to flowring n mturity. hmil wing t -3 lf stg of ws hn Plnts in th wy hk plots wr osrv to wing t 50 DAP gv th highst 100 s wight hv th wrf plnts whn ompr with plnt in th n this ws signifintly iffrnt () from plots tht riv w ontrol trtmnts. Howvr, th th lowst vlu prou from plnts unw plots plnt in th plots tht trt with hmil wing t -3 (Tl 6). lf stg of ws hn wing t 50 DAP wr osrv th tllst plnts t 8WAP, vn though thy S Yil: Th highst (901 kg/h) s yil of wr sttistilly t pr with othr trtmnt plots. owp plnts ws ror from plot tht riv This lso orroort th finings of Chtth t l. [10]. hmil wing t -3 lf stg of ws hn Th numr of rnhs pr plnt ws influn y th wing t 50 DAP n this ws signifintly iffrnt prsn of ws. This onfirms th vrs ffts of from th 160 kg/h ror from th w hk plots s th ws on th rop proution sits s rport rlir th lowst mn yil (Tl 6). y Tijni-Eniol [11]. 149

5 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 1 (11): , 01 Lf proution ws lso influn y th w REFERENCES ontrol mthos. In similr mnnr owp plnts in th plots tht riv hmil wing t -3 lf stg of 1. Willims, M.M., 006. Plnting t influns ritil ws hn wing t 50 DAP prou th highst prio of w ontrol in swt orn. W Si., lvs numr thn tht riv othr trtmnt. 54: Howvr, plnts in th wy hk plots h th lst. Ao, S.G., 007. W mngmnt ns in Nigri numr of lvs. This oul ttriut to th in th ontxt of th millnnium vlopmnt gols. omptition of th rops with ws for moistur n Nigrin J. of W S., 0: nutrints suh tht th plnt oul not prou mor 3. Shui, O.S.B., 00. Critil prio for w lvs so s to onsrv th vill moistur for ritil omptition in onions (Allium Cp L.) Univrsity of growth stgs [1]. Th sm ftor oul rsponsil An J. of Appli Si., 5: for th ru lf r ror in th wy hk 4. Akounu, I.O., Prinipls n prospts for plots. intgrt w mngmnt in vloping Notwithstning, th ffiy of th w ontrol n ountris. Pro. of Int. W Control Congrss, msurs opt in this stuy n u from th Volum II: w iomss ror. Th plots trt with hmil 5. Kvlinuskit, D. n C. Boins, 006. wing t -3 lf stg hn wing t 50 DAP h Dtrmintion of w omposition ritil prio in th lowst w iomss ompr to othr trtmnt r t. Agronomi Rs., 4: plots. Ths finings gr with th osrvtions of 6. Anwr, S., W.A. Shh, J. Bkht n U. Jn, 004. Chtth t l. [10]. Comprison of sorghum xtrts, hmil n hn Th yil n yil omponnts of owp wr lso wing mngmnt in wht Crop. J. of Agronomy fft y w ontrol mthos. Th highr yil 3(1): otin from th hmil wing t -3 lf stg of 7. Chm, Z.A., S. Hussin n A. Khliq, 003. ws hn wing t 50 DAP trtmnt oul Effiy of sorg in omintion with lllopthi ssoit with th highr numr of lvs n lf r wtr xtrts n ru rt of pnimthlin for ror. This highr numr of lvs n lf r w ontrol in mungn. Inustril J. of Plnt Si., oul hv m wy for grtr rption of light whih : 1-5. nourg photosynthti pross of th plnts whih 8. NIMET Nigri mtorologil unit. Annul ws rquir for po filling n improv yil. Rport Onuh, M.O. n A.A. Igwmm, 007. Appli CONCLUSION Sttistil Thniqus for Businss n Bsi n Sin. ition. Skill-mrk Mi Lt Owrri. On th sis of ths rsults, it n onlu tht 10. Chtth, M.R., M. Jmit n T.Z. Mhmoo, 007. mximum rution in nsity of ws iomss ws Yil n yil omponnts of owp s fft osrv y hmil wing t -3 lf stg of w y vrious ontrol mthos n rin-f hn wing t 50 DAP. Thr ws signifint inrs onition of Pkistn. Intrn. J. of Agri. n in th yil of owp u to th pplition of hmil Biology, 9(1): wing t -3 lf stg of w hn wy t Tijni-Eniol, H., 001. Influn of intr-row sping DAP. Similrly, this trtmnt out msur othr n wing rgim on th prformn of owp trtmnts in trms of numr of pos pr plot n 100 (Vign unguiult (L.) Wlp). Nigrin J. of W s wight. Within th limit of this tril thrfor, S., 14: hmil wing t -3 lf stg of w hn 1. Mukw, D.K., 010. Effts of wtr strss on th wing t 50 DAP ws foun to mor fftiv in th noultin potntils n prformn of som lgum ontrol of ws in frm. rops. M.S. Thsis Dprtmnt of Crop Sin n Biothnology. Fulty of Agriultur n Vtrinry Miin, Imo Stt Univrsity, Owrri-Nigri. 1430