Foundation of Radiological Physics. Preface

Transcription

1 Foundation of Radiological Physics Page Preface v Chapter 1. Radiation Medical Use of Radiation Nature of Radiation Quantum Nature of Radiation Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum Particulate Radiation Identification of Radiation Types Radiological Quantities and Units Sources of Radiation Effects of Ionizing Radiation Safe Handling of Radiation and Sources Historical Perspectives of Radiological Physics Branches of Physics in Medicine 22 Chapter 2. Mathematics I Notations Numbers Arithmetic Operations Fractions Exponents Roots and Radicals Logarithms Ratios and Proportions Scientific Notation Significant Figures Rounding Off Numbers Electronic Calculators

2 Chapter 3. Mathematics II Algebra Functions Equations Quadratic Equations Angles Pythagorean Theorem Analytic Geometry Solid Geometry Geometric Functions Trigonometry Tables Graphs Statistics Linear Regression Calculus Chapter 4. General Physics I Physical Quantities and Units Measurements, Uncertainties, and Magnitudes Vectors Rectilinear Motion Motion in Two Dimensions Newton s Law of Motion Circular Motion Newton s Law of Universal Gravitation Work and Energy Momentum Rigid Bodies Stress and Strain Pressure Temperature Heat Oscillatory Motion and Waves Sound Chapter 5. General Physics II Properties of Electric Charges Coulomb's Law Electrical Fields Insulators and Conductors Gauss's Law Electric Potential and Energy Capacitance Electric Currents Resistance x

3 Foundation of Radiological Physics 5.10 Electromotive Force Kirchhoff's Rules RC Circuits Electrical Measuring Instruments Magnetism Currents and Magnetic Fields Ampere's Law Hysteresis Electromagnetic Induction Transformers Inductance LR Circuits Alternating Current Circuits Maxwell's Equations Electromagnetic Waves. 190 Chapter 6. Atomic Structure Matter, Elements, and Atom Concepts of the Atom Atomic Models Bohr s Model of the Hydrogen Atom Atomic Spectra Shell Structure of Electrons Arrangement of Electrons in an Atom Periodic Table Binding Energies of Electrons Transitions Between Energy-States Auger Electrons Molecules Lasers Heisenberg Uncertainty Principles 224 Chapter 7. Nuclear Structure Nuclear Nomenclature Nuclear Force Nuclear Stability Trilinear Chart of Nuclides Atomic Mass Units Binding Energy of the Nucleus Nucear Models. 240 Chaper 8. Radioactivity Radioactivity Decay Law Half Life Unit of Radioactivity Cumulative Activity 256 xi

4 8.5 Radioactivity Curve Natural Occurring Radionuclides and Decaying Series 262 Chapter 9. Nuclear transformations Modes of Decay Energy Level Diagram Alpha Decay Negatron Decay Positron Decay Electron Capture Gamma Emission Internal Conversion Competitive Modes of Decay Radionuclides Used in Medicine 289 Chapter 10. Nuclear reactions Cross Section Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Reactions Radionuclide Production Reactor-Produced Radionuclides Equation of Neutron Activation in a Reactor Accelerator- or Cyclotron-Produced Radionuclides Fission-Produced Radionuclides Radionuclide Generator 306 Chapter 11. Interaction of radiation with matter Interaction of Photons with Matter Coherent Scattering Photoelectric Effect Compton Scattering Pair and Triplet Production Photodisintegration Interaction of Heavy Charged Particles with Matter Interaction of Electrons with Matter Linear Energy Transfer Interaction of Neutrons Linear Attenuation Coefficient Total Attenuation Coefficients Differential Absorption of Photon Beam Deposition of Energy in Matter Chapter 12. Computer Concepts Computers Analog and Digital Converters 340 xii

5 Foundation of Radiological Physics 12.3 Computer Hardware Computer System Unit Peripheral Devices Number Systems Used in Computers Logic Operations Bits, Bytes, and Words Computer Memory Data Storage Media File Structure Computer Programs Computer Languages Processing Methods Networking History of Computers. 361 Chapter 13. Health Physics I Equivalent Dose Environmental Radiation Radiation Advisory Boards States and Federal Regulatory Agencies Radiation Detection Instruments Personnel Monitoring Minimizing Exposure from External Sources Exposure from Sealed Sources Radioactive Contamination Loss or Rupture of Sealed Sources Instructions to Allied Medical Workers Radiation Emergencies Chapter 14. Health Physics II Restricted Areas and Radiation Signs Storage of Radioactive Materials Disposal of Radioactive Waste Radioactive Material Package Shipment Radiation from Brachytherapy Procedures Radiation from Therapeutic Radioiodine Barrier Structure Calculations Design of Diagnostic Equipment Room Design of Radiotherapy Equipment Room Radioactive Sources Shielding Radiation Protection Surveys Quality Management Program Compliance with Regulations. 430 xiii

6 Chapter 15. Radiobiology Composition of Cells Atomic and Molecular Events Free Radicals Linear Energy Transfer Cell Proliferation Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau Radiosensitivity of Cells Cell Survival Curve Relative Biologic Effectiveness Repair of Radiation Damage Acute Radiation Effects Dose Response Relationships Late Effects of Radiation Hereditary Effects Embryonic and Fetal Effects Factors Influencing Radiosensitivity Tumor Biology Fractionation Dose Rate Effect Isoeffect Curves Applications to Radiotherapy Appendix Appendix A Greek Letters Appendix B SI Prefixes. 489 Appendix C Fundamental Constants 490 Appendix D US Units Conversion Factors Appendix E Metric Units Conversion Facotors Appendix F US to Metric Units Conversions Appendix G Metric to US Units Conversions Appendix H Elements Appendix I Decay Chart of Iodine Appendix J Decay Chart of Iridium Appendix K American National Standard Code for 498 Information Interchange (ASCII) Appendix L Logic Symbols and Truth Tables Solution to Problems Bibliography Index. 511 xiv