Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection"

Transcription

1 James E. Turner Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection Third, Completely Revised and Enlarged Edition BICENTENNIAL J Q 71 z m z CAVILEY ;Z z ü ; m r B10ENTENNIAL WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA

2 I vu Contents Preface to the First Edition XV Preface to the Second Edition XVII Preface to the Third Edition XIX 1 About Atomic Physics and Radiation Classical Physics Discovery of X Rays Some Important Dates in Atomic and Radiation Physics Important Dates in Radiation Protection Sources and Levels of Radiation Exposure Suggested Reading 12 2 Atomic Structure and Atomic Radiation The Atomic Nature of Matter (ca. 1900) The Rutherford Nuclear Atom Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom Semiclassical Mechanics, Quantum Mechanics The Pauli Exclusion Principle Atomic Theory of the Periodic System Molecules Solids and Energy Bands Continuous and Characteristic X Rays Auger Electrons Suggested Reading Problems Answers 53 3 The Nucleus and Nuclear Radiation Nuclear Structure 55 Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection. James E. Turner Copyright 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN:

3 VIII I Contents 3.2 Nuclear Binding Energies Alpha Decay Beta Decay (/3- ) Gamma-Ray Emission Internal Conversion Orbital Electron Capture Positron Decay (ß+ ) Suggested Reading Problems Answers 82 4 Radioactive Decay Activity Exponential Decay Specific Activity Serial Radioactive Decay 89 Secular Equilibrium (Ti» T2 ) 89 General Case 91 Transient Equilibrium (Ti > T2) 91 No Equilibrium (T1 < 7"2 ) Natural Radioactivity Radon and Radon Daughters Suggested Reading Problems Answers I nteraction of Heavy Charged Particles with Matter Energy-Loss Mechanisms Maximum Energy Transfer in a Single Collision Single-Collision Energy-Loss Spectra Stopping Power Semiclassical Calculation of Stopping Power The Bethe Formula for Stopping Power Mean Excitation Energies Table for Computation of Stopping Powers Stopping Power of Water for Protons Range Slowing-Down Time Limitations of Bethe's Stopping-Power Formula Suggested Reading Problems Answers 137

4 Contents IIX 6 Interaction of Electrons with Matter Energy-Loss Mechanisms Collisional Stopping Power Radiative Stopping Power Radiation Yield Range Slowing-Down Time Examples of Electron Tracks in Water Suggested Reading Problems answers Phenomena Associated with Charged-Particle Tracks Delta Rays Restricted Stopping Power Linear Energy Transfer (LET) Specific Ionization Energy Straggling Range Straggling Multiple Coulomb Scattering Suggested Reading Problems Answers Interaction of Photons with Matter Interaction Mechanisms Photoelectric Effect Energy-Momentum Requirements for Photon Absorption by an Electron Compton Effect Pair Production Photonuclear Reactions Attenuation Coefficients Energy-Transfer and Energy-Absorption Coefficients Calculation of Energy Absorption and Energy Transfer Suggested Reading Problems Answers Neutrons, Fission, and Criticality Introduction Neutron Sources 209

5 X I Contents 9.3 Classification of Neutrons Interactions with Matter Elastic Scattering Neutron Proton Scattering Energy-Loss Spectrum Reactions Energetics of Threshold Reactions Neutron Activation Fission Criticality Suggested Reading Problems Answers Methods of Radiation Detection Ionization in Gases 241 Ionization Current 241 W Values 243 Ionization Pulses 245 Gas-Filled Detectors Ionization in Semiconductors 252 Band Theory of Solids 252 Semiconductors 255 Semiconductor Junctions 259 Radiation Measuring Devices Scintillation 266 General 266 Organic Scintillators 267 Inorganic Scintillators Photographic Film Thermoluminescence Other Methods 281 Partide Track Registration 281 Optically Stimulated Luminescence 282 Direct Ion Storage (DIS) 283 Radiophotoluminescence 285 Chemical Dosimeters 285 Calorimetry 286 Cerenkov Detectors Neutron Detection 287 Slow Neutrons 287 Intermediate and Fast Neutrons Suggested Reading Problems Answers 301

6 Contents IXI 11 Statistics The Statistical World of Atoms and Radiation Radioactive Disintegration Exponential Decay Radioactive Disintegration a Bernoulli Process The Binomial Distribution The Poisson Distribution The Normal Distribution Error and Error Propagation Counting Radioactive Samples 322 Gross Count Rates 322 Net Count Rates 324 Optimum Counting Times 325 Counting Short-Lived Samples Minimum Significant Measured Activity Type-I Errors Minimum Detectable True Activity Type-II Errors Criteria for Radiobioassay, HP S N Instrument Response 337 Energy Resolution 337 Dead Time Monte Carlo Simulation of Radiation Transport Suggested Reading Problems Answers Radiation Dosimetry Introduction Quantities and Units 362 Exposure 362 Absorbed Dose 362 Dose Equivalent Measurement of Exposure 365 Free-Air Ionization Chamber 365 The Air-Wall Chamber Measurement of Absorbed Dose Measurement of X- and Gamma-Ray Dose Neutron Dosimetry Dose Measurements for Charged-Particle Beams Determination of LET Dose Calculations 379 Alpha and Low-Energy Beta Emitters Distributed in Tissue 379 Charged-Particle Beams 380 Point Source of Gamma Rays 381 Neutrons Other Dosimetric Concepts and Quantities 387

7 XIII Contents Kerma 387 Microdosimetry 387 Specific Energy 388 Lineal Energy Suggested Reading Problems Answers Chemical and Biological Effects of Radiation Time Frame for Radiation Effects Physical and Prechemical Chances in Irradiated Water Chemical Stage Examples of Calculated Charged-Particle Tracks in Water Chemical Yields in Water Biological Effects Sources of Human Data 411 The Life Span Study 411 Medical Radiation 413 Radium-Dial Painters 415 Uranium Miners 416 Accidents The Acute Radiation Syndrome Delayed Somatic Effects 421 Cancer 421 Life Shortening 423 Cataracts Irradiation of Mammalian Embryo and Fetus Genetic Effects Radiation Biology Dose Response Relationships Factors Affecting Dose Response 435 Relative Biological Effectiveness 435 Dose Rate 438 Oxygen Enhancement Ratio 439 Chemical Modifiers 439 Dose Fractionation and Radiotherapy Suggested Reading Problems Answers Radiation-Protection Criteria and Exposure Limits Objective of Radiation Protection Elements of Radiation-Protection Programs 449

8 Contents 'XIII 14.3 The NCRP and ICRP NCRP/ICRP Dosimetric Quantities 452 Equivalent Dose 452 Effective Dose 453 Committed Equivalent Dose 455 Committed Effective Dose 455 Collective Quantities 455 Limits an Intake Risk Estimates for Radiation Protection Current Exposure Limits of the NCRP and ICRP 458 Occupational Limits 458 Nonoccupational Limits 460 Negligible Individual Dose 460 Exposure of Individuals Under 18 Years of Age Occupational Limits in the Dose-Equivalent System The "2007 ICRP Recommendations" ICRU Operational Quantities Probability of Causation Suggested Reading Problems Answers External Radiation Protection Distance, Time, and Shielding Gamma-Ray Shielding Shielding in X-Ray Installations 482 Design of Primary Protective Barrier 485 Design of Secondary Protective Barrier 491 NCRP Report No Protection from Beta Radiation Neutron Shielding Suggested Reading Problems Answers Internal Dosimetry and Radiation Protection Objectives ICRP Publication Methodology ICRP-30 Dosimetric Model for the Respiratory System ICRP-66 Human Respiratory Tract Model ICRP-30 Dosimetric Model for the Gastrointestinal Tract Organ Activities as Functions of Time 524

9 XIV 1 Contents 16.8 Specific Absorbed Fraction, Specific Effective Energy, and Committed Quantities Number of Transformations in Source Organs over 50 Y Dosimetric Model for Bone ICRP-30 Dosimetric Model for Submersion in a Radioactive Gas Cloud Selected ICRP-30 Metabolic Data for Reference Man Suggested Reading Problems Answers 550 Appendices A Physical Constants 551 B Units and Conversion Factors 553 C Some Basic Formulas of Physics (MKS and CCS Units) 555 Classical Mechanics 555 Relativistic Mechanics (units same as in classical mechanics) 555 Electromagnetic Theory 556 Quantum Mechanics 556 D Selected Data an Nuclides 557 E Statistical Derivations 569 Binomial Distribution 569 Mean 569 Standard Deviation 569 Poisson Distribution 570 Normalization 571 Mean 571 Standard Deviation 572 Normal Distribution 572 Error Propagation 573 Index 575

PHYSICS FOR RADIATION PROTECTION

PHYSICS FOR RADIATION PROTECTION PHYSICS FOR RADIATION PROTECTION JAMES E. MARTIN School of Public Health The University of Michigan A Wiley-Interscience Publication JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. New York Chichester Weinheim Brisbane Singapore

More information

Nuclear Physics for Applications

Nuclear Physics for Applications Stanley C. Pruss'm Nuclear Physics for Applications A Model Approach BICENTENNIAL WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA VII Table of Contents Preface XIII 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Low-Energy Nuclear Physics for

More information

APPLIED RADIATION PHYSICS

APPLIED RADIATION PHYSICS A PRIMER IN APPLIED RADIATION PHYSICS F A SMITH Queen Mary & Westfield College, London fe World Scientific m Singapore * New Jersey London Hong Kong CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 : SOURCES of RADIATION 1.1 Introduction

More information

Michael G. Stabin. Radiation Protection and Dosimetry. An Introduction to Health Physics. 4) Springer

Michael G. Stabin. Radiation Protection and Dosimetry. An Introduction to Health Physics. 4) Springer Michael G. Stabin Radiation Protection and Dosimetry An Introduction to Health Physics 4) Springer Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Introduction to Health Physics 1 1.1 Definition of

More information

UNCORRECTED PROOF. Table of Contents

UNCORRECTED PROOF. Table of Contents 00-Stabin-Prelims SNY001-Stabin (Typeset by spi publisher services, Delhi) vii of xvi June 1, 2007 17:15 Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Chapter 1. Introduction to Health Physics 1 1.1 Definition of Health

More information

Gy can be used for any type of radiation. Gy does not describe the biological effects of the different radiations.

Gy can be used for any type of radiation. Gy does not describe the biological effects of the different radiations. Absorbed Dose Dose is a measure of the amount of energy from an ionizing radiation deposited in a mass of some material. SI unit used to measure absorbed dose is the gray (Gy). 1J 1 Gy kg Gy can be used

More information

MEASUREMENT AND DETECTION OF RADIATION

MEASUREMENT AND DETECTION OF RADIATION MEASUREMENT AND DETECTION OF RADIATION Second Edition Nicholas Tsoulfanidis University of Missouri-Rolla Ж Taylor &Francis * Publishers since I79H CONTENTS Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Second

More information

CHARGED PARTICLE INTERACTIONS

CHARGED PARTICLE INTERACTIONS CHARGED PARTICLE INTERACTIONS Background Charged Particles Heavy charged particles Charged particles with Mass > m e α, proton, deuteron, heavy ion (e.g., C +, Fe + ), fission fragment, muon, etc. α is

More information

1.13 Basic Definitions for Atomic Structure Mean Atomic Mass (Standard Atomic Weight) Atomic Mass Constant and the Mole...

1.13 Basic Definitions for Atomic Structure Mean Atomic Mass (Standard Atomic Weight) Atomic Mass Constant and the Mole... Contents 1 Introduction to Modern Physics... 1 1.1 Fundamental Physical Constants..................... 2 1.2 Derived Physical Constants and Relationships............ 4 1.3 Milestones in Modern Physics

More information

Physics for Radiation Protection

Physics for Radiation Protection James E. Martin Physics for Radiation Protection Third Completely Updated Edition WI LEY WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA I vu Contents Preface XVII 1 Structure of Atoms 1 1.1 Atom Constituents 2 1.2 Structure,

More information

GLOSSARY OF BASIC RADIATION PROTECTION TERMINOLOGY

GLOSSARY OF BASIC RADIATION PROTECTION TERMINOLOGY GLOSSARY OF BASIC RADIATION PROTECTION TERMINOLOGY ABSORBED DOSE: The amount of energy absorbed, as a result of radiation passing through a material, per unit mass of material. Measured in rads (1 rad

More information

The interaction of radiation with matter

The interaction of radiation with matter Basic Detection Techniques 2009-2010 http://www.astro.rug.nl/~peletier/detectiontechniques.html Detection of energetic particles and gamma rays The interaction of radiation with matter Peter Dendooven

More information

Chapter 30 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity

Chapter 30 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Chapter 30 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity 30.1 Structure and Properties of the Nucleus Nucleus is made of protons and neutrons Proton has positive charge: Neutron is electrically neutral: 30.1 Structure

More information

Chapter 29. Nuclear Physics

Chapter 29. Nuclear Physics Chapter 29 Nuclear Physics Ernest Rutherford 1871 1937 Discovery that atoms could be broken apart Studied radioactivity Nobel prize in 1908 Some Properties of Nuclei All nuclei are composed of protons

More information

O WILEY- MODERN NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY. WALTER D. LOVELAND Oregon State University. DAVID J. MORRISSEY Michigan State University

O WILEY- MODERN NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY. WALTER D. LOVELAND Oregon State University. DAVID J. MORRISSEY Michigan State University MODERN NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY WALTER D. LOVELAND Oregon State University DAVID J. MORRISSEY Michigan State University GLENN T. SEABORG University of California, Berkeley O WILEY- INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY &

More information

Module 1. An Introduction to Radiation

Module 1. An Introduction to Radiation Module 1 An Introduction to Radiation General Definition of Radiation Ionizing radiation, for example, X-rays, gamma-rays, α particles Ionizing radiation is capable of removing an electron from the atom

More information

Chapter Four (Interaction of Radiation with Matter)

Chapter Four (Interaction of Radiation with Matter) Al-Mustansiriyah University College of Science Physics Department Fourth Grade Nuclear Physics Dr. Ali A. Ridha Chapter Four (Interaction of Radiation with Matter) Different types of radiation interact

More information

Forms of Ionizing Radiation

Forms of Ionizing Radiation Beta Radiation 1 Forms of Ionizing Radiation Interaction of Radiation with Matter Ionizing radiation is categorized by the nature of the particles or electromagnetic waves that create the ionizing effect.

More information

PS-21 First Spring Institute say : Teaching Physical Science. Radioactivity

PS-21 First Spring Institute say : Teaching Physical Science. Radioactivity PS-21 First Spring Institute say 2012-2013: Teaching Physical Science Radioactivity What Is Radioactivity? Radioactivity is the release of tiny, highenergy particles or gamma rays from the nucleus of an

More information

Chapter 21. Preview. Lesson Starter Objectives Mass Defect and Nuclear Stability Nucleons and Nuclear Stability Nuclear Reactions

Chapter 21. Preview. Lesson Starter Objectives Mass Defect and Nuclear Stability Nucleons and Nuclear Stability Nuclear Reactions Preview Lesson Starter Objectives Mass Defect and Nuclear Stability Nucleons and Nuclear Stability Nuclear Reactions Section 1 The Nucleus Lesson Starter Nuclear reactions result in much larger energy

More information

Foundation of Radiological Physics. Preface

Foundation of Radiological Physics. Preface Foundation of Radiological Physics Page Preface v Chapter 1. Radiation 1 1.1 Medical Use of Radiation. 1 1.2 Nature of Radiation. 4 1.3 Quantum Nature of Radiation. 6 1.4 Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum

More information

Industrial Hygiene: Assessment and Control of the Occupational Environment

Industrial Hygiene: Assessment and Control of the Occupational Environment Industrial Hygiene: Assessment and Control of the Occupational Environment Main Topics Air Pollution Control Analytical Methods Ergonomics Gas and Vapour Sampling General Practice Heat and Cold Stress

More information

RADIATION PROTECTION

RADIATION PROTECTION DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY PHAYATHAI ROAD, BANGKOK 10330, THAILAND TEL: (662) 218-6772, (662) 218-6784. FAX: (662) 218-6770 E-mail: fnegbr@eng.chula.ac.th

More information

Physics 3204 UNIT 3 Test Matter Energy Interface

Physics 3204 UNIT 3 Test Matter Energy Interface Physics 3204 UNIT 3 Test Matter Energy Interface 2005 2006 Time: 60 minutes Total Value: 33 Marks Formulae and Constants v = f λ E = hf h f = E k + W 0 E = m c 2 p = h λ 1 A= A T 0 2 t 1 2 E k = ½ mv 2

More information

6 Neutrons and Neutron Interactions

6 Neutrons and Neutron Interactions 6 Neutrons and Neutron Interactions A nuclear reactor will not operate without neutrons. Neutrons induce the fission reaction, which produces the heat in CANDU reactors, and fission creates more neutrons.

More information

Radiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects: Session 1

Radiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects: Session 1 Radiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects: Session 1 Reading assignment: LLE Radiological Controls Manual (LLEINST 6610): Part 1 UR Radiation Safety Training Manual and Resource Book: Parts

More information

Dosimetry. Sanja Dolanski Babić May, 2018.

Dosimetry. Sanja Dolanski Babić May, 2018. Dosimetry Sanja Dolanski Babić May, 2018. What s the difference between radiation and radioactivity? Radiation - the process of emitting energy as waves or particles, and the radiated energy Radioactivity

More information

Nuclear Spectroscopy: Radioactivity and Half Life

Nuclear Spectroscopy: Radioactivity and Half Life Particle and Spectroscopy: and Half Life 02/08/2018 My Office Hours: Thursday 1:00-3:00 PM 212 Keen Building Outline 1 2 3 4 5 Some nuclei are unstable and decay spontaneously into two or more particles.

More information

Interactions of Particulate Radiation with Matter. Purpose. Importance of particulate interactions

Interactions of Particulate Radiation with Matter. Purpose. Importance of particulate interactions Interactions of Particulate Radiation with Matter George Starkschall, Ph.D. Department of Radiation Physics U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Purpose To describe the various mechanisms by which particulate

More information

Radiochemistry and Nuclear Methods of Analysis

Radiochemistry and Nuclear Methods of Analysis Radiochemistry and Nuclear Methods of Analysis WILLIAM D. EHMANN Professor, Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky DIANE E. VANCE Staff Development Scientist Analytical Services

More information

Outline. Radiation Interactions. Spurs, Blobs and Short Tracks. Introduction. Radiation Interactions 1

Outline. Radiation Interactions. Spurs, Blobs and Short Tracks. Introduction. Radiation Interactions 1 Outline Radiation Interactions Introduction Interaction of Heavy Charged Particles Interaction of Fast Electrons Interaction of Gamma Rays Interactions of Neutrons Radiation Exposure & Dose Sources of

More information

Radiation Safety Training Session 1: Radiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects

Radiation Safety Training Session 1: Radiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects Radiation Safety Training Session 1: Radiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects Reading Assignment: LLE Radiological Controls Manual (LLEINST 6610) Part 1 UR Radiation Safety Training Manual

More information

SECTION A Quantum Physics and Atom Models

SECTION A Quantum Physics and Atom Models AP Physics Multiple Choice Practice Modern Physics SECTION A Quantum Physics and Atom Models 1. Light of a single frequency falls on a photoelectric material but no electrons are emitted. Electrons may

More information

STUDY GUIDE. 2. Explain and use the special nuclear units of ev and amu and their conversion to SI units.

STUDY GUIDE. 2. Explain and use the special nuclear units of ev and amu and their conversion to SI units. STUDY GUIDE NE 495: Elements of Nuclear Engineering Chapter 1: Fundamental Concepts 1. Use SI units, their abbreviations, prexes, and grammar. 2. Explain and use the special nuclear units of ev and amu

More information

Index. b 10 B, 224, 287, Ba, Ba, 69, m Ba, 70

Index. b 10 B, 224, 287, Ba, Ba, 69, m Ba, 70 575 Index a Absorbed dose, 362 ff., 452 charged-particle beam, 376 377, 380 gamma point source, 381 383 internal α, β emitters, 379 380, 530 measurement, 368 ff. neutron, 371 ff., 383 386 neutron depth-dose,

More information

Radiation Physics PHYS /251. Prof. Gocha Khelashvili

Radiation Physics PHYS /251. Prof. Gocha Khelashvili Radiation Physics PHYS 571-051/251 Prof. Gocha Khelashvili Interaction of Radiation with Matter: Heavy Charged Particles Directly and Indirectly Ionizing Radiation Classification of Indirectly Ionizing

More information

Introduction to Ionizing Radiation

Introduction to Ionizing Radiation Introduction to Ionizing Radiation Bob Curtis OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center Supplement to Lecture Outline V. 10.02 Basic Model of a Neutral Atom Electrons(-) orbiting nucleus of protons(+) and neutrons.

More information

Emphasis on what happens to emitted particle (if no nuclear reaction and MEDIUM (i.e., atomic effects)

Emphasis on what happens to emitted particle (if no nuclear reaction and MEDIUM (i.e., atomic effects) LECTURE 5: INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER All radiation is detected through its interaction with matter! INTRODUCTION: What happens when radiation passes through matter? Emphasis on what happens

More information

Current and Recent ICRU Activities in Radiation Protection Dosimetry and Measurements

Current and Recent ICRU Activities in Radiation Protection Dosimetry and Measurements Current and Recent ICRU Activities in Radiation Protection Dosimetry and Measurements Hans-Georg Menzel International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) The principal objective of ICRU

More information

WHAT IS IONIZING RADIATION

WHAT IS IONIZING RADIATION WHAT IS IONIZING RADIATION Margarita Saraví National Atomic Energy Commission - Argentina Workshop on Ionizing Radiation SIM Buenos Aires 10 November 2011 What is ionizing radiation? What is ionizing radiation?

More information

RADIATION DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT

RADIATION DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT RADIATION DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT SECOND EDITION GLENN F. KNOLL Professor of Nuclear Engineering The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan WILEY JOHN WILEY & SONS New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto

More information

Physics of Radiography

Physics of Radiography Physics of Radiography Yao Wang Polytechnic Institute of NYU Brooklyn, NY 11201 Based on J L Prince and J M Links Medical Imaging Signals and Based on J. L. Prince and J. M. Links, Medical Imaging Signals

More information

NORM and TENORM: Occurrence, Characterizing, Handling and Disposal

NORM and TENORM: Occurrence, Characterizing, Handling and Disposal NORM and TENORM: Occurrence, Characterizing, Handling and Disposal Ionizing Radiation and Hazard Potential John R. Frazier, Ph.D. Certified Health Physicist May 12, 2014 Radiation Radiation is a word that

More information

Fundamental Forces. Range Carrier Observed? Strength. Gravity Infinite Graviton No. Weak 10-6 Nuclear W+ W- Z Yes (1983)

Fundamental Forces. Range Carrier Observed? Strength. Gravity Infinite Graviton No. Weak 10-6 Nuclear W+ W- Z Yes (1983) Fundamental Forces Force Relative Strength Range Carrier Observed? Gravity 10-39 Infinite Graviton No Weak 10-6 Nuclear W+ W- Z Yes (1983) Electromagnetic 10-2 Infinite Photon Yes (1923) Strong 1 Nuclear

More information

The basic structure of an atom is a positively charged nucleus composed of both protons and neutrons surrounded by negatively charged electrons.

The basic structure of an atom is a positively charged nucleus composed of both protons and neutrons surrounded by negatively charged electrons. 4.4 Atomic structure Ionising radiation is hazardous but can be very useful. Although radioactivity was discovered over a century ago, it took many nuclear physicists several decades to understand the

More information

Today, I will present the first of two lectures on neutron interactions.

Today, I will present the first of two lectures on neutron interactions. Today, I will present the first of two lectures on neutron interactions. I first need to acknowledge that these two lectures were based on lectures presented previously in Med Phys I by Dr Howell. 1 Before

More information

Physics of Radiotherapy. Lecture II: Interaction of Ionizing Radiation With Matter

Physics of Radiotherapy. Lecture II: Interaction of Ionizing Radiation With Matter Physics of Radiotherapy Lecture II: Interaction of Ionizing Radiation With Matter Charge Particle Interaction Energetic charged particles interact with matter by electrical forces and lose kinetic energy

More information

Radiation Detection for the Beta- Delayed Alpha and Gamma Decay of 20 Na. Ellen Simmons

Radiation Detection for the Beta- Delayed Alpha and Gamma Decay of 20 Na. Ellen Simmons Radiation Detection for the Beta- Delayed Alpha and Gamma Decay of 20 Na Ellen Simmons 1 Contents Introduction Review of the Types of Radiation Charged Particle Radiation Detection Review of Semiconductor

More information

Some nuclei are unstable Become stable by ejecting excess energy and often a particle in the process Types of radiation particle - particle

Some nuclei are unstable Become stable by ejecting excess energy and often a particle in the process Types of radiation particle - particle Radioactivity George Starkschall, Ph.D. Lecture Objectives Identify methods for making radioactive isotopes Recognize the various types of radioactive decay Interpret an energy level diagram for radioactive

More information

Neutron Interactions Part I. Rebecca M. Howell, Ph.D. Radiation Physics Y2.5321

Neutron Interactions Part I. Rebecca M. Howell, Ph.D. Radiation Physics Y2.5321 Neutron Interactions Part I Rebecca M. Howell, Ph.D. Radiation Physics rhowell@mdanderson.org Y2.5321 Why do we as Medical Physicists care about neutrons? Neutrons in Radiation Therapy Neutron Therapy

More information

Absorber Alpha emission Alpha particle Atom. Atomic line spectra Atomic mass unit Atomic number Atomic structure. Background radiation

Absorber Alpha emission Alpha particle Atom. Atomic line spectra Atomic mass unit Atomic number Atomic structure. Background radiation Material that prevent radioactive emission from passing through it Release of alpha particle from unstable nucleus(a 2+ helium ion or a helium nucleus) The nucleus of a helium atom (two protons and two

More information

Lecture Presentation. Chapter 21. Nuclear Chemistry. James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Pearson Education, Inc.

Lecture Presentation. Chapter 21. Nuclear Chemistry. James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture Presentation Chapter 21, Inc. James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Energy: Chemical vs. Chemical energy is associated with making and breaking chemical bonds. energy is enormous in comparison.

More information

Alpha decay usually occurs in heavy nuclei such as uranium or plutonium, and therefore is a major part of the radioactive fallout from a nuclear

Alpha decay usually occurs in heavy nuclei such as uranium or plutonium, and therefore is a major part of the radioactive fallout from a nuclear Radioactive Decay Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei. This phenomenon was first reported in 1896 by the French physicist Henri Becquerel. Marie Curie and her husband Pierre

More information

Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics

Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics PHY-30 Dr. E. Rizvi Lecture 4 - Detectors Binding Energy Nuclear mass MN less than sum of nucleon masses Shows nucleus is a bound (lower energy) state for this configuration

More information

CHEMISTRY - MCQUARRIE 4E CH.27 - NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY.

CHEMISTRY - MCQUARRIE 4E CH.27 - NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY. !! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: NUCLEAR REACTIONS Nuclear Reactions deal with chemical processes in nuclei atoms. Unlike normal chemical reactions where the identity of the elements stay the same, nuclear

More information

4.4.1 Atoms and isotopes The structure of an atom Mass number, atomic number and isotopes. Content

4.4.1 Atoms and isotopes The structure of an atom Mass number, atomic number and isotopes. Content 4.4 Atomic structure Ionising radiation is hazardous but can be very useful. Although radioactivity was discovered over a century ago, it took many nuclear physicists several decades to understand the

More information

Radiation Quantities and Units

Radiation Quantities and Units Radiation Quantities and Units George Starkschall, Ph.D. Lecture Objectives Define and identify units for the following: Exposure Kerma Absorbed dose Dose equivalent Relative biological effectiveness Activity

More information

CHAPTER 2 RADIATION INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER HDR 112 RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RADIATION PROTECTION MR KAMARUL AMIN BIN ABDULLAH

CHAPTER 2 RADIATION INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER HDR 112 RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RADIATION PROTECTION MR KAMARUL AMIN BIN ABDULLAH HDR 112 RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RADIATION PROTECTION CHAPTER 2 RADIATION INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER PREPARED BY: MR KAMARUL AMIN BIN ABDULLAH SCHOOL OF MEDICAL IMAGING FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCE Interactions

More information

Sources of Radiation

Sources of Radiation Radioactivity Sources of Radiation Natural Sources Cosmic Radiation The Earth is constantly bombarded by radiation from outside our solar system. interacts in the atmosphere to create secondary radiation

More information

III. Energy Deposition in the Detector and Spectrum Formation

III. Energy Deposition in the Detector and Spectrum Formation 1 III. Energy Deposition in the Detector and Spectrum Formation a) charged particles Bethe-Bloch formula de 4πq 4 z2 e 2m v = NZ ( ) dx m v ln ln 1 0 2 β β I 0 2 2 2 z, v: atomic number and velocity of

More information

Radiation and Radioactivity. PHYS 0219 Radiation and Radioactivity

Radiation and Radioactivity. PHYS 0219 Radiation and Radioactivity Radiation and Radioactivity 1 Radiation and Radioactivity This experiment has four parts: 1. Counting Statistics 2. Gamma (g) Ray Absorption Half-length and shielding 3. 137 Ba Decay Half-life 4. Dosimetry

More information

MCRT L8: Neutron Transport

MCRT L8: Neutron Transport MCRT L8: Neutron Transport Recap fission, absorption, scattering, cross sections Fission products and secondary neutrons Slow and fast neutrons Energy spectrum of fission neutrons Nuclear reactor safety

More information

PHYSICS A2 UNIT 2 SECTION 1: RADIOACTIVITY & NUCLEAR ENERGY

PHYSICS A2 UNIT 2 SECTION 1: RADIOACTIVITY & NUCLEAR ENERGY PHYSICS A2 UNIT 2 SECTION 1: RADIOACTIVITY & NUCLEAR ENERGY THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS / NUCLEAR RADIUS & DENSITY / PROPERTIES OF NUCLEAR RADIATION / INTENSITY & BACKGROUND RADIATION / EXPONENTIAL LAW OF DECAY

More information

At the conclusion of this lesson the trainee will be able to: a) Write a typical equation for the production of each type of radiation.

At the conclusion of this lesson the trainee will be able to: a) Write a typical equation for the production of each type of radiation. RADIOACTIVITY - SPONTANEOUS NUCLEAR PROCESSES OBJECTIVES At the conclusion of this lesson the trainee will be able to: 1. For~, p and 7 decays a) Write a typical equation for the production of each type

More information

21/11/ /11/2017 Atomic Structure AQA Physics topic 4

21/11/ /11/2017 Atomic Structure AQA Physics topic 4 Atomic Structure AQA Physics topic 4 4.1 Atoms and Isotopes The structure of the atom ELECTRON negative, mass nearly nothing The nucleus is around 10,000 times smaller then the atom! NEUTRON neutral, same

More information

City University of Hong Kong

City University of Hong Kong City University of Hong Kong Information on a Course offered by the Department of Physics and Materials Science with effect from Semester A in 2013 / 2014 Part I Course Title: Radiological Physics and

More information

INTRODUCTION TO IONIZING RADIATION (Attix Chapter 1 p. 1-5)

INTRODUCTION TO IONIZING RADIATION (Attix Chapter 1 p. 1-5) INTRODUCTION TO IONIZING RADIATION (Attix Chapter 1 p. 1-5) Ionizing radiation: Particle or electromagnetic radiation that is capable of ionizing matter. IR interacts through different types of collision

More information

Radioactivity. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 for their work on radioactivity. Henri Becquerel Pierre Curie Marie Curie

Radioactivity. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 for their work on radioactivity. Henri Becquerel Pierre Curie Marie Curie Radioactivity Toward the end of the 19 th century, minerals were found that would darken a photographic plate even in the absence of light. This phenomenon is now called radioactivity. Marie and Pierre

More information

Interaction theory Photons. Eirik Malinen

Interaction theory Photons. Eirik Malinen Interaction theory Photons Eirik Malinen Introduction Interaction theory Dosimetry Radiation source Ionizing radiation Atoms Ionizing radiation Matter - Photons - Charged particles - Neutrons Ionizing

More information

Contents. Charged Particles. Coulomb Interactions Elastic Scattering. Coulomb Interactions - Inelastic Scattering. Bremsstrahlung

Contents. Charged Particles. Coulomb Interactions Elastic Scattering. Coulomb Interactions - Inelastic Scattering. Bremsstrahlung Contents Marcel MiGLiERiNi Nuclear Medicine, Radiology and Their Metrological Aspects. Radiation in Medicine. Dosimetry 4. Diagnostics & Therapy 5. Accelerators in Medicine 6. Therapy Planning 7. Nuclear

More information

LESSON PLAN. B.Sc. THIRD YEAR ( REGULATION) FIXTH SEMESTER

LESSON PLAN. B.Sc. THIRD YEAR ( REGULATION) FIXTH SEMESTER DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY LESSON PLAN B.Sc. THIRD YEAR (2015-2016 REGULATION) FIXTH SEMESTER SRM UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES SRM NAGAR, KATTANKULATHUR 603 203 1 Subject

More information

Interactions of Radiation with Matter

Interactions of Radiation with Matter Main points from last week's lecture: Decay of Radioactivity Mathematics description nly yields probabilities and averages Interactions of Radiation with Matter William Hunter, PhD" Decay equation: N(t)

More information

EEE4106Z Radiation Interactions & Detection

EEE4106Z Radiation Interactions & Detection EEE4106Z Radiation Interactions & Detection 2. Radiation Detection Dr. Steve Peterson 5.14 RW James Department of Physics University of Cape Town steve.peterson@uct.ac.za May 06, 2015 EEE4106Z :: Radiation

More information

AnswerIT! Atoms and isotopes. Structure of an atom Mass number, atomic number and isotopes Development of the model of the atom.

AnswerIT! Atoms and isotopes. Structure of an atom Mass number, atomic number and isotopes Development of the model of the atom. AnswerIT! Atoms and isotopes Structure of an atom Mass number, atomic number and isotopes Development of the model of the atom. Atoms and isotopes - AnswerIT 1. The diameter of an atom is about 0.000 000

More information

General Physics (PHY 2140)

General Physics (PHY 2140) General Physics (PHY 2140) Lecture 19 Modern Physics Nuclear Physics Nuclear Reactions Medical Applications Radiation Detectors Chapter 29 http://www.physics.wayne.edu/~alan/2140website/main.htm 1 Lightning

More information

General Physics (PHY 2140)

General Physics (PHY 2140) General Physics (PHY 2140) Lightning Review Lecture 19 Modern Physics Nuclear Physics Nuclear Reactions Medical Applications Radiation Detectors Chapter 29 http://www.physics.wayne.edu/~alan/2140website/main.htm

More information

Basic physics Questions

Basic physics Questions Chapter1 Basic physics Questions S. Ilyas 1. Which of the following statements regarding protons are correct? a. They have a negative charge b. They are equal to the number of electrons in a non-ionized

More information

Physics of Radiography

Physics of Radiography EL-GY 6813 / BE-GY 6203 / G16.4426 Medical Imaging Physics of Radiography Jonathan Mamou and Yao Wang Polytechnic School of Engineering New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201 Based on Prince and Links,

More information

Radiation Detection and Measurement

Radiation Detection and Measurement Radiation Detection and Measurement Third Edition Glenn F. Knoll Professor of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York/Chichester/Weinheim/Brisbane/Toronto/Singapore

More information

U (superscript is mass number, subscript atomic number) - radionuclides nuclei that are radioactive - radioisotopes atoms containing radionuclides

U (superscript is mass number, subscript atomic number) - radionuclides nuclei that are radioactive - radioisotopes atoms containing radionuclides Chapter : Nuclear Chemistry. Radioactivity nucleons neutron and proton all atoms of a given element have the same number of protons, atomic number isotopes atoms with the same atomic number but different

More information

3 Radioactivity - Spontaneous Nuclear Processes

3 Radioactivity - Spontaneous Nuclear Processes 3 Radioactivity - Spontaneous Nuclear Processes Becquerel was the first to detect radioactivity. In 1896 he was carrying out experiments with fluorescent salts (which contained uranium) and found that

More information

Dosimetry of ionizing radiation

Dosimetry of ionizing radiation Dosimetry of ionizing radiation Estimated average of annual dose from natural background and man-made sources is 3.6 msv. environmental occupation military nuclear industry medical use Distribution of

More information

Chapter 19 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability and Modes of Decay

Chapter 19 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability and Modes of Decay Chapter 19 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability and Modes of Decay History and Discovery of Radioactivity The Discovery of Radioactivity (1896) Antoine-Henri Bequerel designed experiment to determine

More information

Chapter 22 - Nuclear Chemistry

Chapter 22 - Nuclear Chemistry Chapter - Nuclear Chemistry - The Nucleus I. Introduction A. Nucleons. Neutrons and protons B. Nuclides. Atoms identified by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus 8 a. radium-8 or 88 Ra II.

More information

Chapter 3 Radioactivity

Chapter 3 Radioactivity Chapter 3 Radioactivity Marie Curie 1867 1934 Discovered new radioactive elements Shared Nobel Prize in physics in 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911 Radioactivity Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission

More information

RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY

RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY Michael G. Stabin Radiation Protection and Dosimetry An Introduction to Health Physics 123 Michael G. Stabin Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences Vanderbilt

More information

MODERN PHYSICS Frank J. Blatt Professor of Physics, University of Vermont

MODERN PHYSICS Frank J. Blatt Professor of Physics, University of Vermont MODERN PHYSICS Frank J. Blatt Professor of Physics, University of Vermont McGRAW-HILL, INC. New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico Milan Montreal New Delhi

More information

1ST SEM MT CHAP 22 REVIEW

1ST SEM MT CHAP 22 REVIEW 1ST SEM MT CHAP 22 REVIEW Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. (CAPITAL LETTERS ONLY PLEASE) 1. Mass defect is the difference between the mass

More information

CHAPTER 19 THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS NUCLEAR STRUCTURE The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons. A protonis a positively charged particle having mass 1.6726 x 10(-27) kg and charge 1.6 x 10(-19) coulomb.

More information

Radiological Preparedness & Emergency Response. Session II. Objectives. Basic Radiation Physics

Radiological Preparedness & Emergency Response. Session II. Objectives. Basic Radiation Physics Radiological Preparedness & Emergency Response Session II Basic Radiation Physics Objectives Discuss the difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Describe radioactive decay. Discuss the

More information

Chapter V: Cavity theories

Chapter V: Cavity theories Chapter V: Cavity theories 1 Introduction Goal of radiation dosimetry: measure of the dose absorbed inside a medium (often assimilated to water in calculations) A detector (dosimeter) never measures directly

More information

neutrons in the few kev to several MeV Neutrons are generated over a wide range of energies by a variety of different processes.

neutrons in the few kev to several MeV Neutrons are generated over a wide range of energies by a variety of different processes. Neutrons 1932: Chadwick discovers the neutron 1935: Goldhaber discovers 10 B(n,α) 7 Li reaction 1936: Locher proposes boron neutron capture as a cancer therapy 1939: Nuclear fission in 235 U induced by

More information

Chapter 10. Table of Contents. Section 1 What Is Radioactivity? Section 2 Nuclear Fission and Fusion. Section 3 Nuclear Radiation Today

Chapter 10. Table of Contents. Section 1 What Is Radioactivity? Section 2 Nuclear Fission and Fusion. Section 3 Nuclear Radiation Today Nuclear Chemistry Table of Contents Section 1 What Is Radioactivity? Section 2 Nuclear Fission and Fusion Section 3 Nuclear Radiation Today Section 1 What Is Radioactivity? Bellringer Before studying about

More information

RADIOACTIVITY & HALF-LIFE Part 2

RADIOACTIVITY & HALF-LIFE Part 2 RADIOACTIVITY & HALF-LIFE Part 2 Radioactivity Radioactivity: Results from radioactive decay, which is the process whereby unstable atomic nuclei transform and emit radiation. Has existed longer than the

More information

Upcoming features in Serpent photon transport mode

Upcoming features in Serpent photon transport mode Upcoming features in Serpent photon transport mode Toni Kaltiaisenaho VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Serpent User Group Meeting 2018 1/20 Outline Current photoatomic physics in Serpent Photonuclear

More information

Radiation safety of the Danish Center for Proton Therapy (DCPT) Lars Hjorth Præstegaard Dept. of Medical Physics, Aarhus University Hospital

Radiation safety of the Danish Center for Proton Therapy (DCPT) Lars Hjorth Præstegaard Dept. of Medical Physics, Aarhus University Hospital Radiation safety of the Danish Center for Proton Therapy (DCPT) Lars Hjorth Præstegaard Dept. of Medical Physics, Aarhus University Hospital Rationale of proton therapy Dose deposition versus depth in

More information

IONIZING RADIATION RADIOLOGICAL PHYSICS The science of ionizing radiation and its interaction with matter Special interest in the energy absorbed Radiation dosimetry quantitative determination of that

More information

Physics of Particle Beams. Hsiao-Ming Lu, Ph.D., Jay Flanz, Ph.D., Harald Paganetti, Ph.D. Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School

Physics of Particle Beams. Hsiao-Ming Lu, Ph.D., Jay Flanz, Ph.D., Harald Paganetti, Ph.D. Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Physics of Particle Beams Hsiao-Ming Lu, Ph.D., Jay Flanz, Ph.D., Harald Paganetti, Ph.D. Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School PTCOG 53 Education Session, Shanghai, 2014 Dose External

More information

Classroom notes for: Radiation and Life Thomas M. Regan Pinanski 207 ext 3283

Classroom notes for: Radiation and Life Thomas M. Regan Pinanski 207 ext 3283 Classroom notes for: Radiation and Life 98.101.201 Thomas M. Regan Pinanski 207 ext 3283 1 Thus, after the directly ionizing radiation has lost its energy, it is no longer radiation; it simply becomes

More information

Phys102 Lecture 29, 30, 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity

Phys102 Lecture 29, 30, 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Phys10 Lecture 9, 30, 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Key Points Structure and Properties of the Nucleus Alpha, Beta and Gamma Decays References 30-1,,3,4,5,6,7. Atomic Structure Nitrogen (N) Atom

More information