X-ray Interaction with Matter

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1 X-ray Interaction with Matter Rhodes Module 2

2 Interaction with Matter

3 kv & mas Peak kilovoltage (kvp) controls Quality, or penetrating power, Limited effects on quantity or number of photons in the beam Milliampere-seconds (mas) controls Quantity of radiation that is directed toward a patient (ma x s = mas)

4 Control of X-Ray Beam Quality Radiographer and Patient Dose Selects technical exposure factors that control beam quality and quantity Is responsible for the dose the patient receives during procedure With understanding of technical exposure factors, radiographers can minimize the dose to the patient and produce optimal-quality images.

5 Significance of X-ray Absorption in Biologic Tissue X-rays are carriers of manmade EM energy As x-rays enter human tissue, they may Interact with the atoms of the biologic material in the patient Pass through without interaction

6 X-Ray Interaction with Human Tissue EM energy is transferred from x-rays to the atoms of the patient s biologic material (absorption), and the amount of energy absorbed per unit mass is the absorbed dose (D). Keep the amount of electromagnetic energy transferred to the patient s body as small as possible to minimize the possibility of biologic damage.

7 Benefit for the Radiographer When Patient Dose Is Minimal Less radiation is scattered from the patient Reduces the occupational hazard for the radiographer

8 X-Ray Beam Production and Energy Production of primary radiation A diagnostic x-ray beam is produced when a stream of high-speed electrons bombards a positively charged target in an evacuated glass tube. Target (anode) used in general radiography: Tungsten (a metal) or Tungsten rhenium (a metal alloy) Tungsten and tungsten rhenium are used as target materials High melting points High atomic numbers

9 Filtration of the Diagnostic X-Ray Beam Inherent filtration (built-in) Added filtration (a certain thickness of added aluminum to harden the beam) Total filtration (permanent) removes low-energy x-ray photons, thereby decreasing patient dose. The combination of the x-ray tube glass wall and the added aluminum placed within the collimator may be called the permanent inherent filtration of the x-ray unit.

10 Primary Radiation Primary radiation is the x-ray photon beam that emerges from the x-ray tube and is directed toward the image receptor.

11 Energy of Photons in X-Ray Beam vs Energy of the Electrons Hitting Target Not all photons in a beam have the same energy. The most energetic photons in the beam can have no more energy than the electrons that bombard the target. The energy of the electrons inside the x-ray tube is expressed in terms of electrical voltage - applied across the tube it is expressed in volts or kilovolts (kv or kvp).

12 Electron Energy If an electron is drawn across an electrical potential of 1 volt, it has acquired energy of 1 electron volt (ev). 100 kvp means that the electrons bombarding the target have a maximum energy of 100,000 ev or 100 kev. For a typical diagnostic x-ray unit, the energy of the average photon in the x-ray beam is about one third of the energy of the most energetic photon.

13 Interaction Types Penetrate tissue without interacting Interact and be completely absorbed Interact and be scattered, deflected and loose part of its energy

14 Primary, Exit, and Attenuated Photons

15 Attenuation Direct and indirect transmission of x-ray photons When an x-ray beam passes through a patient, it goes through a process called attenuation. Some primary photons will traverse the patient without interacting (direct transmission). These noninteracting x-ray photons reach the radiographic image Other primary photons can undergo Compton and/or coherent interactions and as a result may be scattered or deflected with a potential loss of energy. ( indirect transmission)

16 Attenuation Interaction of x-rays by absorption & scatter to reduce the beam

17 The Optimal X-Ray Image Is formed only when direct transmission x-ray photons reach the image receptor. In clinical situations, scattered photons do reach the image receptor (IR) and degrade image quality. Several methods (air gaps and radiographic grids are the most common) have been devised to limit the effects of indirectly transmitted x-ray photons.

18 Effect of Scatter Radiation on IR When obtaining a radiographic image, because many billions of small-angle scatter events occur, a greater overall exposure of the IR occurs, producing radiographic fog.

19 Probability of Photon Interaction with Matter Interaction of photons with biologic matter is random. It is impossible to predict with certainty what will happen to a single photon when it enters human tissue. It is possible to predict what will happen on the average when a large number of photons enter the human body, and this is more than adequate to determine the characteristics of the image that results from such numerous interactions (see Table 3-1 and Appendix D in textbook).

20 X-ray Interactions with Matter Coherent Scatter (Classical or Thompson) Compton Effect Photoelectric Effect Pair Production Photodisintegration 20

21 Coherent/Classical Scattering AKA Thompson, Rayleigh, Elastic & Unmodified Energy below 10 kev Change of direction Deposits no energy ג = ג י Not important for diagnostic area 21

22 Compton Scattering (Incoherent, Inelastic, or Modified Scattering) See Appendix G in textbook.

23 Compton Scatter AKA Incoherent, Inelastic or Modified Scattering Outer shell electron interaction Ionizes atom Scatters x-ray Longer WL, lower Freq Compton e - (recoil e - ) E i = E s + (E b + E ke ) Backscatter radiation 23

24 All-Directional Scatter Compton scattering results in all-directional scatter. The scatter created may be directed forward as smallangle scatter, backward as backscatter, and to the side as sidescatter. The intensity of radiation scatter in various directions is a major factor in planning the protection for medical imaging personnel during a radiologic examination.

25 Compton Probability

26 Photoelectric Effect - PE Inner shell interaction Ionizes Atom Incident Photon absorbed Create Photoelectron E i = E b + E ke Atom unstable pulls e - from L shell Characteristic Radiation produced ( secondary radiation) 26

27 Photoelectric Absorption Photoelectric Absorption. A, On encountering an inner-shell electron in the K or L shells, the incoming x-ray photon surrenders all its energy to the electron, and the photon ceases to exist. B, The atom responds by ejecting the electron, called a photoelectron, from its inner shell, thus creating a vacancy in that shell. C, To fill the opening, an electron from an outer shell drops down to the vacated inner shell by releasing energy in the form of a characteristic photon. Then, to fill the new vacancy in the outer shell, another electron from the shell next farthest out drops down and another characteristic photon is emitted, and so on until the atom regains electrical equilibrium. There is also some probability that instead of a characteristic photon, an Auger electron will be ejected.

28 Probability of Occurrence of Photoelectric Absorption Depends on: Energy (E) of the incident x-ray photons Atomic number (Z) of the atoms comprising the irradiated object Increases markedly as the: E of the incident photon decreases Z of irradiated atom increases

29 Probability of PE Effect More likely to occur with high atomic number Substance Eff At# Kg/m 3 Air Fat Water Muscle Bone

30 PE & Compton Probabilities Soft tissue & bone Probability of interactions is equal between 20 KeV for soft tissue and 40 KeV for bone

31 Photoelectric Interaction vs. Compton Scatter Percent Interactions kvp Photoelectric Compton Total Interaction Total Transmission >99 < >99 < >99 < Copyright 2013 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 31

32 Impact of Photoelectric Absorption on Radiographic Contrast The greater the difference in the amount of photoelectric absorption, the greater the contrast in the radiographic image. As absorption increases, so does the potential for biologic damage. To ensure both radiographic image quality and patient safety, choose the highest-energy x-ray beam that permits adequate radiographic contrast

33 Use of Contrast Media to Ensure Visualization of Anatomic Structures If tissues or structures are similar in Z, and mass density must be distinguished, use of appropriate contrast media may be needed to ensure visualization of those tissues or structures in the radiographic image. Use of positive contrast medium Use of negative contrast medium

34 Positive Contrast Media Barium - Atomic #56 Iodine Atomic #53

35 Technique Considerations for Contrast Agents Photoelectric Effect K-Shell Edge Absorption K-Shell binding energy of Ba is 37 K-Shell binding energy of I is 33 Barium kv Iodine 80 kv

36 Use of Contrast Media to Visualize Anatomic Structures

37 Differential Absorption and Image Production 37

38 Difference in Absorption Properties Among Different Body Structures Make diagnostically useful images possible The less a given structure attenuates radiation, the greater will be its radiographic density on a radiographic film. The more a given structure attenuates radiation, the lesser will be its radiographic density on a radiographic film.

39 Body Part Thickness The thickness factor is approximately linear.

40 Mass Density of Different Body Structure Influences attenuation

41 Factors Affecting Differential Absorption Higher atomic number (Z) PE absorption greater in absorbers with higher Z Compton scatter unaffected by Z number Increased kvp PE absorption decreases sharply Compton scatter remains proportionally greater Increased mass density PE absorption increases Compton scatter increases 41

42 How Increasing Factors Affect Differential Absorption Higher Atomic Number (Z) Higher kvp Higher Mass Density PE absorption Compton scatter unaffected Transmitted x-rays Copyright 2013 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 42

43 Pair Production 1.02 MeV or greater Nuclear field interaction X-ray converted to matter (2 electrons) Positron and Negatron Does not occur in diagnostic ranges 43

44 The incoming photon (equivalent in energy to at least MeV) strongly interacts with the nucleus of the atom of the irradiated object and disappears. In the process, the energy of the photon is transformed into two new particles: a negatron (electron) and a positron. The negatron eventually recombines with any atom that needs another electron. The positron interacts destructively with a nearby electron. During the interaction, the positron and the electron annihilate each other, with their rest masses converted into energy, which appears in the form of two MeV photons, each moving in the opposite direction. Pair Production

45 Photodisintegration 10 MeV or greater Nucleus Does not occur in diagnostic ranges 45

46

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