RADIOACTIVITY. An atom consists of protons, neutrons and electrons.
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1 RADIOACTIVITY An atom consists of protons, neutrons and electrons. - Protons and neutrons are inside the nucleus - Electrons revolve around the nucleus in specific orbits ATOMIC NUMBER: - Total number of protons on the nucleus symbol is Z MASS NUMBER - Total number of nucleons (sum of protons and neutrons) in the nucleus symbol is A It is represented by Z X A. ISOTOPES: Atoms of the same element having same atomic number but different mass number (e.g) 1 H 1. 1H 2. 1H 3. There are two kinds of isotopes. - Stable isotopes number of neutrons is nearly equal to number of protons. - Unstable or radioactive isotopes number of neutrons is much more than number of protons. ISOBARS Atoms of different elements having same mass number A but different atomic number Z (e.g) 6 C 14. 7N 14. If the number of protons and neutrons get interchanged inside the nucleus, they are called mirror isobars.
2 (e.g) 11 Na Mg 23. ISOTONES: Atoms having different number of protons but same number of neutrons are called isotones. RADIO ACTIVITY Isotopes of nearly all elements of atomic number >82 are radioactive because number of neutrons >> number of protons. Any physical change (such as change in temperature and pressure) or chemical change (such as excessive heating, freezing, action of strong electric and magnetic fields, chemical treatment, oxidation etc.) does not change the nature of radiation because the effect is felt only in the orbital electrons and not in the nucleus. Radioactivity is the process of spontaneous emission of alpha, beta or gamma radiations from the nucleus of atoms during the decay. Read the diagrams given in page 282: fig 12.4, 12.5 Properties of alpha particles Ionising power is maximum Penetrating power is very less Properties of beta particles Ionising power is less than alpha particle Penetrating power is more than alpha Properties of gamma particles Ionising power is minimum Penetrating power is very large
3 CHANGES WIHIN NUCLEUS IN ALPHA, BETA AND GAMMA EMISSION ALPHA EMISSION: If a nucleus X emits an alpha particle, a new element is formed which has mass number (A - 4) and atomic number equal to (Z 2). THIS IS EXPRESSED BY: (example) BETA EMISSION: If a nucleus X emits a beta particle, the number of nucleons remains same, but the number of neutrons is decreased by one and the number of protons id increased by one. (OR) By the emission of a beta particle, the mass number A does not change but the atomic number is increased by one.
4 GAMMA EMISSION: There is no change in the mass number and atomic number in gamma emission. USES OF RADIOACTIVITY: Radio isotopes isotopes whose atomic number < 82 are called radio isotopes. Uses in Medical Scientific Industrial fields (important: be specific when you are asked to write the benefits) Sources of harmful radiations: Radioactive fallout Nuclear waste Other sources (including cosmic radiation and X rays) Safety precautions Safety measures while establishing a power plant Safety measures while handling radioactive materials Safety measures in safe disposal of radioactive waste Any two points to be read
5 BACKGROUND RADIATIONS: Internal source potassium (K-40) present inside the body External source cosmic rays (radon-222) NUCLEAR FISSION AND FUSION Nuclear fission: heavy nucleus split into two light nuclei by bombarding with slow moving neutrons Radioactive decay nuclear fission 1. It is a self-process it does not occur by itself 2. The rate of decay cannot be controlled can be controlled Nuclear fusion: process by which two light nuclei combine to form a new nucleus Nuclear fission nuclear fusion 1. Splits into two nearly equal fragments two light nuclei combine To form a heavy nucleus 2. Reaction possible at ordinary reaction possible at very Temperature and pressure high temperature Any two differences is enough
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