1) Determine the range of host plants attacked and used as feeding only or feeding and reproducing hosts by this polyphagous stink bug.

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1 Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station: Elucidating the biology, host plant use, and movement of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug on ornamental trees and shrubs 1) Determine the range of host plants attacked and used as feeding only or feeding and reproducing hosts by this polyphagous stink bug. 2) Elucidate the temporal phenology and biology of BMSB on ornamental trees and shrubs. 3) Evaluate the type and levels of plant injury caused by BMSB.

2 Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Activities in Ornamental Systems and Research Plans for 2011 Paula Shrewsbury, Michael Raupp, and Holly Martinson Department of Entomology, University of Maryland Eastern Branch Entomological Society of America March 19, 2011

3 Brown Marmarated Stink Bug: Ornamentals Ornamental host plants Patterns in ornamentals Abundance, movement Damage Research to date Future research plans

4 Ornamental plants Woody plant hosts include: Abelia spp., Acer spp. (maple), Buddleia spp. (butterfly bush), Catalpa spp., Celosia argentea L. (celosia), Cercis canadensis (Eastern Redbud), Cladrastis kentukea (yellow wood), Gleditsia triacanthos (honey locust), Hibiscus rosasinensis L. (hibiscus), Liriodendron tulipifera (tulip tree), Lonicera spp. (honeysuckle), Malus spp. (crab apples), Paulownia spp. (princess tree), Platanus spp. (sycamore), Prunus serotina (black cherry), Prunus x. yedoensis (Yoshino cherry), Quercus spp. (oak), Rosa rugosa, Syringa spp. (lilac), Ulmus spp. (elm), and Zelkova serrata (zelkova). Herbaceous plant hosts include: Cleome spp. (spider flower), dahlia spp., Helianthus annuus (sunflower), zinnia spp., and even some weeds such as burdock (Articum spp.).

5 Host use at the cultivar level eggs nymphs Total cultivars sampled: 178 Total used by any stage: Cultivars used by stage Eggs: 63 Nymphs: 112 Adults: adults 28

6 Average Count Top 10 Hosts for Adults ( >4 Nymphs + Adults) Syringa pekinensis Morton Syringa pekinensis Zhang Zhiming Acer x freemanii Jeffersred Acer rubrum October Glory Acer rubrum Bowhall Cercis canadensis Alba Cladrastis kentukea Perkins Pink Platanus x acerifolia Bloodgood Nyssa sylvatica Wildfire Prunus serrulata Kwanzan Nymphs & Adults Egg Masses Taxa by Rank

7 Average Count Top 5 Hosts for Egg Masses ( > 0.1 Egg Masses) Nymphs & Adults Egg Masses Evodia daniellii Cornus macrophylla Cladrastis kentukea Perkins Pink Tilia tomentosa Sterling Cercis canadensis Alba Taxa by Rank

8 Average Count Cultivars Not Used Acer davidii Acer palmatum var. dissectum 'Inaba shidare Betula nigra 'BNMTF Cedrus atlantica var clauca Chamaecyparis nootktensis 'Pendula Cornus florida 'Jean's Appalachian Snow Hamamelis x intermedia 'Arnold Promise Metasequoia glyptostroboides Picea orientalis 'Atrovirens Picea pungens 'Glauca Picea pungens glauca 'Majestic Blue Pinus aristata Pinus koraiensis 'Morris Blue Thuja plicata 'Zebrina Acer palmatum x dissectum 'Crimson Queen' Acer rufinerve Cedrus atlantica 'Aurea' Cedrus deodara 'Shalimar' Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Crippsi' Cornus florida 'Kay's Appalachian Mist' Hamamelis x intermedia 'Diane' Picea omorika 'Pendula' Picea pungens 'Fat Albert' Picea pungens 'Hoopsii' Picea pungens glauca 'Van Sikes Pinus koraiensis Thuja plicata 'Emerald Cone' Xanthoceras sorbifolia Nymphs & Adults Egg Masses Taxa by Rank

9 Ants and stinging Hymenoptera attracted to feeding wounds Images by M. Raupp, UMD

10 Future Research and Collaborations Host plant use Feeding, reproduction, phenology/biology Damage and thresholds Greenhouse and nurseries Spatial patterns Movement between overwintering habitats and crops Geospatial analysis landscape level relationships Common sampling method across commodities and regions Optimizing trap design (monitoring, control) Light and pheromone Pesticide evaluations

11 Insecticidal solutions for home gardeners Assumptions Home gardeners will want to treat vegetables and stink bugs with Ready to Use (RTU) products commonly found in retail outlets Stink bugs will be exposed to dry residues on surfaces and to direct sprays

12 Insecticidal solutions for home gardeners Objectives Evaluate efficacy of Ready to Use (RTU) products commonly found in retail outlets Survival of adults, nymphs (early instar, 2 nd ), and eggs Test efficacy of dry residues and direct sprays Investigate recovery from exposure to synthetic pyrethroid (permethrin) and neonicotinoid (acetamiprid) Test efficacy of growth regulator (azadirachtin)

13 Materials and Methods Stink bugs obtained from field (adults) and colonies (nymphs, eggs) Products formulated as RTUs Applications Dry residues sprays to bioassay arenas allowed to dry 48 hours Direct sprays stink bugs places in containers, sprayed with insecticides

14 Manufacturers, Products, Rates Bonide, Eight, permethrin, 0.02% Bonide, All seasons hort. spray oil, pet. oil. 2% Bonide, Hot pepper wax, capsaicin, % Bonide, Insecticidal soap, pot. salts f.a., 1% Bonide, Capt. Jack s dead bug, spinosyn A&D, 0.001% Shultz, Garden safe fungicide 3, neem oil, 0.9% Ecosmart, Garden insect killer, rosemary oil 0.25%, peppermint oil 0.25%, thyme oil 0.25%, clove oil 0.25% Ortho, Fruit, flower, and vegetable, acetamiprid, 0.006% Garden tech, Sevin, carbaryl, 0.126% Distilled water control

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21 Lethality Index = Day 0-7 Day 0-7 Day 0-7 [(BMSB Alive x 0.0) + (BMSB Moribund x 0.5) + (BMSB Dead x 1.0)] 240 x 100 Challenges to chemical controls: Knock down and recovery of BMSB following applications of some pesticides Season long immigration Many not compatible with IPM and biocontrol Active Ingredient Lethality Index Dimethoate 93.3 Malathion 92.5 Bifenthrin 91.5 Methidathion 90.4 Endosulfan 90.4 Methomyl 90.1 Chlorpyrifos 89.0 Acephate 87.5 Permethrin 77.1 Azinphosmethyl 71.3 Dinotefuran 67.3 Fenpropathrin 66.7 Kaolin Clay + Thiamethoxam 66.7 Formetanate HCl 63.5 Thiamethoxam 56.3 Clothianidin Beta-cyfluthrin Gamma-cyhalothrin 53.8 Lambda-cyhalothrin 52.9 Zeta-Cypermethrin 52.1 Cyfluthrin 49.0 Esfenvalerate 43.3 Imidacloprid 40.0 Tolfenpyrad (SC) 36.5 Oxamyl 34.2 Tolfenpyrad (EC) 33.3 Pyrifluquinazon 28.3 Kaolin Clay 23.1 Diazinon 20.4 Phosmet Acetamiprid Thiacloprid 18.3 Abamectin 16.3 Indoxacarb 11.3 Spirotetramat 9.8 Carbaryl 9.2 Flonicamid 7.7 Water (Control) 5.8 Cyantraniliprole 1.7 Laboratory study to evaluate potential pesticides for suppression of BMSB (by Leskey and Wright, USDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station, WV)

22 Chemical Control of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Active Ingredient Exterior Use Ornamental Trees/Shrubs Vegetables Acetamiprid N Y Y ß-cyfluthrin Y Y N Bifenthrin Y Y Selected Cyfluthrin Y Y Selected Deltamethrin Y Y N Dinotefuran N Y Selected Fenpropathrin N N N A-cyhalothrin Y Y Selected

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30 MANAGEMENT: Biological USDA-ARS The search for classical biological control agents is underway Several native parasitoids and predators, including Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), attack BMSB

31 Biological Control indigenous parasitoids Kim Hoelmer USDA research natural enemies Found that indigenous egg & adult parasitoids do attack BMSB at low levels Generalist species Specialist egg parasitoids of Pentatomidae capable of exerting substantial egg mortality Parasitoids seem poorly adapted to BMSB Some generalist predators have been documented Natural enemy activity could vary by habitat and plant host

32 Biological Control international parasitoids Kim Hoelmer foreign exploration in Asia to find natural enemies adapted to BMSB Egg parasitoids seem to be the most promising Brought back 3 species of Trissolcus In Asia these species display high rates of parasitisms (50-80%) These parasitoids are clearly adapted to BMSB Little knowledge on full host range of these species One potential species in Japan Trissolcus mitsukurii parasitized native stink bugs and BMSB

33 Biological Control Trissolcus basalis parasitize stink bug eggs by inserting one of their own eggs inside the host s egg. Usually will utilize 100% of the eggs in a clutch. Furthermore, T. basalis is known to parasitize adult stink bugs. The egg, bore a hole inside the adult stink bug and feed on them internally.

34 Biological Control - Predators

35 Comparisons of Capture Mechanism and Deployment Strategy = ground deployment = canopy deployment = visual cue CBC America, Japan Sankei Chemicals Co., Ltd., Kagoshima, Japan AFRS Comparison with commercially available traps. Deployed in perimeter row of a pear orchard. Three replicates. Sampled twice weekly from August 2-September 30, 2010.

36 Response To Wavelengths and Intensities of Light

37 Identification of True Pheromone

38 Development of Behaviorally Based Monitoring Tools and Management Strategies for BMSB Attract and Kill Strategy Killer Fungi

39 Billions of Dollars U.S. Trade Balance of Payments - Imports Year Sour ce, U. S. Census Bur eau

40 Thanks for listening to a stinky story Acknowledgements Paula Shrewsbury, Holly Martinson, Galen Dively and Cerruti Hooks, Dept. of Entomology, University of Maryland Jon Traunfeld and Mary Kay Malinoski, Home and Garden Information Center, University of Maryland Steve Jacobs, Department of Entomology, Penn State, Doug Inkley, National Wildlife Federation, Washington, D.C. Rich Cooper Cooper Pest Solutions and Rutgers University Tracy Leskey and Starker Wright, USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV