Invasive Pests Affecting Ornamentals in the Florida. Landscape
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1 Invasive Pests Affecting Ornamentals in the Florida March 2008 Landscape Catharine Mannion UF/IFAS Tropical Research and Education Center Photos: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
2 One of the biggest problems in pest management is the introduction and establishment of invasive pests
3 Invasive Pests Some of the pests we have been dealing with include: Cycad aulacaspis scale Hosts: cycads Lobate lac scale Hosts: Numerous woody Sri Lanka weevil Hosts: Numerous Pink hibiscus mealybug Hosts: More than 300 Holopothrips sp. Hosts: Tabebuia sp. Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
4 Recently Introduced Pests of Concern Ficus whitefly Fig wax scale Weeping ficus thrips Red Palm Mite Chili thrips Icerya genistae Photo: H. Glenn and R. Duncan, UF/IFAS
5 Ficus Whitefly Singhiella simplex (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) New U.S. continental record Currently in Miami-Dade and Broward Counties Found on both upper and lower leaf surface Faint grey band on the middle of the wings Life cycle - 3 to 4 weeks Photo: A. Roda, USDA APHIS Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
6 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Ficus Whitefly
7 Ficus Whitefly Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
8 Ficus Whitefly Hosts F. benjamina (weeping fig) F. altissima F. bengalensis ( banyan tree ) F. aurea (strangler fig) F. microcarpa (Cuban laurel) F. maclellandii (bananaleaf fig) Leaf yellowing Rapid leaf drop Photo: H. Glenn, and C. Mannion, UF/IFAS
9 Predators Collected in Miami on Ficus Infested with Whitefly Photos: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Harmonia axyridis Olla v-nigrum Exochomus childreni Chilocorus nigritis Curinus coeruleus
10 Parasitoids Collected in Miami on Ficus Infested with Whitefly Encarsia protransvena Amitus bennetti Photos: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
11 Fig Whitefly Management in the Landscape Monitor for early signs of infestation When pruning trees and hedges Allow leaves to dry before removing Current pesticide recommendations Apply a neonicotinoid as a soil DRENCH Limited foliar recommendations (horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, Avid, Forbid, Distance, Talus, pyrethroids, and neonicotinoids*)
12 Fig Whitefly Management Landscape Drench Application Choices Active Ingredient Trade Name Over the counter Commercial Product Requires Prof. Applicator or license Clothianidin Arena 50 WDG X Aloft (combined with pyrethroid) X Dinotefuran Safari 20SG X X Spectricide Systemic Tree & Shrub Insect Control + Fertilizer X Imidacloprid Merit 75 WP, 75 WSP or 2F CoreTect X Bayer Advanced Tree & Shrub Insect Control Bayer Advanced Tree & Shrub Insect Control Landscape Formula X X Thiamethoxam Meridian 25WG X
13 Another Whitefly Also on Ficus Tetraleurodes fici Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
14 Fig Wax Scale Ceroplastes rusci First found in Florida in the mid 1990 s; reported as a pest of Ixora spp. Broad range of host plants (22 plant families) Recent infestations in Miami - on large ficus trees; understory plants also infested Produce a large amount of honey dew which leads to excessive sooty mold
15 Fig Was Scale Adult females are found on twigs; eggs hatch to crawlers which move to feed on the leaves, after about one month the 2 nd instar nymphs migrate to the leaf petioles or to new shoots. Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
16 Fig Wax Scale Parasitized dying scale? Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
17 Fig Wax Scale - Management Parasites present (6 parasites have been identified) Light infestations Horticultural oil or insecticidal soap Heavy infestations Insecticides recommended for scale control Large trees may require a soil application of a neonicotinoid to take advantage of the systemic properties and long term control
18 Fig Wax Scale Pesticide Options Neonicotinoids Acetamiprid (TriStar) Clothianidin (Arena, Aloft*) Dinotefuran (Safari) Imidacloprid (Merit, Cortect, Allectus*) Thiamethoxam (Meridian) IGRs Azadirachtin (Azatin) Pyriproxyfen (Distance) Pyrethroids Bifenthrin (Talstar) Cyfluthrin (Tempo) Deltamethrin (DeltaGard) Other Acephate (Orthene) Malathion * Combination product (neonicotinoid + pyrethroid)
19 Other New Pests on Ficus Blister galls caused by a small wasp Reported in 2007 in Naples only the Cuban-laurel. Photos: D. Caldwell, UF/IFAS Fig gall midge reported in the Naples area on F. microcarpa G. Steck G. Steck
20 Weeping Ficus Thrips (Gynaikothrips uzeli) First noted in 2003 due to heavy damage on Ficus benjamina in south Florida Prefer tender, new foliage Feeding causes sunken, reddish spots on leaves. Leaves tend to curl and fold inward. Photos: UF/IFAS MREC
21 Management - Ficus Thrips Damage Adults and nymphs Predatory bug feeding on thrips Monitor new foliage which is what they prefer; remove folded leaves Landscape may not be economic to control (natural enemies) Oils and soaps would probably will not work well Pesticides that can be used include abamectin (Avid), acephate (Orthene), acetamiprid (TriStar), azadirachtin (Azatin), cyfluthrin (Decathlon), dinotefuran (Safari) imidacloprid (Merit), novaluron (Pedestal), and spinosad (Conserve). Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
22 Number of Thrips
23
24 Number of Thrips
25 Number of Thrips
26 Thrips Damage
27 Thrips Damage
28 Thrips Damage
29 Thrips Damage
30 Management of Ficus Thrips Thrips peak in late spring and late summer The predatory bugs were able to bring the populations back down after these peak periods Orthene and Safari (drench treatments) provided control may only be needed during peak thrips populations All insecticides reduced the number of predators Overall, the level of damage did not differ much between the insecticide treatments and the control treatments over the long term
31 Red Palm Mite (Raoiella indica) Previously found in India, Philippines, Mauritius, Reunion, Malaysia, Israel and Egypt Since 2004 spreading through the Caribbean Currently in Palm Beach and Broward Counties. Photo: J. Pena, UF/IFAS
32 Hosts Plants Palms Coconut Cocos nucifera Manila- Adonidia merrillii Date Phoenix dactylifera Areca (Butterfly) Dypsis lutescens Christmas Veitchia merrillii Hurricane or Princess Dictyosperma album Banana, ginger, bird of paradise and other plants within the Musaceae Note: In Puerto Rico, the effect of mite feeding reduces leaf area and may also reduce coconut yield
33 Red Palm Mite Damage Chlorosis and necrosis Mites found on the underside of the leaves
34 These mites are small (0.01 inches), flat, oval, red. Usually feed on the underside of the leaf Newly hatched larva has 3 pairs of legs Total development: d Oviposition 20 to 50 eggs over lifetime Photo: J. Pena, UF/IFAS
35 Management of Red Palm Mite in the Landscape Cultural Control Prune heavily infested (damaged) plants, double bag and dispose. DO NOT move infested plants or plant parts. Biological Control Some natural enemies have been identified; work is in the early stages. Insecticides Although, there are miticides available, chemical management in the landscape will be difficult Not all miticides will be efficacious; there are no systemic miticides
36 Miticides Labeled in Florida Product Trade name Label Rate Range (per 100 gal) Greenhouse and Nursery Ornamentals Landscape Ornamentals MO A Spiromesifen Forbid 480 SC 2-4 fl oz No Yes 23 Judo 2-4 fl oz Yes No 23 Acequinocyl Shuttle 15 SC fl oz Yes No 20 Bifenazate Etoxazole Floramite SC TetraSan 5WG 4-8 fl oz Yes Yes oz Yes Yes 10B Milbemectin Ultiflora 8-16 fl oz Yes No 6
37 Chili Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis) Originally from south Asia; found in Florida in 2005 Currently found in numerous counties from Key West to Gainesville Feeds on a variety of wild and cultivated plants including ornamentals, fruits and vegetables Capable of spreading at least 3 viruses including tomato spotted wilt virus. L. Osborne, UF-IFAS H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
38 Life cycle days. 60 to 200 eggs per female Eggs are inserted in plant tissue Immatures are pale in color and very small Pupation may occur in the soil or on the plant. Adults are small ( mm), pale yellow to gray in color with incomplete dark stripes on the upper surface of the abdomen. Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
39 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Thrips Damage
40 Damage to Buttonwood Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
41 Chili Thrips - Management Numerous natural enemies including parasitoids and predatory mites, thrips, beetles and bugs. Various foliar and drench treatments, alone or combined with oil have achieved some success Pesticides that can be used include abamectin (Avid), acephate (Orthene), acetamiprid (TriStar), azadirachtin (Azatin), cyfluthrin (Decathlon), dinotefuran (Safari) imidacloprid (Merit), novaluron (Pedestal), and spinosad (Conserve).
42 Icerya genistae First found in Florida in 2005 on a legume and was considered a new continental U.S. record Attacks numerous ornamental plants Economic significance is unknown Can reach high populations on a greater host range than anticipated Photos: L. Buss, UF/IFAS and S. Halbert, FDACS
43 Icerya genistae Male Immature stages and molting Photos: Glenn, UF/IFAS
44 Icerya genistae Anovia punca (beetle predator) Beetle larva Scale Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Adult beetle Adult beetle feeding Beetle larva feeding
45 Pesticide Recommendations Use pesticides safely Always follow label instructions Check to be sure the site you are using the product is allowed on the label (i.e. landscape) The use of trade names are solely for the purpose of providing information; this presentation does not signify any approval or exclusion of suitable products
46 Pest Alerts Web Resources University of Florida ( DOACS (
47 Catharine Mannion Research and Extension Specialist Ornamental Entomology University of Florida, IFAS Tropical Research and Education Center SW 280 th Street Homestead, FL
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