Chapter(3( The(Biosphere(

Transcription

1 Chapter(3( The(Biosphere(

2 The(Biosphere( A(Species(is(a(group(of( organisms(that(are(so( similar(to(each(other(that( they(can(breed(and(produce( fertile(offspring.(( 2(

3 SPECIES( (A(miniature(poodle(and(a(pit( bull(are(the(same(species.(( 3(

4 SPECIES( (A(horse(and(a(donkey(can(produce(babies,(but( the(babies(can(not(reproduce,(so(a(horse( and(a(donkey(are(separate(species(and(their( babies(are(called(mules.(( 4(

5 SPECIES( The(bearded(dragon( is(a(species.( 5(

6 A(Population(is(a(group( of(the(same(species(that( lives(in(the(same(area.(( 6(

7 POPULATION( This group of bearded dragons in Australia is a population. 7(

8 A(Community(is(all(of( the(living(things(in(an( area.(( 8(

9 COMMUNITY( The bearded dragons, the Aborigines, spinifex grasses, acacias, thorny devils, and camels are the community of the MacDonnell Ranges. 9(

10 An(Ecosystem(is(the(living( organisms(and(the(nonliving( environment(of(an(area.(( 10(

11 ECOSYSTEM( All of the member of the community of the MacDonnell Ranges plus the mountains, sand, climate, and other non-living factors make up the Ecosystem. 11(

12 A(Biome(is(a(group(of( ecosystems(that(have(similar( characteristics.( 12(

13 BIOME( The MacDonnell Ranges ecosystem is part of the Western Australian Desert Biome. 13( July(22,(2012( Footer(text(here(

14 MAJOR(BIOMES( DESERT( 14( July(22,(2012( Footer(text(here(

15 MAJOR(BIOMES( TROPICAL( RAINFOREST( 15( July(22,(2012( Footer(text(here(

16 MAJOR(BIOMES( DECIDUOUS( FORESTS( 16( July(22,(2012( Footer(text(here(

17 MAJOR(BIOMES( TUNDRA( 17( July(22,(2012( Footer(text(here(

18 MAJOR(BIOMES( TAIGA( 18( July(22,(2012( Footer(text(here(

19 MAJOR(BIOMES( WE(LIVE(IN(A( DECIDUOUS( FOREST(BIOME( 19( July(22,(2012( Footer(text(here(

20 The Biosphere is all of the places on Earth where life exists, including the land, water, and air. 20( July(22,(2012( Footer(text(here(

21 Energy(Flow( Organisms that make their own food are called Producers. Plants are producers. They make their food by photosynthesis. 21(

22 Energy(Flow( Organisms(that(make(their(own(food(are(also( known(as(autotrophs.( 22(

23 Energy(Flow( Organisms that get their food and energy from other organisms are called Consumers and are also known as Heterotrophs. 23(

24 Energy(Flow( Herbivores only eats plants. 24(

25 Energy(Flow( Bunnies and many birds are herbivores. 25(

26 Energy(Flow( Carnivores only eat other animals. Wolves are carnivores. 26(

27 Energy(Flow( Omnivores(eat(plants( and(animals.( 27(

28 Energy(Flow( This is my favorite omnivore. 28(

29 Energy(Flow( A(Food(Chain(is(a(series( of(steps(in(which(one( organism(eats(another( and(then(is(eaten(.( 29(

30 Energy(Flow( A(Food(Web(is(a( series(of( interconnected( food(chains.(( 30(

31 Cycles(of(Matter( The(Water(Cycle(is( the(movement(of( water(in(different( stages((liquid,(solid,( gas)(on(the(earth.( 31(

32 Cycles(of(Matter( Evaporation(is(the(change( from(liquid(water(to( atmospheric(gas.(( Transpiration(is(when( water(enters(the( atmosphere(from(the( leaves(of(plants((product(of( photosynthesis!)( 32(

33 NUTRIENT(CYCLES( Carbon(is(the(most(important(element(in( living(things.(the(carbon(cycle(is(the(cycle(by( which(carbon(is(exchanged(on(earth(in( various(forms 33(

34 NUTRIENT(CYCLES( Photosynthesis(and( Cellular(Respiration( are(two(parts(of(the( Carbon(Cycle,(there( are(many(more. 34(

35 NUTRIENT(CYCLES( The(Nitrogen(Cycle(is(the(process( by(which(nitrogen(is(converted( between(its(various(chemical( forms( 35(

36 NUTRIENT(CYCLES( Nitrogen(is(required( to(build(proteins(and( is(part(of(most(plant( fertilizers.( 36(

37 ECOLOGY( Chapter(4( ECOSYSTEMS(AND(CLIMATE(

38 The(Role(of(Climate( The(average,(year`after`year(conditions(of(temperature( and(precipitation(in(a(region(is(its(climate.((

39 The(Role(of(Climate( The(natural(situation(in(which(greenhouse(gases(trap( heat(energy(to(maintain(earth s(temperature(range(is( the(greenhouse(effect.(

40 The(Role(of(Climate(

41 The(Role(of(Climate( Greenhouse(gasses(are( carbon(dioxide,(methane,( water(vapor,(and(other( gases.((

42 The(Role(of(Climate( There(are(three(main( climate(zones.((

43 The(Role(of(Climate( The(polar(zones(are( near(the(north(and( South(poles(

44 The(Role(of(Climate( The(tropical(zone(is(near(the(equator.(

45 The(Role(of(Climate( The(temperate(zones(are(between(the( polar(zones(and(the(tropical(zone.(

46 What(Shapes(an(Ecosystem?(

47 What(Shapes(an(Ecosystem?( The(living(things(in(an(ecosystem(are(the( Biotic(Factors.(

48 What(Shapes(an(Ecosystem?( The(non`living(factors(are(the(Abiotic( Factors.(

49 What(Shapes(an(Ecosystem?( An(organisms (job(in(an( ecosystem(is(its(niche.(((

50 What(Shapes(an(Ecosystem?( The(relationship( between(two(species( that(live(closely( together(is(called( Symbiosis.(

51 What(Shapes(an(Ecosystem?( Predation:(one( organism(captures(and( eats(another(

52 What(Shapes(an(Ecosystem?( Mutualism:(both( species(benefit(in(the( relationship(

53 What(Shapes(an(Ecosystem?( Commensalism:(one( species(benefits(and(the( other(in(unaffected(

54 What(Shapes(an(Ecosystem?( Parasitism:(one(species( benefits(and(the(other(is( harmed(

55 What(Shapes(an(Ecosystem?( Parasitism:(one(species( benefits(and(the(other(is( harmed(

56 What(Shapes(an(Ecosystem?( Ecological(Succession:(the(change(in(a(community( caused(by(natural(and(human(disturbances(

57 What(Shapes(an(Ecosystem?( Primary(Succession(:(on(land(where(there(is(no(soil(.( Example( (after(volcanic(eruption(

58 What(Shapes(an(Ecosystem?( Secondary(Succession:(on(land(where(there(is(soil.( Example( (after(a(wildfire(

59 Biomes( There(are(at(least(ten(different(Biomes(on(the(Earth.( Each(Biome(has(a(characteristic(climate(and(community( of(organisms.((

60 Biomes( Tropical(Rainforest( Hot(and(wet(year`round( Broad`leaved(evergreen(plants;(ferns;(orchids( Sloths;(jaguars;(parrots;(butterflies(

61 Biomes( Tropical(Savanna( (Grassland)(( Warm(temperatures;(seasonal(rainfall( Tall(grasses,(fire`resistant(trees(and( shrubs( Lions,(zebras,(ostriches,(elephants,( eagles(

62 Biomes( Desert( (Varied(temperature;( Little(rainfall( Cacti,(succulents;( Plants(with(short(growing(cycles( Hawks,(rats,(ants,(snakes,(lizards,( tortoises(

63 Biomes( (Temperate((Deciduous)( Forest( Moderate(precipitation;( Cold(winters,(warm(to(hot( summers( Broadleaf(deciduous(trees;( flowering(shrubs;(ferns( Deer,(bears,(squirrels,(songbirds(

64 Biomes( Tundra(( Low(precipitation;(long,( cold,(dark(winters;( permafrost( Mosses,(lichens;(low( growing(plants( Musk(ox,(caribou,(arctic( foxes;(animals(with(thick(fur( or(heavy(feathers(

65 Biomes( BIOME! CLIMATE! PLANTS! ANIMALS! Tropical Rainforest! Hot and wet year-round! Broad-leaved evergreen plants; ferns; orchids! Sloths; jaguars; parrots; butterflies! Tropical Savanna (Grassland)! Warm temperatures; seasonal rainfall! Tall grasses, fire-resistant trees and shrubs! Lions, zebras, ostriches, elephants, eagles! Desert! Varied temperature;! Little rainfall! Cacti, succulents;! Plants with short growing cycles! Hawks, rats, ants, snakes, lizards, tortoises! Temperate (Deciduous)! Forest! Moderate precipitation;! Cold winters, warm to hot summers! Broadleaf deciduous trees; flowering shrubs; ferns! Deer, bears, squirrels, songbirds! Taiga! (Boreal Forest)! Moderate precipitation, long cold winters! Spruce and fir trees; small shrubs! Wolves, weasels, moose! Tundra! Low precipitation; long, cold, dark winters;! permafrost! Mosses, lichens; low growing plants! Musk ox, caribou, arctic foxes; animals with thick fur or heavy feathers!

66 ECOLOGY( POPULATIONS(

67 How(populations(grow( The(number(of(individuals(per(unit(of(area(is(the( Population(Density.( It(is(one(of(the(main(characteristics(that(describe(a( natural(population.((

68 How(populations(grow( The(population(density(of(Buford(is(720(people(per( square(mile.(

69 How(populations(grow( The(population(density(of(Atlanta(is(3,161(people( per(square(mile..((

70 How(populations(grow( The((population(density(of(Union(County(in(the( north(georgia(mountains(is(31(per(square(mile.(

71 How(populations(grow( In(science,(the(metric(system(is(used.(For(instance,( the(density(of(deer(in(rural(north(georgia(is(11(to(17( deer(per(square(kilometer.(

72 How(populations(grow( The(movement(of(individuals(INTO(an(area(is(called( Immigration.((

73 How(populations(grow( The(movement(of(individuals(OUT(of(an(area(is( called(emigration.((

74 How(populations(grow( Exponential(Growth(occurs(when(the(population( grows(at(a(constant(rate.((

75 How(populations(grow( Logistic(Growth(occurs(when(the(population s( growth(slows(or(stops(following(a(period(of( exponential(growth.((

76 How(populations(grow( The(number(of(individuals(that(an(environment(can( support(is(the(carrying(capacity.((

77 Limits(to(growth( A(Limiting(Factor(is(a(factor(that(causes(population( growth(to(decrease.((

78 Limits(to(growth( Limiting(Factors(are:(( COMPETITION(

79 Limits(to(growth( Limiting(Factors(are:(( PREDATION(

80 Limits(to(growth( Limiting(Factors(are:(( PARASITISM(

81 Limits(to(growth( Limiting(Factors(are:(( DISEASE(

82 Limits(to(growth( Limiting(Factors(are:(( DROUGHT(

83 Limits(to(growth( Limiting(Factors(are:(( OTHER(CLIMATE(EXTREMES(

84 Limits(to(growth( Limiting(Factors(are:(( HUMAN(DISTURBANCES(

85 Limits(to(growth( Density( (Dependent(Limiting(Factors(depend(on( population(size.(limiting(factors(that(depend(on( population(size(are(competition,(predation,( parasitism,(and(disease.(these(factors(are(stronger( when(a(population(is(large(and(dense.(

86 Limits(to(growth( If(there(is(a(flu(outbreak,(where(will(it(spread(faster?((( Atlanta,( (Buford,(or(( north(georgia(mountains?(

87 Limits(to(growth( Limiting(Factors(are:(( Competition( (organisms(compete(for(food,(water,(space,( sunlight,(and(other(essentials.(( The(more(individuals(there(are(in(an(area,(the(sooner(the( available(resources(will(be(used(up.((

88 As(the(moose(population(increases(from(1960(to(1965,(the(wolf( population(also(increases.(when(the(wolf(population(falls(in(1966,(the( moose(population(shows(a(significant(increase.((as(the(wolf(population( increases(after(1970,(the(moose(population(falls.(as(the(wolf(population( falls(after(1985,(the(moose(population(rises(dramatically.((

89 Limits(to(growth( Limiting(Factors(are:(( Unusual(weather,(natural(disasters,(seasonal(cycles,( and(human(activities(are(density( (Independent( Limiting(Factors.(

90 Human(Population(Growth( The(human(population( tends(to(increase(with( time.((

91 Human(Population(Growth( Demography(is(the(scientific(study(of(human( population.((

92 ECOLOGY( HUMANS(IN(THE(BIOSPHERE(

93 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( The(biosphere(is(the(part(of(the(Earth(where(life(exists,(including(the(land,(water,(and(air.((

94 Human(activities(that(affect(the(biosphere(are:(( HUNTING(

95 Human(activities(that(affect(the(biosphere(are:(( GATHERING(

96 Human(activities(that(affect(the(biosphere(are:(( AGRICULTURE(

97 Human(activities(that(affect(the(biosphere(are:(( INDUSTRY(

98 Human(activities(that(affect(the(biosphere(are:(( URBAN(DEVELOPMENT(

99 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( The(use(of(modern(agricultural(techniques(developed(in(the(20 th (century(that( increased(the(food(supply(was(called(the(green(revolution.(

100 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( Renewable(resources(can(be(replenished(by(a(biochemical(cycle(if(they(are(non( living(and(can(regenerate(if(they(are(living.(

101 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( Even(though(most(animals(need(oxygen(to( survive,(it(is(a(renewable(resource(because( it(is(replenished(through(photosynthesis.((

102 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( Pine(trees(that(are(grown(on(farms(and(used(for(building(materials(can(be( regenerated((re`grown).(

103 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( A(renewable(resource(is(NOT(unlimited.(Although(water(is(replenished( through(the(water(cycle,(if(it(becomes(polluted(or(there(is(a(drought,(it(is( limited.(

104 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( Human(activity(affects(the(quality(and(supply(of(renewable(resources.((

105 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( Using(a(natural(resource(without(using(it(up(is(called(Sustainable(Development.(

106 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( A(Nonrenewable(resource(cannot(be(replenished(by(natural(processes.((

107 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( Fossil(fuels(like(coal(and(gas(take(millions(of(years(to(be(replenished.((

108 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( A(redwood(forest(is(nonrenewable(because(it(would(take(thousands(of(years(to( regenerate(if(it(was(destroyed.(

109 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( Overgrazing,(poor(farming(practices,(and(drought(can(turn(productive(land(into( a(desert( (the(process(is(called(desertification.(

110 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( The(loss(of(forests(leads(to(severe(erosion(`(the(process(is(called(deforestation.(

111 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( Smog:(a(mixture(of(chemicals(that(causes(a(gray`brown(haze(in(the(air.(Smog( usually(occurs(in(big(cities.(

112 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( A(pollutant(is(anything(harmful(that(enters(the(biosphere(through(the(land,( water,(or(air.(

113 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( Burning(fossil(fuels(causes(acid(rain(which(can(damage(or(kill(plants.(

114 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( The(variety(of(organisms(in(the(biosphere(is(called(Biodiversity.(

115 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( Biodiversity(provides(us(with(foods(and(medicines.(

116 Human)activity)reduces)biodiversity)by)) destroying(habitats(

117 Human)activity)reduces)biodiversity)by)) hunting(species(to(extinction(

118 Human)activity)reduces)biodiversity)by)) introducing(toxins(into(the(food(web(

119 Human)activity)reduces)biodiversity)by)) introducing(foreign(species(into(the(environment(

120 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( When(concentrations(of(harmful(substances(increase(in(organisms(at(higher( trophic(levels,(it(is(called(biological(magnification.(

121 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( An(Invasive(Species(is(one(that(has(immigrated(to(a(place(where(they(are(not(native.(

122 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( The(Ozone(Layer(is(a(layer(in(the(Earth s(atmosphere(with(a(high(concentration(of(ozone(gas.( It(absorbs(harmful(UV(radiation(which(causes(sunburns.(It(is(the(Earth s(sunscreen.(

123 Humans(in(the(Biosphere( Global(warming(is(the(increase(in(the(average(temperature(of(the(biosphere.( Melting(polar(ice(is(a(sign(of(global(warming.(

124 25-1 Hormones and Plant Growth 25-1 Hormones and Plant Growth Plant growth follows certain patterns that differ among species. Also, plants never stop growing due to action of chemicals/meristems Biologists have found that plant cells send signals to one another that indicate when to divide and when not to, and when to develop into a new kind of cell Plant hormones, which are chemical substances, control a plant's patterns of growth and development, and the plant's responses to environmental conditions Hormones have different affects in different tissues of the plant

125 25-2 Plant Responses Like all living things, plants respond to changes in their environments. Biologists call this plant behavior The responses of plants to external stimuli are called tropisms. These include gravitropism, phototropism, and thigmotropism

126 The response of a plant to gravity is called gravitropism. This causes a plant to grow up out of the soil against the force of gravity. It causes the roots to grow into the soil with the force of gravity.

127 A plant's response to light is called phototropism. This causes a plant to grow toward a light source.

128 The response of plant to touch is called thigmotropism. A plant that is touched regularly can sometimes be stunted in growth. Another example of this is the growth of vines and climbing plants.

129 Some plant responses are so fast they are not considered tropisms. Instead they are referred to as rapid responses. Sometimes caused by changes in osmotic pressure (caused by diffusion of water into cells) and cell wall expansion. Plants also respond to periods of light and darkness. This response is called photoperiodism. This is responsible for timing of seasonal activities like flowering and growth.

130 Plants that flower when days are short are called short-day plants, plants that flower when days are long are called long-day plants. The period during which an organism's growth and activity decrease or stop is known as dormancy. These changes are important in protecting plants over the cold winter months. As cold approaches deciduous plants turn off photosynthetic pathways and transport materials from leaves to roots and seal off the rest of the plant.

131 In temperate regions, flowering plants lose their leaves during winter. A series of events that gradually shut down the leaf. First, chemical pathways for chlorophyll synthesis stop, revealing yellow and organge carotenoids. New pigments are produced in autumn which produce the brilliant colors of autumn. The nutrients from the broken down chlorophyll are transported to other parts of the plant, where they're stored until spring. An abscission layer of cells at the petiole seals the leaf off from the plant's vascular system.

132 25-3 Plant Adaptations To take in sufficient oxygen, many aquatic plants have tissues with large air-filled spaces through which oxygen can diffuse. The reproductive adaptations of aquatic plants include seeds that float in water and delay germination for long periods. Salt-tolerant plants take in much more salt than the plant can use. The roots are adapted to high salt concentrations. The leaves have specialized cells that pump salt out of the plant tissues and onto leaf surfaces, where it is washed away by rain.

133 Plants that live in the desert are called xerophytes. They have adaptations that include extensive roots, reduced leaves, and thick stems that can store water. Seeds of many desert plants can lie dormant for years, until sufficient moisture guarantees them a chance for survival.

134 Plants that have specialized features for obtaining nutrients include carnivorous plants and parasites. Some plants live in areas where there is very little or no nitrogen present. They obtain nutrients and use specialized leaves that trap and digest insects or sometimes frogs.

135 Some plants extract water and nutrients from a host. Epiphytes are plants that are not rooted in soil, so they grow on the bodies of other plants. Found mostly in tropical rain forest, but also in other moist biomes. They gather their own moisture from rainfall and produce their own food. The most common epiphyte is spanish moss. Many plants defend themselves against insects attack by manufacturing compounds that have powerful effects on animals. Some are poisons and are lethal when eaten. Others act as insect hormones and disrupt normal growth and development.