Life Processes Taxonomy Cells Nutrition

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Bryan Mosley
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1 Life Processes Taxonomy Cells Nutrition

2 There are 8 things that all Biotic organisms must perform in order to be alive. How many can you name?

3 1. Nutrition - the process by which living things take in materials from its environment for growth and repair; there are 2 types 1) autotrophic nutrition - where a living Organism can make its own food 2) heterotrophic nutrition--where a organism must ingest (take in) its food

2. Transport the process by which usable

Circulatory system- blood carries materials

4 2. Transport the process by which usable materials are taken into the living thing (ABSORPTION) and distributed throughout the living thing (CIRCULATION) Examples: Circulatory system- blood carries materials needed for body ( oxygen, nutrients, hormones) Cytoplasm liquid within the cell

5 3. Respiration Respiration The release of energy from the food and oxygen we take in. Mitochondria is the Organelle that performs respiration.

6 Types of Energy There are two types: Aerobic- uses oxygen to make energy long sustained periods of energy. Anaerobic- does not use oxygen to make energy. It is Short bursts of energy.

7 4. Synthesis The process by which smaller, simple substances are combined chemically to form larger, more complex substances. Think Legos Lego Prank

8 Ph_t_syn esis

9 5. Growth the process by which living things increase in size or cell number. Dog Growth Human Growth

10 6. Excretion Excretion the removal of liquid and gaseous wastes. Egestion - the removal of solid wastes undigestable wastes. (Remember egestion is Gross) City Kitty

11 METABOLIC WASTES are produced as organisms perform their life processes. In humans, these wastes include: WATER SALT CARBON DIOXIDE and UREA. Organisms that perform photosynthesis produce oxygen as a waste.

12 7. Regulation Regulation - Control of all activities in an organism. This helps maintain balance (Homeostasis). 2 body systems work to maintain this-nervous and Endocrine(hormones)

13 8. Reproduction Production of a new individual. (Not needed for the individual to survive. BUT Must have for the species to survive.) Two Types: Sexual- 2 Parents Asexual- 1 Parent

14 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Only one parent contributes DNA. Offspring are genetically identical to that parent.

15 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Two parents contribute DNA. Offspring show a combination of the characteristics of both parents.

16 How to Remember? R- Respiration R- Regulation R- Reproduction E- Excretion G- Growth N- Nutrition T- Transport S- Synthesis R R R E G N T S

17 SUMMARY 1. All living things share certain characteristics that distinguish them from non-living things. 2. The way living things carry out these processes may be different. 3. Non-living things lack the metabolic processes that maintain homeostasis.

18 Metabolism Metabolism - the total of all 8 life processes. When a person states he has high or low metabolism this is what they are talking about. It is the combination of all the life functions working together. R R R E G N T S = METABOLISM

19 Homeostasis Is the body maintaining internal balance. When all the life processes are occurring normally, it is maintaining homeostasis.

cools body Shivering- heats the body Sugar Levels-

20 If a body is not in homeostasis then FEEDBACK MECHANINSMS kick in Examples: Body Temperature- Sweating cools body Shivering- heats the body Sugar Levels- Pancreas produces hormone called Insulin- maintains glucose (sugar) levels

21 Classification 21

22 Carolus Linnaeus th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today 22

23 If organisms are similar in structure chemistry genetics embryology then they are closely related and they share a common ancestor. 23

24 Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos 24

26 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species BIGGEST GROUP Most Specific 26

27 King Peter Came Over For Great Spaghetti copyright cmassengale 27

28 Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? 28

Domains The criteria considered in grouping organisms in this five kingdom system are: 1.The number of cells the organism is composed of (Unicellular/Multicellular) 2.

29 Domains The criteria considered in grouping organisms in this five kingdom system are: 1.The number of cells the organism is composed of (Unicellular/Multicellular) 2. The presence or absence of a nucleus in each cell (Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic) 3. Type of nutrition the organism does (Autotrophic/heterotrophic) 4. Its ability to move from place to place. (Motile/Sessile) 29

more than 10 TIMES the number of cells you have in your entire body.

30 MONERA unicellular no nucleus or other internal cell structures A helpful and harmful species Prokaryotic (Your body contains about 100 trillion bacteria -- more than 10 TIMES the number of cells you have in your entire body. Ideally, the ratio between the bacteria in your gut is 85 percent "good" and 15 percent "bad. )

31 Most are unicellular (Some are multicellular) Most are heterotrophic (Some Autotrophic) Contains Nucleus Eukaryotic Protist 31

32 Fungi Multicellular Sessile Absorptive heterotrophs (Absorb food from dead or decaying matter) 32

33 Plants Multicellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose (Photosynthesis) 33

34 Animals Multicellular Heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals Motile 34

35 Cell Intro Cells

36 MODERN CELL THEORY 1. The cell is the smallest unit of structure and function in living things. 2. All cells arise from pre-existing cells. 3. The cells of all living organisms carry on similar metabolic activities.

37 Levels of Organization for Multicellular Organism: Cells Tissue Organs Organ Systems Organism (Simple ) (Most Complex) Example: Muscle cell Muscle Tissue Muscle Muscular System Human

38 Cells The cell is the Basic Unit of Life Cell is the smallest unit of living organisms Unicellular organisms are made of one cell only The cells of multicellular organisms are specialized to perform different functions

39 Basic Structure of a Cell Cell Video

40 Cell membrane surrounds the cell separates the cell contents from the environment disposes of waste products exchanges materials * Fence with Gates *

41 Cell Membrane The cell membrane is SEMI- PERMEABLE. Some substances can pass through it, while others can not. The membrane regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell.

42 CYTOPLASM the fluid-like material that fills the space between the cell membrane and the organelles. cytoplasm * Lawn *

43 The organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm transports materials within the cell.

44 Nucleus Controls the normal activities of the cell Nucleus Contains the DNA and Chromosomes Enclosed by a nuclear membrane (like the cell membrane) The nucleus controls cell metabolism and reproduction. * City Hall *

45 The chromosomes are made of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Gene < DNA < Chromosome < Nucleus

46 Vacuole Vacuole Stores food, waste, water. * Storage Unit *

47 Nucleolus Inside nucleus Makes ribosomes that make proteins * Mayors Office *

48 Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum The ER is a bunch of tunnels that transport materials throughout the cell. Smooth ER does not have ribosomes Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface * Subway System*

49 Ribosomes site of protein synthesis Ribosomes Can be floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum * Towns Factories *

Golgi Bodies The Golgi bodies package and

receiving side Receive & modify proteins

50 Golgi Bodies The Golgi bodies package and send out cell products. Stacks of flattened sacs Transport vesicle Have a shipping side & a receiving side Receive & modify proteins made by ER * UPS Store * Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch

51 Mitochondria Mitochondria releases the energy from nutrients through aerobic cellular respiration. Animation * Power Plant *

52 Contain digestive enzymes Lysosome Break down food and worn out cell parts for cells Programmed for cell death (releases an enzymes to * Sanitation Department *

53 Plant Cell Organelles

54 Chloroplast Contain the green pigment chlorophyll Traps sunlight to make sugars (food) Process is called photosynthesis

55 Plant Cells Cell wall Dead layer Large empty spaces present between cellulose fibers Freely permeable Nonliving layer Gives structure and shape to plant and bacterial cells

56 Plant Cells Vacuole Have a large central vacuole Contains sap, sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes,& water.

57 Differences between plant cells and animal cells Animal cells Smaller in size Irregular shape No cell wall Small Vacuole No Chloroplast Plant cells Larger in size Regular shape Cell wall Large central vacuole Has Chloroplast

58 Autotrophs and Photosynthesis

59 AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION, the organism can create nutrients from substances obtained from its environment.

60 PHOTOSYNTHESIS occurs in all green plants and algae, and in some bacteria and other protists.

61 General Equation for Photosynthesis CO 2 + H 2 0 C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Carbon dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen (Simple Sugar)

62 An chemical equation tells what happens in a chemical reaction. CO2 + H2O C6 H12 O6 + O2 reactants Raw Materials products Molecules that are produced

63 Things needed for photosynthesis WATER Travels up from the roots SUNLIGHT Gives the plant energy CHLOROPHYL L The green stuff where the chemical reactions happen CARBON DIOXIDE Enters the leaf through small holes on the underneath

64 In addition to chlorophyll, plants may contain a variety of other pigments. These pigments can be separated and identified by a lab technique called CHROMATOGRAPHY.

65 White light, such as sunlight, is made up of all different wavelengths of visible light.

66 Chlorophyll absorbs the RED and the BLUE wavelengths of light. The GREEN and the YELLOW wavelengths are not absorbed as well by chlorophyll.

67 29/05/2014 Where does Photosynthesis take place and Why?

69 The MESOPHYLL makes up the middle layers of the leaf. They are the PALISADE LAYER and the SPONGY LAYER. PALISADE LAYER MESOPHYLL SPONGY LAYER

70 Photosynthesis happens in the palisade cells in the leaf: Palisade cells

71 Close up on a palisade cell: Cell wall Cell membrane Large vacuole Chloroplasts (containing chlorophyll) Nucleus Cytoplasm

72 CYCLOSIS is the movement of the cytoplasm that carries the chloroplasts around the cell. This maximizes the amount of light absorbed by the leaf.

73 The epidermis is covered by a waterproof wax coating called the CUTICLE. The cuticle provides protection against water loss.

75 STOMATES allow the exchange of gases between the environment and the inner tissues of the leaf.

76 Each stomate is surrounded by a pair of GUARD CELLS. The guard cells open or close the stomate opening.

77 Leaf Tissue Leaf Part Function EPIDERMIS (covering) MESOPHYLL (photosynthetic) VASCULAR (transport) Cuticle Upper epidermis Lower epidermis Guard cells Stomates Palisade Layer Spongy Layer Air space Xylem Phloem Prevents water loss from the leaf Protects the upper leaf surface. Produces cuticle. Protects the lower leaf surface. Contains stomates. Open and close to regulate the size of the stomates. Pores that allow gas exchange to occur between the environment and the leaf s tissues. Compact layer of photosynthetic cells. Spread out layer of cells that permits air flow. Allows gases to pass to and from the leaf s internal tissues. Transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves. Transports dissolved sugar throughout the plant.

78 Just like we have veins in our body, plants have veins also. They are called the Xylem and the Phloem. Xylem Phloem

79 Xylem (zi lem) Phloem (flow em) The XYLEM carries water and minerals from the soil through the plant up to the leaves. The Phloem carries sugar from the leaves to down to the roots for storage.

80 Transpiration (trans per ation) TRANSPIRATION is the loss of water through the stomates of the leaf. Transpiration aids the movement of water throughout the xylem tissue.

82 ENGELMANN S EXPERIMENT Because RED AND BLUE are best absorbed, they are MOST EFFECTIVE for photosynthesis. Green light is least effective.

83 HETEROTROPHS cannot make their own food. They must obtain their nutrition from their environment.

84 Heterotrophic organisms include most bacteria, some protists, and all fungi and animals.

85 Heterotrophic nutrition involves the processes of ingestion, digestion, and egestion.

86 INGESTION includes the ways that heterotrophs take food into their bodies. Snake Eating

87 Ingestion is often accompanied by MECHANICAL DIGESTION of food. Large pieces of food are broken down into smaller pieces by cutting, grinding, and tearing. Cow Chewing Mechanical digestion increases the surface area of food.

88 CHEMICAL DIGESTION breaks down large, pieces of food into smaller pieces. Cow's Digestive System

89 In some heterotrophs, such as a paremecium and ameba chemical digestion is INTRACELLULAR. (within the cell) FOOD VACUOLE = HUMAN STOMACH

90 In most heterotrophs, digestion is EXTRACELLULAR. It occurs outside the cells. Then the end products of digestion are absorbed into cells.

91 EGESTION Indigestible materials are eliminated from an organism.

92 FUNGI (mushrooms) live in or on their food supply. They secrete chemicals that digest materials. The materials are then absorbed into the cells.

93 The AMEBA catches it s food particles by engulfing them using PSEUDOPODS. This process is known as PHAGOCYTOSIS. The food is digested in a FOOD VACULE. With the help of Lysosomes. White Blood cell Chase

94 In a paramecium, the CILIA push food particles into the ORAL GROOVE. The food is digested in a FOOD VACUOLE.

95 EXTRACELLULAR digestion takes place inside the hydra s GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY. Digestion is then completed INTRACELLULARLY (within the cells). The end products of digestion are used by all the cells of the organism. gastrovascular cavity

96 1. Food is ingested through the mouth. 2. Then passes through the esophagus to the CROP. 3. The Crop stores food. 4. Then the GIZZARD breaks down the food by grinding it mechanically.

97 5. The food passes into the INTESTINE, where it is chemically digested. 6. The end products are absorbed into the bloodstream. The design of the intestine is to create a large surface area. Digestion occurs in the food tube (outside of the cells). It is EXTRACELLULAR.

98 It also has SALIVARY GLANDS and GASTRIC CAECA, which release chemicals into the digestive tract to aid in chemical digestion.

99 The CROP stores food. The GIZZARD mechanically digests food. The STOMACH chemically digests food using the enzymes produced in specialized glands (the gastric caeca). CROP GIZZARD STOMACH

100 The HUMAN digestive system is a lot like that of the grasshopper and earthworm. Food moves in one direction through a tube called the GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT. Specialized organs carry out mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste.

Basic Structure of a Cell

Basic Structure of a Cell Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell 1 2 Number