CELL TYPE. Unit #4: Cell Structure & Func2on. Classifica(on, Endosymbiosis, Cell Type, Cell Organelles

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1 Unit #4: Cell Structure & Func2on Classifica(on, Endosymbiosis, Cell Type, Cell Organelles How are prokaryo(c cells and eukaryo(c cells similar? different? CELL TYPE

2 Cell Theory Many scientists were involved in creating this theory: Robert Hooke (1665), Matthias Schleiden (1838), Theodor Schwann (1838), & Rudolf Virchow (1855). All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. New cells are produced from existing cells. TED-Talk: 50-cent foldscopes (The NEW foldable microscope!) (9 minutes) 3 Two Broad Categories of Cells: PROKARYOTES - before a nucleus - smaller, less complex EUKARYOTES - contains a true nucleus - larger, more complex - contains membrane-bound organelles Eukaryotic Cell 4

3 Endosymbiosis theory raised by Lynn Margolis in 1970 suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotes are actual descendants of ancient prokaryotes. These cells formed a symbiotic relationship. Evidence: mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA, own ribosomes, and can replicate on their own. hlps:// 5 How are living things classified based on cell type? CLASSIFICATION

4 Taxonomy is the science of classifica(on. Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Pro2sta Fungi Animalia Plantae

5 Two Common Eukaryotic Cells: ANIMAL cells and PLANT cells Both cells are divided into functional compartments called ORGANELLES. Many of these organelles are MEMBRANE-BOUND. Both cells are filled with a fluid-like substance that supports the organelles called the CYTOSOL. CYTOPLASM refers to the cytosol and all the organelles other 10 than the nucleus

6 How are animal cells different from plant cells? CELL ORGANELLES The Nucleus - The Control Center Controls cell s activities Contains DNA that is attached to histone proteins that make up long fibers called chromatin. Each fiber is a chromosome. Covered by a double membrane perforated with pores called a nuclear envelope. Contains a condensed center called the nucleolus, which produces ribosomes. 12

7 Vacuoles - Storage Tank Membranous sacs that come in different shapes and sizes and have a variety of functions such as: Storage of food in animal cells Plants have a large central vacuole that can act as a lysosome or: Helps plant cell grow in size by storing water Can store vital chemicals or wastes In flower petals, vacuoles contain pigments that attract pollinators. May contain poisons that protect against plant-eating animals. Paramecium contain contractile vacuoles. Collect excess water from the cell and then expels it to the outside. 13 Lysosomes - The Trash Collectors Contain digestive enzymes Play an important role in apoptosis (cell suicide) Protists engulf food particles that get digested by lysosomes to release nutrients into the cell. White blood cells ingest bacteria and lysosomes destroy them. Damaged & old organelles get recycled. 14

8 Cytoskeleton Eukaryotic cells contain a meshwork of protein fibers, collectively called the cytoskeleton, extending throughout the cytoplasm of a cell. Provide structural support and are involved in various types of cell movement. Three main kinds of fibers: Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules 15 Flagella & Cilia Flagella are long, whip-like structures used to propel a cell Cilia are numerous, short hair-like structures that propel protists such as Paramecium. Cilia are also found on cells lining the human windpipe to sweep away mucus containing trapped debris out of our lungs. Flagella and cilia are both composed of microtubules. 16

9 Centrioles Aides in cell division NOT found in plant cells Composed of microtubules 17 Ribosomes Produces protein for the cell Made of ribosomal RNA (rrna) Produced in the nucleolus Two subunits that come together to form the ribosome Found either free floa(ng the cytosol or amached to the endoplasmic re(culum. 18

10 Endoplasmic Reticulum - The Highway System A network of flattened sacs and tubes Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface. Functions in modifying proteins. Smooth ER has no ribosomes. Functions in synthesizing lipids and helps process drugs. 19 Golgi Apparatus - The Post Office Flattened sacs looking like a stack of pita bread. Receives, modifies, and sends out substances manufactured by the ER in membrane-bound sacs called vesicles. 20

11 Chloroplasts - The solar panels Not found in animal cells! Found in plants and some protists. Contains its own DNA and ribosomes, has two membranes, and can replicate on its own Contains chlorophyll (green pigment that absorbs light) Carries out photosynthesis: Converts solar energy into chemical energy of glucose 21 Mitochondria - The power house Contains its own maternal DNA and can replicate on its own. Carries out cellular respiration: Converts chemical energy of glucose into usable energy of ATP 22

12 Cell Wall NOT found in animal cells! Plant cell walls are composed mostly of cellulose. Cell walls have strength & elasticity. Provides structural support Prokaryotes also have cell walls but they are composed of different material. 23 Cell Membrane - The Gatekeeper ALL cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane. Aids in structural support and acts as a gatekeeper to determine what substances pass into and out of the cell. Composed of: phospholipid bilayer proteins carbohydrate chains. 24

13 How are plant and animal cells structurally similar? Different? GENERAL CELL IMAGES ANIMAL CELL Cell membrane Nucleus (contains DNA) Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes (attached) Ribosomes (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Cytoskeleton Centrioles Vesicle Golgi apparatus Lysosome Mitochondrion somes Vacuole

14 Cell wall Cell membrane PLANT CELL Nucleus (contains DNA) Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes (attached) Ribosomes (free) Vacuole Golgi apparatus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Central vacuole Cytoskeleton Chloroplast Vesicle Mitochondrion PROKARYOTIC CELL Cell wall Cell membrane DNA Ribosomes Cell wall me Vacuole

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