Cell Types. Prokaryotes
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1 Cell Types Prokaryotes before nucleus no membrane-bound nucleus only organelle present is the ribosome all other reactions occur in the cytoplasm not very efficient Ex.: bacteria 1
2 Cell Types Eukaryotes cells with a membrane-bound nucleus division of labor is used very efficient Ex.: plants, animals, protists, fungi eukaryotic cell organelles 2
3 Cytoplasm ~ 70% H 2 O and ~ 30% proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and ions consistency of gelatin exact composition varies and is constantly changing Nucleus (The purple sphere) 3
4 Nucleus Central control area separated from the rest of the cell by a plasma membrane (nuclear envelope) with pores Contains chromatin which is composed of DNA and protein (wound up) Chromatin contains the genetic code of life (genes) Nucleus Chromatin condenses to make chromosomes DNA contains code for making proteins and other important molecules That code leaves nucleus on mrna (Messenger RNA) through the pores. 4
5 nucleolus (pl. nucleoli) Location where ribosomes are synthesized and partially assembled before leaving the nucleus Ribosomes (The little brown dots) 5
6 Ribosomes composed of RNA and protein site of protein synthesis (making proteins) some are free and the proteins are used in cytoplasmic reactions are the most common organelle in a cell can be up to 15,000 in a prokaryotic cell, more in eukaryotic cells endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Transport and processing area Network of interconnected flattened or tube-like structures Where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled Where proteins and other materials are exported from the cell 6
7 Rough ER ER where ribosomes are connected Proteins made by ribosomes on rough ER enter the ER and are transported to other parts of the cell Smooth ER ER without attached ribosomes May have enzymes present to break down harmful substances ex.: liver alcohol may have enzymes present to manufacture substances ex.: phospholipids Sometimes connected to the rough ER, then it may aid in transport 7
8 Smooth ER Rough ER golgi apparatus (The pink stuff) 8
9 golgi apparatus Flattened, slightly curved sacs located close to the ER Modify, sorts, packages and ships proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell. lysosomes (mainly animal cells) (small globe) 9
10 lysosomes (mainly animal cells) Vesicles formed by the golgi bodies Contain digestive enzymes that break down materials Also used in recycling of old/worn cell parts May be connected with the aging process More lysosomes in older people (break open & digest the cell?) Vacuoles (clear pocket) 10
11 Vacuoles Plant cells have one large vacuole Storage areas Fluid-filled, membrane structures that store food, H 2 O, and minerals Many unicellular freshwater protists have contractile vacuoles to remove excess H 2 O Mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria) (The orange foldy things) 11
12 Mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria) Powerhouse of the cell Where aerobic respiration occurs Sugar molecules are broken down in the presence of oxygen to release energy Convert energy stored in food to usable form Vary in number, size and shape Composed of a double membrane Passed on from mother Chloroplasts (some plant & algae cells) (These capsules with green things inside) 12
13 Chloroplasts (some plant & algae cells) Contain chlorophyll and other pigments used in photosynthesis Has a double membrane surrounding it Filled with liquid and numerous internal membranes used to trap light and produce simple sugars cytoskeleton Composed of long, thin protein structures that support the cell Located in the cytoplasm Also involved in movement 13
14 microfilament Composed of actin (protein) fibers Used for support of the cell Can be used in the movement of the cell 14
15 microtubule Usually longer & thicker than microfilaments Help some organelles move about the cell ex.: vesicles & mitochondria Also may serve as components of other organelles centrioles (animals) (yellow barrelshaped thing) 15
16 centrioles (animals) Are in pairs & important in cell reproduction Located near the nucleus Microtubules are arranged to form cylinders cilia and flagella Cilia: Hair-like organelles that extend from the surface of a cell Used to assist the cell in movement Flagella are usually longer and fewer in number than cilia 16
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