3.2. Eukaryotic Cells and Cell Organelles. Teacher Notes and Answers. section
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1 section 3.2 Eukaryotic Cells and Cell Organelles Teacher Notes and Answers SECTION 2 Instant Replay 1. Answers will vary. An example answer is a shapeless bag. 2. store and protect the DNA 3. mitochondria 4. chloroplasts Vocabulary Check 1. vesicles 2. ribosomes 3. chloroplasts mitochondrion 6. nucleus The Big Picture 7. make proteins 8. Plant cells have cells walls and chloroplasts.
2 section 3.2 Eukaryotic Cells and Cell Organelles Key Concept Eukaryotic cells share many similarities. Cells have an internal structure. Your skeleton is made of bones that help keep all your body parts in place. Eukaryotic cells have a skeleton, too. It is called the. The is a network of protein fibers. They look like a lot of tiny strings that crisscross a cell. The is the framework of a cell. It gives a cell shape, support, and strength. The can change as a cell needs to change. What might a cell look like if it had no? The supports and shapes the cell. Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. Proteins are a very important type of molecule that are used in all life functions. Basic life functions include reproduction, repair, and growth of injured cells or body parts. Life functions also include the regulation of circulation and digestion systems. You need proteins to digest the foods you eat or to move your muscles when you ride a bike. Proteins are at work when your heart beats or your eye blinks. Some hormones such as insulin, which controls your blood sugar levels, are also proteins. Proteins are very important, and many organelles work together to make them. These organelles include the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, the Golgi apparatus, and vesicles. Ribosomes are found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. However, the other organelles those surrounded by a membrane are found only in eukaryotic cells. Nucleus The nucleus stores and protects the DNA of the cell. DNA contains the genes that are the instructions for making proteins. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of thin, folded membranes that helps in the production of proteins and other molecules. The membranes are like a maze; they fold back on themselves and have little spaces inside the folds. There are two types of ER, smooth and rough. The rough ER looks bumpy because it has ribosomes attached to it. The nucleus stores and protects DNA. 42 Holt McDougal Biology
3 Ribosomes Ribosomes are tiny organelles that link amino acids together to form proteins. They are found on the surface of the ER and floating freely in the cytoplasm. Golgi apparatus Each Golgi apparatus is a stack of layers of membranes. In the Golgi apparatus, proteins are changed, put into packages, and carried to other places in the cell. Vesicles Vesicles are small sacs. They carry different molecules to where they are needed. Vesicles are generally short-lived and are formed and recycled as needed. What is the job of the nucleus? The Golgi apparatus modifies, packages, and transports proteins. Other organelles have various functions. Some organelles do jobs other than making proteins. Mitochondria Mitochondria are bean-shaped organelles that produce chemical energy that is usable by a cell. They have two membranes. The inner membrane has lots of folds that form compartments. Mitochondria also have their own ribosomes and DNA. At one time, mitochondria may have been independent prokaryotes that were taken in by larger cells. Vacuoles Vacuoles are sacs of fluids that store materials in a cell. These materials include water, food molecules, ions, and enzymes. Many plant cells have a large central vacuole. When filled with fluid, the central vacuole exerts pressure that can help support the plant. Lysosomes Lysosomes are organelles that contain enzymes. They protect a cell by attacking incoming bacteria or viruses. They also break down old cell parts. Centrioles Centrioles are shaped like cylinders. They are made of tiny tubes in a circle. They move when animal cells divide in two. Centrioles help form cilia and flagella, structures that help cells to move or to move liquids past a cell. Centrioles are surrounded by the centrosome. The centrosome is a small region of cytoplasm that organizes proteins into fibers that help cells divide. Highlight the organelle that produces usable energy for a cell. Mitochondria generate usable energy for the cell. Centrioles are separated during cell division. They help form cilia and flagella. Interactive Reader 43
4 summary of Cell Structure Eukaryotic cells have highly organized structures, including membrane-bound organelles. Plant and animal cells share many of the same types of organelles, but both also have organelles that are unique to their needs. PLANT CELL FOUND IN PLANT CELLS chloroplast central vacuole cell wall FOUND IN BOTH vesicle nucleus nucleolus endoplasmic reticulum (rough) ribosome centrosome endoplasmic reticulum (smooth) cell membrane Golgi apparatus mitochondrion vacuole ANIMAL CELL FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS centriole lysosome vesicle nucleus nucleolus endoplasmic reticulum (rough) ribosome centrosome endoplasmic reticulum (smooth) cell membrane Golgi apparatus mitochondrion vacuole 44 Holt McDougal Biology
5 Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts. Plant cells have two parts that animal cells do not have. Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts. Cell walls The cell wall is a strong, rigid layer that protects, supports, and shapes the plant cell. It surrounds the cell membrane. Some cell walls are very thick, such as those in a tree. When joined with others, they can support a very large plant. Some cell walls are thinner, like those in celery. Chloroplasts Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis that stores energy from sunlight as chemical energy for the plant. The chloro- part of the name chloroplast means green. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a green pigment, that helps capture energy from sunlight. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have two membranes and their own ribosomes and DNA. Circle the organelle that is similar in structure to mitochondria. Chloroplasts convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis. 3.2 Vocabulary Check Golgi apparatus lysosome nucleus vesicle centriole endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion cell wall ribosome vacuole chloroplast Choose the correct term from the list for each description. 1. little sacs that carry molecules 2. bumps that link amino acids 3. green organelles for photosynthesis 4. the skeleton of the cell 5. bean-shaped energy supplier 6. holder and protector of DNA Mark It Up Go back and highlight each sentence that has a vocabulary word in bold. 3.2 The Big Picture 7. What do the nucleus, ER, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles work together to do? 8. How are plant cells different from animals cells? Interactive Reader 45
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CELLS NOTES All living things are made of! THE DISCOVERY OF CELLS The Scientist Who? When? What was discovered? Robert Hooke Anton van Leeuwenhoek Looked through a very simple at a thin slice of and saw
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