7.L.1.2 Plant and Animal Cells. Plant and Animal Cells
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1 7.L.1.2 Plant and Animal Cells Plant and Animal Cells
2 Clarifying Objective: 7.L.1.2 Compare the structures and functions of plant and animal cells; include major organelles (cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and vacuoles).
3 Language Skill(s): 7.L.1.2 SWBAT explain to a partner the differences between plant and animal cells.
4 Organelles of the cell Cell membrane Forms the outside boundary that separates the cell from the environment. Found in both plant (inside cell wall) and animal cells. Controls what substances come into and out of a cell. Cell membranes are composed primarily of lipids (fats), proteins, and carbohydrates. Cell wall Rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of only plants & some other non-animal celled organisms. Composed of cellulose. Allows specific material to enter cell. Plasmodesmata is an open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol (cytoplasm) connect from adjacent cells.
5 Nucleus Location of most of the genes that directs the majority of the cell s activities. Location of most of the organelles of the cell in a eukaryotic cell. Because prokaryotic cells contain no nucleus they have a nucleoid. A nucleoid is a localized region within the cell where the genetic material can be found not separated by a membrane. Parts of the Nucleus Nuclear envelope (membrane) Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus Nuclear lamina A netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus & forms the boundary of the nucleus.
6 Chromatin Genetic material that provides the instructions for how the cell coils DNA into chromosomes. Chromosomes are the condensed coils of chromatin that form as a cell begins the Cell Cycle. Nucleolus Structure within the nucleus that synthesizes and assembles ribosomes. Ribosomes Small grain-like structures that are found throughout the cytoplasm. Ribosomes take the genetic code from the DNA via RNA and turns the code into specific proteins that can then be utilized throughout the body. There are 2 types of ribosomes 1. Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytoplasm. 2. Bound ribosomes are attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum.
7 Endoplasmic Reticulum Passageways that carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another. It is connected directly to the nuclear membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum accounts for ½ the total membranes found within a cell. The word endoplasmic means within the cytoplasm. The word reticulum is derived from the Latin word for network. Highway of the cell. There are 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum 1. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Called smooth because its surface lacks ribosomes. Used in the synthesis (making) of lipids (fats), metabolism of carbohydrates, and detoxification of drugs & poisons. 2. Rough endoplasmic reticulum Called rough because of the presence of ribosomes on its surface. Proteins made in the rough ER are used by various cells within the body; pancreas, liver, etc.
8 Golgi apparatus Also known as the Golgi body. It is the center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping.in essence the mail room of the cell. Receives proteins & other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum. Then packages and distributes to other parts of the cell as well as stores them for later secretion. Lysosomes Recycling center of the cell. Small, round structures containing chemicals that break down certain materials in cells. Large food particles Old cell parts Does these by a process called phagocytosis Phagocytosis is the process by which a cellular membrane surrounds and engulfs large molecules creating a vacuole around them. Lysosomal diseases include Pompe s disease as well as Tay Sach s disease.
9 Vacuoles Membrane bound sacs within a cell that perform various functions. Some sacs act as a storage area for the cell. Store excess nutrients, water, waste products, etc. Some sacs created via phagocytosis are used to break down macromolecules. Food vacuoles are created via phagocytosis to store food. Contractile vacuoles in protists are used to pump excess water from the cell. The central vacuole in plants in addition to storage also allows the plant cell to grow as it absorbs water without having to produce new cytoplasm.
10 Mitochondrion (mitochondria, pl.) Powerhouses of the cell. Organelle in which cellular respiration takes place. Cellular respiration is the process by which energy from food molecules are converted into energy that the cell can use to carry out its functions. Mitochondria contains its own DNA that regulates the production of proteins by its own free ribosomes. Chloroplasts Green structures inside plant cells that capture energy from sunlight in the process called photosynthesis & uses it to produce food for the cell. In addition they also, produce chlorophyll the green pigment responsible for the green color found in plant leaves.
11 Cytoplasm Thick gel-like substance located within the cell membrane & houses all organelles of the cell. Located within the cytoplasm is the cytoskeleton. Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm that plays a major role in organizing the structures & activities of a cell. Divided into 3 main components Microtubules Micorfilaments Intermediate filaments Its most obvious function is to give mechanical support to the cell and help maintain its shape. It also anchors some organelles and directs the movement of others. It also is involved in changing a cell s shape & the movement or motility of a cell.
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