ISA Arborist Certification Training Chapter 1 Tree Biology
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1 ISA Arborist Certification Training Chapter 1 Tree Biology Illinois Arborist Association Arborist Certification Training September 1, 2015 Presented by: Ben Reynoso & Eva Saunders
2 What is Tree Biology? The study of tree structure, the function of those structures and the interrelationship between both. Photo Credit: Mark Duntemann
3 What is a Tree? Long-lived perennial Woody Compartmentalizing organism Photo Credits: Mark Duntemann
4 Types of Trees Deciduous (oaks, maples, ash) Deciduous Conifer (larch, baldcypress) Photo Credits: Mark Duntemann Coniferous (pines, spruces, firs, junipers, yews)
5 Tree Form Excurrent trees: Strong central lead Most young trees Conifers, sweet gum Graphic: Urban Tree Foundation Photo Credit: Missouri State University
6 Tree Form Decurrent trees: Lateral shoots outgrow original terminal shoot Round-headed tree Typical of mature trees Oaks, elms Graphic: Urban Tree Foundation
7 Plant Growth Cellular Level Cell growth: A. Mitosis - cell division B. Cell differentiation 1. Cells change structure to specific function 2. Arranged tissues organized into organs (leaves, stems, roots, flowers and fruit) 3. Organs organized to function as an organism-tree. Photo: University of Wisconsin
8 Tree Growth Cells & Tissues (GROWTH) Meristems Cells that produce other cells Differentiation Change in the cells structure to assume a needed function Apical meristems Meristems located at the ends of shoots/buds and roots (primary growth) Cambium Lateral Meristems that produce the tree s vascular system (secondary growth) Cork Cambium lateral meristem that produces bark
9 Tree Growth Meristem is the tree growth zone Primary meristem: Responsible for elongation of roots and stems Located in the tips of roots and stems (buds) Graphic: Michigan State University Extension
10 Tree Growth Secondary or Lateral Meristem: Increase in diameter Vascular cambium: produces xylem or phloem Cork cambium - produces bark Photo: UF Herbarium
11 Growth Tissue: Cambium Where growth occurs Cambium produces: Phloem (outside) Xylem (inside) Graphic: UF Horticulture
12 Tree Anatomy Vocabulary Cambium produces Xylem and Phloem Xylem Is produced on the inside of the Cambium, it is the wood of the tree. Moves water and minerals up to the leaves, supports the tree and stores sugars. Phloem Is produced to the outside of the Cambium. It moves sugars down from the leaves
13 Tree Anatomy Heartwood Non-water conduction Non-living xylem Sapwood Water conduction Living xylem Cambium Thin layer of active Xylem & Phloem Bark Graphic: Colorado State University Extension
14 Vascular Tissue - Xylem Xylem is the wood of trees Functions: Conduction of water & dissolved minerals Support weight of tree Storage of carbohydrate reserves Defense against spread of disease & decay
15 Vascular Tissue - Xylem Composed of dead & living cells Tracheids water conduction & support Fibers mechanical strength Parenchyma cells-help maintain water balance & store carbohydrates Vessels hardwood trees Graphic: Sonoma State University
16 Vascular Tissue - Xylem Transportation of water and minerals Transpiration is the loss of water through leaves Water molecules are pulled in long, hydrogenbonded chains from root to leaf Graphic: University of Washington
17 Vascular Tissue - Xylem Water conduction occurs in sapwood Conifers 2-12 rings may conduct water Hardwoods outermost 1 or 2 rings especially elm trees Non-water conduction heartwood (darker in color than sapwood) Graphic: University of Minnesota Extension
18 Vascular Tissue: Phloem Food transport Cells are living Sieve cells (conifers) Sieve tube cells Companion cells Parenchyma cells Graphic: Pacific Union College
19 Vascular Tissue - Phloem Translocation: conduction of sugars produced in the leaves to other parts of the plant Photosynthate moves from source to sink Sinks plant parts that use more energy than they produce Graphic: UF Horticulture
20 Axial transport materials flow up and down Vascular Tissue Radial Transport parenchyma cells that extend across (radial) xylem and phloem Transport sugars Store starch Restrict decay
21 Bark Function: Moderates interior temperature Reduces water loss Protects against injury Composition: Nonfunctional phloem & corky tissues Contains wax and oil to minimize water loss Photo: East Tennessee State University
22 Bark Lenticels are small openings that permit gas exchange Photo: Colorado State Extension
23 Tree Organs Leaves Stems Roots Flowers Fruits
24 Leaves Primary Purpose is Photosynthesis: Inputs: Carbon dioxide Water Light Outputs: Carbohydrates/sugar (Photosynthates) oxygen Graphic: Butler University Herbarium
25 Leaves Stomata Control loss of water vapor (transpiration) Control gas exchange Guard cells Light, temperature, wind and humidity Open-day, Closenight Photo: University of Hawaii at Manoa
26 Antitranspirant Sprays Artificially close stomata cells to prevent water loss during drought or dormant times. Reduces photosynthesis, cooling of leaves, and carbon dioxide uptake
27 Leaves Fall foliage color: Triggered by short, sunny days with cool nights Sugar accumulates & chlorophyll breaks down Other pigments show: Anthocyanins: reds & purples Carotenoids: yellows, oranges & reds Photo: USDA
28 Leaves Deciduous Trees Leaves lost are the result of cell changes and growth regulators Abscission zone at stem: Enable leaf drop in fall Protect leaf area against desiccation & pathogen entry Graphic: University of California Davis
29 Modified Leaves Arid regions: Thick cuticle, leathery leaves and few stomata Succulent, water retaining leaves or dense hairy coverings Photo: Texas A&M
30 Tree Parts - Stems Strongly attached underneath but weakly attached above Branch collar layers of tissue, bulge around branch base Autonomousfunction on own Photo: University of Florida (Horticulture)
31 Tree Parts Stem Anatomy Node - gives rise to leaves & buds Internode - distance between nodes Terminal bud - primary growth Terminal bud scale scar - start of new growth of current year
32 Tree Parts - Buds 1. Terminal or apical buds - located at the end of a shoot 2. Lateral or axillary buds - located on the sides of the stems.
33 Tree Parts - Buds 3. Adventitious buds arise from loss of primary bud 4. Epicormic shoots- When dormant buds sprout and grow Photo by Joseph O Brien, USDA Forest Service
34 Tree Parts - Roots Main Functions: Anchorage Storage Absorption Conduction Roots need water & air for optimal growth Photo: Louisiana State University
35 Tree Parts - Roots Absorbing roots - Small, fibrous organs that grow at the ends of roots and found in top foot of soil Lateral or horizontal roots near surface Sinker roots - Grow vertically downward off lateral roots and are found w/in few feet of trunk Photo: University of Texas
36 Tree Parts - Roots Most roots found in upper 1-12 of soil Taproot is a downward growing root in young trees Roots may extend 2-3 times the tree crown/canopy Root extent and directional growth is the result of the tree s environment rather than genetics Correct Wrong
37 Tree Parts - Roots Mycorrhizae - the symbiotic relationship of roots with certain fungi Symbiosis both organisms benefit from the living arrangement Fungi get food & in turn aid roots in absorption of water and minerals Photo: Iowa State University Extension
38 Tree Parts - Roots Water enters young roots or mycorrhizal roots by osmosis Osmosis requires fluid transport from higher concentration to lower concentration Reverse Osmosis: water movement from out of roots into soil Example: de-icing roads with salt increases (higher concentration in soil) Photo: Forestry Department South Australia
39 Allelopathy Production and release of chemical substances by one species that inhibit the growth of other species of plants
40 Flowers & Fruit Flower is reproductive structure of plant. Once pollinated, give rise to the fruit or seed.
41 Tree Physiology Photosynthesis Process that converts light into sugar and starches Chlorophyll is the green/leaf pigment that absorbs sunlight. Chlorophyll is stored in chloroplast cells of leaves where photosynthesis takes place. Raw material required are carbon dioxide and water.
42 Tree Physiology Respiration Energy made from photosynthesis is used Oxygen is needed Carbon dioxide and water are given off Tree able to survive in these situations? 1. Flooded roots 2. Defoliated leaves by caterpillars ENERGY IS RELEASED
43 Tree Physiology Transpiration Loss of water through stomata: Helps cool leaf during hot times and aids water uptake in xylem Dependent on water, temperature, & humidity 90% water absorbed from roots are lost in leaves
44 Plant growth limited by: Genetics Tree Physiology Control of Growth and Development Environment Plant hormones Auxin: Produced in shoots Alters crown growth Involved in tropisms Cytokinin: Produced in roots Shoot initiation and growth Photo: University of Nottingham, UK
45 Tree Physiology Control of Growth and Development Hormones signal: Cell Division Cell Elongation Flowering Fruit Ripening Leaf Drop Dormancy Root Development
46 Tree Physiology Control of Growth and Development Tropisms: Geotropism-gravity response Phototropism-light response Photo: University of Wisconsin
47 Tree Physiology Compartmentilization CODIT (Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees) a system of defense. Graphic: USDA Forest Service
48 Tree Physiology Compartmentilization Wall 1 resists vertical spread, plugs up xylem Wall 2 resists inward spread, plugs latewood cells Wall 3 inhibits lateral spread, activates rays cells to resist decay These 3 walls form reaction zone
49 Tree Physiology Compartmentilization Wall 4 is the layer of wood to form after injury has occurred. Strongest of all 4 walls Protects from outward decay Barrier zone Photo: Colorado State Extension
50 Palms Monocot Have no cambium layer Have no growth ring of xylem Have vascular bundles of xylem & phloem Photo: Smithsonian Marine Station, Ft. Pierce
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