Chapter #35~ Plant Structure and Growth
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1 Chapter #35~ Plant Structure and Growth
2 What part of a plant is represented by each of these: Carrot Celery Red Pepper Tomato Lettuce Garbanzo Bean
3 Angiosperm structure Three basic organs: Roots (root system) fibrous: mat of thin roots taproot: one large, vertical root Stems (shoot system) nodes: leave attachment internodes: stem segments axillary bud: dormant, vegetative potential terminal bud: apex of young shoot apical dominance: inhibits axillary buds Leaves (shoot system) blade petiole
4 Plant Organ Systems Dermal epidermis: single layer of cells for protection Periderm: bark cuticle Vascular (material transport) xylem: water and dissolved minerals roots to shoots tracheids & vessel elements: xylem elongated cells dead at maturity phloem: food from leaves to roots and fruits sieve-tube members: phloem tubes alive at maturity capped by sieve plates; companion cells (nonconducting) connected by plasmodesmata Ground (photosynthesis, storage, support): pith and cortex
5 Plant Tissue Cell Types Parenchyma primary walls thin and flexible; no secondary walls; large central vacuole; most metabolic functions of plant (chloroplasts) Collenchyma unevenly thick primary walls used for plant support (no secondary walls ; no lignin) Sclerenchyma support element strengthened by secondary cell walls with lignin (may be dead; xylem cells); fibers and sclereids for support
6 Plant Growth Life Cycles annuals: 1 year (wildflowers; food crops) biennials: 2 years (beets; carrots) perennials: many years (trees; shrubs) Deciduous Evergreen Meristems apical: tips of roots and buds; primary growth lateral: cylinders of dividing cells along length of roots and stems; secondary growth (wood)
7 Primary growth Roots root cap~ protection of meristem zone of cell division~ primary (apical) meristem zone of elongation~ cells elongate; pushes root tip zone of maturation~ differentiation of cells (formation of 3 tissue systems)
8 Primary Tissues of Roots Stele~ the vascular bundle where both xylem and phloem develop Pith~ central core of stele in monocot; parenchyma cells Cortex~ region of the root between the stele and epidermis (innermost layer: endodermis) Lateral roots~ arise from pericycle (outermost layer of stele); just inside endodermis, cells that may become meristematic
9 Primary Tissues of Stems Vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) Surrounded by ground tissue (xylem faces pith and phloem faces cortex) Mostly parenchyma; some collenchyma and sclerenchyma for support
10 Primary Tissues of Leaves Epidermis/cuticle (protection; desiccation) Stomata (tiny pores for gas exchange and transpiration)/guard cells Mesophyll: ground tissue between upper and lower epidermis (parenchyma with chloroplasts); palisade (most photosynthesis) and spongy (gas circulation)
11 Secondary Growth Two lateral meristems vascular cambium ~ produces secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem (diameter increase; annual growth rings) cork cambium ~ produces thick covering that replaces the epidermis; produces cork cells; cork plus cork cambium make up the periderm; lenticels (split regions of periderm) allow for gas exchange; bark~ all tissues external to vascular cambium (phloem plus periderm)
12 Summary of primary & secondary growth in a woody a stem PRIMARY PRIMARY LATERAL SECONDARY MERISTEMS TISSUES MERISTEM TISSUES Apical meristem of stem Protoderm Epidermis Secondary phloem Primary phloem Vascular Procambium cambium Secondary Primary xylem xylem Ground meristem Ground Pith & Periderm tissue: Cortex Cork cambium Cork
13 Today s Lab: Structure and Function in Plants You will be observing the three main organs of plants root shoot leaf For each organ, you will need to make a sketch of each of the following levels of organization: organ tissue cell Each sketch will show labeled structures and include a description of the function of each part
14 Plant Structure and Growth
15 Plant Tissue Foldable Three cell types Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Fold paper in half (hot dog) Divide it into thirds Front Cover Picture with labels Inside top Examples of where cell type is found Inside bottom Description of structure Description of function
16 Plant Tissue Cell Types Parenchyma primary walls thin and flexible; no secondary walls; large central vacuole; most metabolic functions of plant (chloroplasts) Collenchyma unevenly thick primary walls used for plant support (no secondary walls ; no lignin) Sclerenchyma support element strengthened by secondary cell walls with lignin (may be dead; xylem cells); fibers and sclereids for support
17 Cell Junctions Gap Junction Desmosome Tight junction Adheren Plasmodesmata
18 Plant Tissues Dermal (epidermis): single layer of cells for protection cuticle Vascular (material transport) xylem: water and dissolved minerals roots to shoots tracheids & vessel elements: xylem elongated cells dead at maturity phloem: food from leaves to roots and fruits sieve-tube members: phloem tubes alive at maturity capped by sieve plates; companion cells (nonconducting) connected by plasmodesmata Ground (photosynthesis, storage, support): pith and cortex
19 Angiosperm structure Three basic organs: Roots (root system) fibrous: mat of thin roots taproot: one large, vertical root Stems (shoot system) nodes: leave attachment internodes: stem segments axillary bud: dormant, vegetative terminal bud: apex of young shoot apical dominance: inhibits axillary buds Leaves (shoot system) blade petiole potential
20 Plant Growth Life Cycles annuals: 1 year (wildflowers; food crops) biennials: 2 years (beets; carrots) perennials: many years (trees; shrubs) Meristems apical: tips of roots and buds; primary growth lateral: cylinders of dividing cells along length of roots and stems; secondary growth (wood)
21 Primary growth Roots root cap~ protection of meristem zone of cell division~ primary (apical) meristem zone of elongation~ cells elongate; pushes root tip zone of maturation~ differentiation of cells (formation of 3 tissue systems)
22 Primary Tissues of Roots Stele~ the vascular bundle where both xylem and phloem develop Pith~ central core of stele in monocot; parenchyma cells Cortex~ region of the root between the stele and epidermis (innermost layer: endodermis) Lateral roots~ arise from pericycle (outermost layer of stele); just inside endodermis, cells that may become meristematic
23 Primary Tissues of Stems Vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) Surrounded by ground tissue (xylem faces pith and phloem faces cortex) Mostly parenchyma; some collenchyma and sclerenchyma for support
24 Primary Tissues of Leaves Epidermis/cuticle (protection; desiccation) Stomata (tiny pores for gas exchange and transpiration)/guard cells Mesophyll: ground tissue between upper and lower epidermis (parenchyma with chloroplasts); palisade (most photosynthesis) and spongy (gas circulation)
25 Secondary Growth Two lateral meristems vascular cambium ~ produces secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem (diameter increase; annual growth rings) cork cambium ~ produces thick covering that replaces the epidermis; produces cork cells; cork plus cork cambium make up the periderm; lenticels (split regions of periderm) allow for gas exchange; bark~ all tissues external to vascular cambium (phloem plus periderm)
26 Summary of primary & secondary growth in a woody a stem PRIMARY PRIMARY LATERAL SECONDARY MERISTEMS TISSUES MERISTEM TISSUES Apical meristem of stem Protoderm Epidermis Secondary phloem Primary phloem Vascular Procambium cambium Secondary Primary xylem xylem Ground meristem Ground Pith & tissue: Cortex Cork cambium Periderm Cork
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