Horse breeding and genetics
|
|
- Kory Johns
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Horse breeding and genetics Pack 2 Meiosis Pack Code: EBS15 This pack will help you to: describe the stages of meiosis explain the genetic importance of meiosis
2 About this pack Objectives When you have completed this pack you should able to explain how cells divide through meiosis. The pack will help you to: describe the stages of meiosis explain the genetic importance of meiosis This pack is relevant to the level 3 unit Understand the Principles of Inheritance and Genetic Manipulation, and in particular to: Outcome 2: Understand the principles of Mendelian genetics It is also relevant to the level 3 unit Understand the Principles of Animal Biology, and in particular to: Outcome 1: Know the functions of the main animal cell organelles Links to other packs This is one of a series of learning packs, each tackling an aspect of equine biology. They are: EBS1: The skeleton EBS2: Joints EBS3: Circulation EBS4: Respiration EBS5: The digestive system of the horse EBS6: The reproductive system EBS7: Oestrus and hormones EBS8: Gestation and birth EBS9: How animal cells work EBS10: How animal cells divide EBS11: Connective and epithelial tissue EBS12: Muscle and nervous tissue EBS13: The horse s sensory organs EBS14: Introduction to genetics EBS15: Meiosis EBS16: Inheritance EBS17: Selective breeding EBS18: Breeding technology EBS19: Managing breeding EBS20: The lymphatic system EBS21: The endocrine system EBS22: The nervous system Animal breeding and genetics 2
3 Introduction As we saw in pack EBS14: Introduction to genetics, meiosis is the process by which cells in sex organs divide to create sperm and eggs. During meiosis a single parent cell divides twice to produce four new daughter cells. Meiosis is a remarkable process that helps to ensure the genetic diversity of offspring. The stages of meiosis Meiosis involves a number of stages, as follows: Before cell division Interphase First cell division (Meiosis 1) Phophase 1 Metaphase 1 Anaphase 1 Telophase 1 Second cell division (Meiosis II) Phophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II The stages of each cell division are similar to those of mitosis (see the pack EBS10: How animal cells divide). However, there are some important differences as well, especially in Meiosis 1. Animal breeding and genetics 3
4 Interphase Interphase is the stage before the cell starts to divide. Each cell contains the genetic make-up or DNA of the individual, in the form of chromosomes, which themselves contain genes. The individual inherited chromosomes from its mother and father. So each cell contains pairs of chromosomes. While each chromosome in a pair has similar functions the alleles may be different. For example, in humans one chromosome may contain the allele for blue eyes, while the other may have the allele for brown eyes. The pairs of chromosomes are called homologous chromosomes. During interphase, the chromosomes replicate. Each chromosome now consists of two identical or sister copies which stay joined together and are also called dyads. Meiosis I the first cell division During Meiosis I the parent cell divides into two daughter cells, each with a different genetic make up. Prophase I Prophase I is the longest stage of meiosis and is a complex process. DNA condensation occurs and the replicated chromosomes become visible through a microscope. Pairing. Each chromosome seeks out its equivalent or homologous chromosome. They join together as a homologous pair (one from each of the individual s original parents). Crossing over. As prophase I continues the homologous pairs join together at points called chiasmata to exchange genetic material. This crossing over is of vital importance because it helps to ensure the genetic diversity of any offspring. As Prophase I comes to an end the chromosomes start to separate again however their genetic makeup has now changed. During Prophase I other important changes happen to the cell. The nuclear membrane disappears and centrosomes move to each end of the cell. This is sometimes seen as a separate stage called prometaphase Animal breeding and genetics 4
5 Metaphase I During metaphase I homologous chromosomes line up along the centre of the cell. This lining up is random there is a 50:50 chance that either chromosome from a pair can finish up on either side of the centre, and later on in one of the two new cells. This randomness also helps ensure genetic diversity. Centrosomes at each end of the cell send out spindle fibres which attach to one of each pair of chromosomes. Anaphase I During anaphase I the homologous chromosomes separate. One chromosome from each pair starts to move towards one of the centrosomes, while the other moves in the opposite direction. Because of crossing over, they are now genetically different from how they were before Prophase I. Telophase I During telophase I the chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell: There are now two nuclei, and a membrane reappears round each one. The cell divides into two this process is called cytokineisis because at this point the cell s cytoplasm divides completely to create two distinct cells. Animal breeding and genetics 5
6 This is the end of Meiosis I. There are now two, new cells, and each contains significantly different genetic material as a result of the crossing over and random alignment. Activity 1 How do the following two things help create genetic diversity? a) Crossing over b) Random alignment 2 In which stage do each of the following happen? a) Chromosome replication b) Crossing over c) Random alignment d) Creation of two new cells The following photographs of plant cells show the process of Meiosis I. Animal breeding and genetics 6
7 Meiosis II the second cell division During Meiosis II the two new cells in turn divide to create four new cells in total, each with half the number of chromosomes. Prophase II During prophase II further changes take place in each new cell: Two centrosomes start to move into position at opposite ends of the cell. The membrane round the nucleus starts to disappear. Metaphase II During metaphase II the chromosomes move to the centre of the new cell. Unlike metaphase I it is individual chromosomes, not pairs, that line up. However, each chromosome is still a dyad. Anaphase II During anaphase II the chromosomes split. One chromatid from each chromosome starts to move towards one of the centrosomes, while the other chromatid moves in the opposite direction. Telophase II During telophase II, the process comes to an end: There are now two nuclei, and a membrane reappears round each one. Each cell divides into two new cells, each with half the number of chromosomes. Animal breeding and genetics 7
8 Activity Some of the following statements are in the correct columns, but the others are muddled up. Reorganise them so they are all correct. Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Meiosis I Homologous pairs exchange DNA Alignment of individual chromosomes Chromatids separate from individual chromosomes Results in two new cells each with the full number of chromosomes Meiosis II No DNA exchange takes place Random alignment of homologous pairs Homologous pairs of chromosomes separate Results in two new cells each with half the number of chromosomes The following photographs again of plant cells show the process of Meiosis II. Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Animal breeding and genetics 8
9 After meiosis The haploid cells that result from meiosis are called gametes. Because there is half the number of chromosomes in the haploid cell, the process is sometimes called reduction division. In mares: Meiosis 1 begins in the foetus so all potential eggs are present at birth though many degenerate before puberty. Meiosis 1 is completed at ovulation, and Meiosis II happens after fertilisation. Gametes produced by females are eggs (ova). The creation of ova is called oogenesis. Only one of the gametes produced by a female will be a viable egg. In stallions: Meiosis begins at puberty and continues through life. Gametes produced by males are sperm. The creation of sperm is called spermatogenesis. All the gametes will be viable sperm. Each gamete has a single set of chromosomes and is therefore a haploid cell. During fertilisation an egg and sperm unite to create a new dipoid cell which will go on to become an embryo. This combination of egg and cell from parents with different DNA leads to even more genetic diversity. The new cell will divide by mitosis into 2, then 4, then 8, 16, 32 cells and so on as the embryo and later the foetus develops. Because meiosis is such a complex process, things can go wrong. The body has mechanisms to monitor the process and to stop it if this happens. However in some cases problems can lead to miscarriage, or to genetic mutations or defects. Animal breeding and genetics 9
10 Glossary Centrosomes Chiasmata Chromatids Crossing over Cytokinesis Diploid Dyad Gamete Haploid Homogolous pairs Nucleus Oogenesis Organelle Spermatogenesis Separate the chromosomes in the nucleus. Two centrioles are contained within a centrosome Points where pairs of chromosomes have swapped sections when crossing over Replicated copies of a chromosome Exchange of DNA during Prophase I The division of a cell s cytoplasm Cells with the full number of chromosomes, each in pairs The result of DNA replication prior to meiosis. A dyad is a chromosome with two halves or chromatids Egg or sperm cell-gametes are haploid cells Cell (gamete) with half the number of chromosomes, and no pairs Pairs of chromosomes within a cell that are inherited from the father and mother Cell organelle that contains the cell s genes and DNA The creation of an ovum or egg Component of a cell The creation of sperm Animal breeding and genetics 10
11 Resources and further reading There are many very useful sources of information on the internet: There are useful web sites on horse genetics at: and There is an excellent talking glossary of genetic terms at: The Genetics Home Reference site is at Answers to activities Activity on page 6 1 During crossing over homologous pairs exchange DNA. Random alignment means there is a 50:50 chance of either chromosome from a pair becoming part of a new cell. 2 Chromosome replication Interphase. Crossing over Prophase I. Random alignment Metaphase I. Creation of two new cells Telophase I. Activity on page 8 Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Meiosis I Homologous pairs exchange DNA Random alignment of homologous pairs Homologous pairs of chromosomes separate Results in two new cells each with the full number of chromosomes Meiosis II No DNA exchange takes place Alignment of individual chromosomes Chromatids separate from individual chromosomes Results in two new cells each with half the number of chromosomes Animal breeding and genetics 11
12 Knowledge quiz 1 What are the four main stages of Meiosis I? a) b) c) d) 2 What is the crucial difference between Prophase I and Prophase II? 3 Which of these statements describe Metaphase I and which describes Metaphase II? a) Lining up of individual chromosomes b) Random lining up of homologous pairs 4 Meiosis II is a similar process to mitosis. What is the crucial difference? 5 What is the difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell? 6 Give two differences between meiosis in males and females: a) b) Animal breeding and genetics 12
13 Acknowledgements This learning pack has been produced by the Land Based Colleges National Consortium Ltd. The LBCNC is a consortium of colleges working in the land-based sector which cooperate in the development and production of quality flexible learning materials which encourage independent learning. We would like to acknowledge the contributions made by the following individuals and colleges in the development of this learning pack. Initial guidance and source material: Claudine Sutton, Derby College Debbie Smith, Bridgwater College Critical readers Rachel Unwin, Sparsholt College Cover photograph: Steve Watson, Riseholme College Foal photo: Developed and produced for LBCNC by Learners First Revised in September The Land Based Colleges National Consortium Ltd. All rights reserved. Permission to photocopy or adapt the material in this learning pack is granted to members of the Land Based Colleges National Consortium Ltd. only. For further information please contact the LBCNC project management team at 7 Tyne Road, Bishopston, Bristol BS7 8EE. Tel Animal breeding and genetics 13
Sexual Reproduction. The two parent cells needed for sexual reproduction are called gametes. They are formed during a process known as meiosis.
Sexual Reproduction Recall that asexual reproduction involves only one parent cell. This parent cell divides to produce two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent. Sexual reproduction,
More informationBell Ringer 02/02/15. Match the stages of mitosis to their descriptions and pictures.
Match the stages of mitosis to their descriptions and pictures. 1. Nuclear membrane disappears and chromosomes condense 2. Nuclear membrane reappears and cells begin to fully separate Bell Ringer 02/02/15
More information9-4 Meiosis Meiosis. Slide 1 of 35
9-4 Meiosis 11-4 Meiosis 1 of 35 11-4 Meiosis Each organism must inherit a single copy of every gene from each of its parents. Gametes are formed by a process that separates the two sets of genes so that
More information11-4 Meiosis Meiosis. Slide 1 of 35. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
11-4 Meiosis 1 of 35 Each organism must inherit a single copy of every gene from each of its parents. Gametes are formed by a process that separates the two sets of genes so that each gamete ends up with
More informationCELL GROWTH AND DIVISION. Chapter 10
CELL GROWTH AND DIVISION Chapter 10 Cell division = The formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell Increases ratio of surface area to volume for each cell Allows for more efficient exchange
More informationGenetics word list. the molecule which contains genes. This will be looked at in more detail. it is shaped in a double helix (spiral)
Genetics word list DNA the molecule which contains genes. This will be looked at in more detail. it is shaped in a double helix (spiral) Chromosomes X-shaped objects found in the nucleus of a cell. The
More information4/6/2014. Chromosome Number
Meiosis 1of 35 Each organism must inherit a single copy of every gene from each of its parents. Gametes are formed by a process that separates the two sets of genes so that each gamete ends up with just
More informationSexual Reproduction and Genetics
10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics section 1 Meiosis Before You Read Think about the traits that make people unique. Some people are tall, while others are short. People can have brown, blue, or green
More informationWhy do cells divide? Why do cells divide? What would happen if they didn t?
1 of 41 Boardworks Ltd 2007 2 of 41 Boardworks Ltd 2007 Why do cells divide? 3 of 41 Boardworks Ltd 2007 Why do cells divide? What would happen if they didn t? Organisms would only ever exist as single
More informationHuman biology Laboratory. Cell division. Lecturer Maysam A Mezher
Human biology Laboratory Cell division Lecturer Maysam A Mezher CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE 1. During nuclear division, the DNA (as chromatin) in a Eukaryotic cell's nucleus is coiled into very tight compact
More informationReproduction & Cell Types
Reproduction & Cell Types TYPES OF REPRODUCTION Asexual Relies on MITOSIS All of the parent s DNA goes to the offspring Sexual Relies on MEIOSIS Used to create sex cells TYPES OF CELLS Body Cells Includes
More informationGametes are the reproductive cells - the egg or the sperm. Gametes.
Meiosis Meiosis is the type of cell division for that produces the cells ( ) which are also known as gametes. Two important characteristics of meiosis is that it reduces the number of chromosomes to half
More information11-4 Meiosis Chromosome Number Slide 1 of 35
Each organism must inherit a single copy of every gene from each of its parents. Gametes are formed by a process that separates the two sets of genes so that each gamete ends up with just one set. Chromosome
More informationMeiosis. Two distinct divisions, called meiosis I and meiosis II
Meiosis A process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes to form gametes, or sex cells Two distinct divisions, called meiosis I and
More informationCell Cycle (mitosis and meiosis) Test Review
Cell Cycle (mitosis and meiosis) Test Review Name: Chapter 10 1. What problems are caused when a cell becomes too large? When a cell becomes too large the cell is strained and has a hard time moving enough
More informationbiology Slide 1 of 35 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
biology 1 of 35 Do Now: Turn in mitosis worksheet Write down your homework http://www.richannel.org/collection s/2013/chromosome#/chromosome -2 http://www.richannel.org/collection s/2013/chromosome#/chromosome
More informationMeiosis. Two distinct divisions, called meiosis I and meiosis II
Meiosis A process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes to form gametes, or sex cells Two distinct divisions, called meiosis I and
More informationPurposes of Cell Division
Purposes of Cell Division Increase the number of cells for growth and repair of worn out tissues What examples in the human body can you think of? Transmit genetic information to later generations Why
More informationAgenda. 1. Lesson Learning Goals 2. Meiosis 3. Meiosis Bingo
Meiosis SBI 3U Agenda 1. Lesson Learning Goals 2. Meiosis 3. Meiosis Bingo Learning Goals By the end of today s lesson, you will be able: To use proper vocabulary related to this unit, including meiosis,
More informationMEIOSIS. KEY CONCEPT Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have.
MEIOSIS MEIOSIS KEY CONCEPT Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have. MEIOSIS : CELL TYPES You have Body cells and Gametes Body cells are also called somatic cells. Germ cells develop
More informationLesson Overview Meiosis
11.4 THINK ABOUT IT As geneticists in the early 1900s applied Mendel s laws, they wondered where genes might be located. They expected genes to be carried on structures inside the cell, but which structures?
More informationMeiosis B-4.5. Summarize the characteristics of the phases of meiosis I and meiosis II.
Meiosis B-4.5 Summarize the characteristics of the phases of meiosis I and meiosis II. Key Concepts Daughter cells Diploid Haploid Zygote Gamete Meiosis I vs. Meiosis II What You Already Know This concept
More informationCellular Reproduction. MXMS 7th Grade Science
Cellular Reproduction MXMS 7th Grade Science What is cell division? 2 primary methods allow for cells to divide and reproduce themselves: A. Mitosis: produces identical offspring B. Meiosis: produces genetically
More informationMeiosis. The form of cell division by which gametes, with half the regular number of chromosomes, are produced.
MEIOSIS Meiosis The form of cell division by which gametes, with half the regular number of chromosomes, are produced. diploid (2n) haploid (n) (complete set of chromosomes) (half the regular number of
More informationCELL DIVISION IN EUKARYOTES. Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
CELL DIVISION IN EUKARYOTES Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. PURPOSE: Reproduction of new cells from previously existing cells 2 of Genetically Identical
More informationMitosis and. Meiosis. Presented by Kesler Science
Mitosis and Meiosis Presented by Kesler Science Essential Questions: 1. What are mitosis and meiosis? 2. What occurs at different phases in cell division? 3. How are mitosis and meiosis similar and different?
More informationYou have body cells and gametes Body cells are known as somatic cells. Germ cells develop into gametes or sex cells. Germ cells are located in the
MEIOSIS You have body cells and gametes Body cells are known as somatic cells. Germ cells develop into gametes or sex cells. Germ cells are located in the ovaries and testes. Gametes are sex cells: egg
More informationgametes Gametes somatic cells diploid (2n) haploid (n)
Overview of Meiosis Meiosis is a form of cell division that leads to the production of gametes. Gametes: egg cells and sperm cells (reproductive) -contain half the number of chromosomes of an adult body
More informationMitosis and Meiosis for AP Biology
Mitosis and Meiosis for AP Biology by Mark Anestis Practice problems for these concepts can be found at : Cell Division Review Questions for AP Biology Mitosis During mitosis, the fourth stage of the cell
More informationAsexual vs. Sexual. Biology 3201 Unit II Reproduction How Reproductive Cells are Produced. two parents offspring is unique
Biology 3201 Unit II Reproduction 14.2 How Reproductive Cells are Produced Asexual vs single parent offspring identical to parent parent passes on ALL its genes results in a clone Sexual two parents offspring
More informationThe Cell Cycle & Cell Division
The Cell Cycle & Cell Division http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/2001/press.html The Cell Cycle Animated Cycle http://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle.htm MITOSIS Mitosis The process of cell division
More informationT R L J. Version 2, 2018 NAME: OPTION GROUP: CELL DIVISION MEIOSIS WORKBOOK
NAME: OPTION GROUP: CELL DIVISION MEIOSIS WORKBOOK 1 STUDY CHECKLIST AND ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES Instructions Regular revision throughout the year is essential. It s vital you keep a track of what you understand
More informationMitosis & Meiosis. PPT Questions. 4. Why must each new cell get a complete copy of the original cell s DNA?
1. From where do new cells arise? Mitosis & Meiosis PPT Questions 2. Why does the body constantly make new cells? 3. Is cell division the same in all cells? Explain. 4. Why must each new cell get a complete
More informationchromosomes found in the somatic (body) cells of an organism is reduced by half to form the sex cells, egg & sperm. chromosomes.
MEIOSIS n Meiosis q The process by which the number of chromosomes found in the somatic (body) cells of an organism is reduced by half to form the sex cells, egg & sperm. q Somatic cells have 46 chromosomes.
More informationAlmost all human cells contain 46 chromosomes, and are diploid (2n). Q: If a sperm cell has 46 chromosomes (2n) & an egg cell has 46 chromosomes
Almost all human cells contain 46 chromosomes, and are diploid (2n). Q: If a sperm cell has 46 chromosomes (2n) & an egg cell has 46 chromosomes (2n), when they combine during fertilization, how many chromosomes
More informationMEIOSIS DR. A. TARAB DEPT. OF BIOCHEMISTRY HKMU
MEIOSIS DR. A. TARAB DEPT. OF BIOCHEMISTRY HKMU Meiosis is a special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes such as animals, plants and fungi The number of sets of chromosomes
More informationBio 105: Cell Division
Cell Division Bio 105: Cell Division Starts with DNA Replication Laboratory 8 DNA Replication When does DNA replicate? Just prior to cell division Multicellular Organisms Grow Replace old cells Unicellular
More informationBIOLOGY 111. CHAPTER 5: Chromosomes and Inheritance
BIOLOGY 111 CHAPTER 5: Chromosomes and Inheritance Chromosomes and Inheritance Learning Outcomes 5.1 Differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction in terms of the genetic variation of the offspring.
More informationMeiosis. Bởi: OpenStaxCollege
Meiosis Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Sexual reproduction requires fertilization, a union of two cells from two individual organisms. If those two cells each contain one set of chromosomes, then the resulting cell
More informationQuestion #1 What must occur in order for Mendel s principles to hold true?
11.4 Question #1 What must occur in order for Mendel s principles to hold true? An organism with two parents must inherit a single copy of every gene from each parent When that organism produces gametes,
More informationSEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS SPERMATOGENESIS & OOGENESIS 2/6/2011. Asexual Reproduction:
Asexual Reproduction: SEXUAL REPRODUCTON & MEOSS Many single-celled organisms reproduce by splitting, budding, parthenogenesis. Some multicellular organisms can reproduce asexually, produce clones (offspring
More informationSexual Cell Reproduction Chapter 17
Sexual Cell Reproduction Chapter 17 1 The Importance of Meiosis Meiosis is a two stage cell division in which the chromosome number of the parental cell is reduced by half. Meiosis is the process by which
More informationMitosis & Meiosis Practice Test
Name: DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST Class: ALL ID: A Mitosis & Meiosis Practice Test Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make
More information5.3 Reproduction and Meiosis
5.3 Reproduction and Meiosis Lesson Objectives Compare and contrast asexual and sexual reproduction. Give an overview of sexual reproduction, and outline the phases of meiosis. Explain why sexual reproduction
More informationSexual Reproduction ( Cell Division ) - Chromosome # s
Sexual Reproduction ( Cell Division ) - Chromosome # s somatic cells: all the cells in the body except for specialized sex cells each somatic cell has a specific # of chromosomes - ( humans have 46, 23
More information1. The process in which ( ) are produced. 2. Males produce cells and females produce cells through meiosis
Name: Aim 35: What is Meiosis? Date: I. What is Meiosis? What is Meiosis? Which organisms undergo Meiosis? Where does Meiosis occur? What does Meiosis produce? What is Meiosis also known as? 1. The process
More informationKey Concepts. n Cell Cycle. n Interphase. n Mitosis. n Cytokinesis
The Cell Cycle B-2.6: Summarize the characteristics of the cell cycle: interphase (G 1, S, G 2 ); the phases of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase); and plant and animal cytokinesis. Key
More informationMeiosis. Introduction. A life cycle is the generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism.
Meiosis The pomegranate (Punica granatum) is believed to have originated near Iran and southern Afghanistan. The flowers are bright red with five petals. After the flower is fertilized with pollen the
More informationMeiosis produces haploid gametes.
Section 1: produces haploid gametes. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Essential Questions How does the reduction in chromosome number occur during meiosis? What are the stages of
More informationMEIOSIS. Making gametes
MEIOSIS http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm Making gametes Remember from Chapter 1: CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS ALL LIVING THINGS REPRODUCE Planaria animation: http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~hylas/planaria/title.htm
More informationMEIOSIS CELL DIVISION Chapter
Section 6.1: Meiosis MEIOSIS CELL DIVISION Chapter 6.1 6.2 WHAT DETERMINES WHAT YOU LOOK LIKE? Meiosis Animation Meiosis creates 4 genetically different gametes (haploid) Mitosis creates 2 identical daughter
More informationBiology Unit 6 Chromosomes and Mitosis
Biology Unit 6 Chromosomes and Mitosis 6:1 Chromosomes DNA GENES CHROMATIN/CHROMOSOMES CHROMOSOMES/CHROMATIN are made of units called GENES. GENES are made of a compound called deoxyribonucleic acid or
More informationGENERAL SAFETY: Follow your teacher s directions. Do not work in the laboratory without your teacher s supervision.
Name: Bio AP Lab: Cell Division B: Mitosis & Meiosis (Modified from AP Biology Investigative Labs) BACKGROUND: One of the characteristics of living things is the ability to replicate and pass on genetic
More informationCELL DIVISION: MEIOSIS
CELL DIVISION: MEIOSIS How do Organisms Reproduce? Option 1: Asexual Reproduction Can be done by a single organism without the involvement of gametes (sperm or egg) Offspring are clones of the parent,
More informationKEY CONCEPT Cells have distinct phases of growth, reproduction, and normal functions.
5.1 10.1 The Cell Cell Growth Cycle KEY CONCEPT Cells have distinct phases of growth, reproduction, and normal functions. 5.1 10.1 The Cell Cell Growth Cycle Why must cells divide? Growth and Repair -
More informationThe Cellular Basis of Inheritance
CHAPTER 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance Summary of Key Concepts Concept 9.1 All cells come from cells. (pp. 180 181) Cell reproduction is an important process. Three functions of cell reproduction
More information11.4 Meiosis. Vocabulary: Homologous Diploid Haploid Meiosis Crossing-over Tetrad
11.4 Meiosis Vocabulary: Homologous Diploid Haploid Meiosis Crossing-over Tetrad Key Concept: What happens during the process of meiosis? How is MEIOSIS different than mitosis? Blast from the past What
More informationHonors Biology Test Chapter 8 Mitosis and Meiosis
Honors Biology Test Chapter 8 Mitosis and Meiosis 1. In mitosis, if a parent cell has 16 chromosomes, each daughter cell will have how many chromosomes? a. 64 b. 32 c. 16 d. 8 e. 4 2. Chromatids that are
More informationCellular Division. copyright cmassengale
Cellular Division 1 Cell Division All cells are derived from pre- existing cells New cells are produced for growth and to replace damaged or old cells Differs in prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (protists,
More informationMeiosis: M-Phase part 2. How is meiosis different from mitosis? Some terms: Some terms: Some terms:
M-Phase part 2 Meiosis and Cytokinesis Meiosis: A special type of cell division that produces gametes. Cell division that occurs in sex organs. 2 successive nuclear divisions Genetic mistakes (gene and
More informationMGC New Life Christian Academy
A. Meiosis Main Idea: Meiosis produces haploid gametes. Key Concept: Asexual reproduction involves one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent. Sexual
More informationCell Growth, Division and Reproduction
Cell Growth, Division and Reproduction B1 B1. Basic Biological Principles 1. Describe the events that occur during 3 stages of the cell cycle: interphase, nuclear division, cytokinesis. 2. Compare and
More informationbiology Slide 1 of 35 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
biology 1 of 35 Why do you look a little like your mom and your dad? Why do you look a little like your grandma but your brother or sister looks a little like your grandpa? How is the way you look and
More informationChapter 13: Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles
Chapter 13: Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles What you must know The difference between asexual and sexual reproduction. The role of meiosis and fertilization in sexually reproducing organisms. The importance
More informationMEIOSIS LAB INTRODUCTION PART I: MEIOSIS
MEIOSIS LAB INTRODUCTION Meiosis involves two successive nuclear divisions that produce four haploid cells. Meiosis I is the reduction division. It is this first division that reduces the chromosome number
More informationCell Division (Meiosis)
Cell Division (Meiosis) Meiosis The form of cell division by which gametes, with half the number of chromosomes, are produced. Diploid (2n) haploid (n) Meiosis is sexual reproduction. Two divisions (meiosis
More informationBiology 067 Section 14 Cell Division. A. Definitions:
Biology 067 Section 14 Cell Division A. Definitions: In a human cell, a nucleus holds all the chromatin that condenses to form chromosomes when cells divide every cell in the body has the same set of chromosomes
More informationCell division / Asexual reproduction
Cell division / Asexual reproduction Mitosis produces cells with same information identical daughter cells exact copies clones same amount of DNA same number of chromosomes same genetic information Asexual
More informationCell Reproduction Mitosis & Meiosis
Cell Reproduction Mitosis & Meiosis Outcomes 1. Describe mitosis in detail (460-465) interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis (the cell cycle) explain the importance of maintaining chromosome number through
More informationMeiosis. Section 8-3
Meiosis Section 8-3 Meiosis process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in new cells to half the number in the original cell For example, in humans, meiosis produces haploid reproductive
More informationMeiosis and Sexual Reproduction
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Single parent produces offspring All offspring are genetically identical to one another and to parent Produces identical somatic (body) cells Sexual
More informationSexual Reproduction and Meiosis. Chapter 11
Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Chapter 11 1 Sexual life cycle Made up of meiosis and fertilization Diploid cells Somatic cells of adults have 2 sets of chromosomes Haploid cells Gametes (egg and sperm)
More informationCell Division THE MAJOR STEPS OF CELL DIVISION: 10/28/2013. When does DNA replicate? The first step of cell division is DNA replication:
Cell Division Biology 105 Laboratory 8 THE MAJOR STEPS OF CELL DIVISION: When does DNA replicate? The first step of cell division is DNA replication: This occurs just prior to cell division. Cells need
More information5. As compared to the human sperm cell, the human egg cell contains more... a) cytoplasm c) centrosomes b) mitochondria d) chromosomes
BIOLOGY - 3201. Quiz: Cell Reproduction. NAME : Multiple Choice. (1% each) 1. Which of the following is NOT true of mitotic cell division? a) It involves nuclear division. b) It involves division of the
More informationLesson Overview Meiosis
11.4 Chromosomes strands of DNA and protein contain the genes. genes are located in specific positions on chromosomes. Humans receive a set (23) of chromosomes from each parent. 23 chromosomes from mom
More informationMeiosis vs Mitosis. How many times did it go through prophase-metaphase-anaphase-telophase?
Meiosis vs Mitosis Mitosis produces identical copies of cells for growth or repair. Meiosis produces egg cells or sperm cells. Look at the diagram of meiosis: What happened during prophase I? How many
More informationUnit 6 Test: The Cell Cycle
Name Date Class Mrs. Knight Biology EHS Unit 6 Test: The Cell Cycle 1. What are the four main stages of the cell cycle (correct order)? A. G 1, S, G 0, M C. G 2, S, G 1, M B. G 1, S, G 2, M D. M, G 2,
More informationMeiosis and Sexual Reproduction. Chapter 9
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Genes and Alleles Genes Sequences of DNA that encode heritable traits Alleles Slightly different forms of the same gene Each specifies a different version
More informationName Class Date. Term Definition How I m Going to Remember the Meaning
11.4 Meiosis Lesson Objectives Contrast the number of chromosomes in body cells and in gametes. Summarize the events of meiosis. Contrast meiosis and mitosis. Describe how alleles from different genes
More informationMeiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationMeiosis and Sexual Reproduction. Chapter 10. Halving the Chromosome Number. Homologous Pairs
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Chapter 10 Outline Reduction in Chromosome Number Homologous Pairs Meiosis Overview Genetic Recombination Crossing-Over Independent Assortment Fertilization Meiosis I Meiosis
More informationThe Cell Cycle. The Cell Cycle
The Cell Cycle Cells divide by Mitosis or Meiosis. Mitosis allows the organism to replace cells that have died or aren't working, and is how living things grow. It makes an exact copy of the parent cell.
More informationMeiosis and Sexual Reproduction Chapter 11. Reproduction Section 1
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Chapter 11 Reproduction Section 1 Reproduction Key Idea: An individual formed by asexual reproduction is genetically identical to its parent. Asexual Reproduction In asexual
More informationChapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Overview: Hereditary Similarity and Variation
Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Overview: Hereditary Similarity and Variation Living organisms Are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their own kind Biology, 7 th Edition Neil Campbell
More informationCell Division: the process of copying and dividing entire cells The cell grows, prepares for division, and then divides to form new daughter cells.
Mitosis & Meiosis SC.912.L.16.17 Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis and relate to the processes of sexual and asexual reproduction and their consequences for genetic variation. 1. Students will describe
More informationAnaphase, Telophase. Animal cells divide their cytoplasm by forming? Cleavage furrow. Bacteria, Paramecium, Amoeba, etc. reproduce by...
The 4 phases of mitosis Animal cells divide their cytoplasm by forming? Bacteria, Paramecium, Amoeba, etc. reproduce by... Cell which after division is identical to the original is called a Prophase, Metaphase,
More informationWarm-Up Questions. 1. What are the stages of mitosis in order? 2. The diagram represents a cell process.
Warm-Up Questions 1. What are the stages of mitosis in order? 2. The diagram represents a cell process. Which statement regarding this process is true? A. Cell B contains the same genetic information that
More informationWhat is mitosis? -Process in which a cell divides, creating TWO complete Sets of the original cell with the same EXACT genetic Material (DNA)
What is mitosis? -Process in which a cell divides, creating TWO complete Sets of the original cell with the same EXACT genetic Material (DNA) Cell Division Produces CLONES with the same # of chromosomes
More informationReproduction of Organisms
Reproduction of Organisms Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis What do you think? Read the three statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree
More informationHuman Biology Chapter 13.4: Meiosis and Genetic Variation
OpenStax-CNX module: m58013 1 Human Biology Chapter 13.4: Meiosis and Genetic Variation Willy Cushwa Based on Meiosis by OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons
More informationChapter 11 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
Chapter 11 Meiosis and Sexual S Section 1: S Gamete: Haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote. S Zygote: The cell that results from the fusion of gametes
More informationCell Reproduction Review
Name Date Period Cell Reproduction Review Explain what is occurring in each part of the cell cycle --- G 0, G1, S, G2, and M. 1 CELL DIVISION Label all parts of each cell in the cell cycle and explain
More informationCHAPTER 3 VOCABULARY (for now)
3.1 Meiosis CHAPTER 3 VOCABULARY (for now) VOCABULARY WORD VOCABULARY WORD diploid number Independent assortment haploid number gametes homologous chromosomes zygote genetic diversity Crossing over Sexual
More informationWhat is Mitosis? What is the purpose of Mitosis? Growth Repair Asexual reproduction What is the ultimate result of Mitosis?
Sexual Reproduction What is Mitosis? What is the purpose of Mitosis? Growth Repair Asexual reproduction What is the ultimate result of Mitosis? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fyfdfdrymq Somatic cells
More informationCell Division Review Game Page 1
ell ivision Review Game Page 1 1 "Mitosis" is the biological name for the process of cell division. True False 2 In what phase of mitosis does the spindle begin to form? prophase anaphase telophase 3 Which
More informationAP Biology - Cell cycle / division
AP Biology - Cell cycle / division Quiz Directions 1. During which stage does DNA replication occur? A. Prophase B. Metaphase C. Anaphase D. none of these 2. At what phase in the cell cycle does DNA replication
More information2:1 Chromosomes DNA Genes Chromatin Chromosomes CHROMATIN: nuclear material in non-dividing cell, composed of DNA/protein in thin uncoiled strands
Human Heredity Chapter 2 Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis 2:1 Chromosomes DNA Genes Chromatin Chromosomes CHROMATIN: nuclear material in non-dividing cell, composed of DNA/protein in thin uncoiled strands
More informationDivision of sex cells
Division of sex cells MEIOSIS VOCABULARY: Diploid = a cell containing TWO sets of chromosomes. one set inherited from each parent 2n (number of chromosomes) body b d cells (somatic cells) MEIOSIS VOCABULARY:
More informationLECTURE 10A: MEIO S S
LECTURE 10A: MEIOSIS Meiosis Definition INTRODUCTION 1. Meiosis is the production of gametes, which is a reduction division which means a diploid gamete produces haploid gametes - from a full complement
More informationName: Date: Period: Cell Cycles and DNA Study Guide
Name: Date: Period: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the chemical inside the nucleus of cells that contains hereditary information. DNA is shaped like a double helix/twisted ladder. The sides of the ladder
More information