CHAPTER 3 VOCABULARY (for now)

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1 3.1 Meiosis

2 CHAPTER 3 VOCABULARY (for now) VOCABULARY WORD VOCABULARY WORD diploid number Independent assortment haploid number gametes homologous chromosomes zygote genetic diversity Crossing over

3 Sexual Reproduction Some organisms from the same species that look quite different from one another and some that look the same

4 Sexual Reproduction Some organisms from the same species that look quite different from one another and some that look the same. They have all been produced by a process called sexual reproduction

5 Sexual Reproduction Offsprings are genetically different from each other, from either parent, and from any other member of their species.

6 Sexual Reproduction Sometimes these differences are visible Sometimes, genetic differences are not visible

7 GENETIC DIVERSITY This variation within a species, or inherited genetic differences in a species, is called genetic diversity. Genetic diversity is the result of sexual reproduction = a random shuffling of DNA(chromosomes)

8 GENETIC DIVERSITY This variation within a species, or inherited genetic differences in a species, is called genetic diversity. Genetic diversity is the result of sexual reproduction = a random shuffling of DNA(chromosomes)

9 The Body Cells = Somatic Cells you now know: all organisms have a specific number of chromosomes in their body cells. In eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi ), this chromosome number is referred to as the diploid number (2n). Diploid = a body cell has two sets of chromosomes. MITOSIS ensures that the diploid number (= the number of chromosomes) always stays the same

10 Number of Chromosomes is human cells

11 Number of Chromosomes is human cells

12 Number of Chromosomes is human cells

13 Number of Chromosomes is human cells

14 Number of Chromosomes is human cells

15 Number of Chromosomes is human cells

16 Sperm and Egg = Gametes HUMAN SPERM and EGG cells have only 23 chromosomes each Another name for sperm or egg cell is GAMETE HUMAN GAMETE = 23 chromosomes = haploid number of chromosomes (n)

17 Sperm and Egg = Gametes DIIPLOID NUMBER of CHROMOSOMES (2n) HAPLOID NUMBER of CHROMOSOMES (n) ONLY From Dad(sperm) 1 From Dad 1 From Mom OR ONLY From Mom (egg) ALL CELLS EXCEPT SPERM AND EGG ONLY SPERM AND EGG

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19 Gametes and Fertilization During a process called fertilization = an egg cell (gamete) is penetrated by a sperm cell (gamete)

20 Gametes and Fertilization The haploid genetic information of a male gamete (a sperm = 23 chromosomes) and a female gamete (an egg = 23 chromosomes) combines. The result of this process is a diploid cell called a zygote.

21 Gametes and Fertilization The haploid genetic information of a male gamete (a sperm = 23 chromosomes) and a female gamete (an egg = 23 chromosomes) combines. The result of this process is a diploid cell called a zygote.

22 Gametes and Fertilization A zygote receives half its chromosomes from its female parent and half from its male parent. The zygote then undergoes mitosis and cell division and develops into an embryo.

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25 Chromosome Numbers and Meiosis Asexual reproduction occurs naturally in living things

26 HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES From Dad From Mom two sets of each chromosome; a homologous pair have the same genes but different versions of the gene

27 HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES From Dad From Mom From Dad From Mom From Dad From Mom

28 Sexual Reproduction = a random shuffling of DNA (chromosomes) which is given to us by our parents This shuffling of DNA (chromosomes) happens during MEIOSIS

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32 We will practice MEIOSIS using an organism with 4 chromosomes Don t forget human cells have 46 CHROMOSOMES

33 Diploid Parent Cell Replicates its 4 chromosomes

34 Just like in mitosis, the chromosomes shorten, get thicker and are visible under microscope

35 Spindles attach to chromosomes The homologous chromosomes (each joined to its sister chromatid) pair up along the equator

36 Very important event that occurs between each chromosome pair in meiosis I. Parts of non-sister chromatids cross over each other and exchange segments of DNA Each chromosome picks up new genetic information from the other.

37 BEFORE CROSS-OVER AFTER CROSS-OVER

38 Homologues chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles

39 There are two possibilities for each pair of homologues chromosome how they will line up at the centre REMEMBER: for humans there are 23 pairs of chromosomes = 8 million combinations possible which means over 70 trillion different zygotes are possible Along with crossover at Metaphase 1 this guarantees that each zygote is unique! This also explains why people look different from each other and why even brothers and sisters do not look exactly the same.

40 The homologues chromosomes are at the opposite poles Cytokinesis occurs and two daughter cells are produced

41 Meiosis 2 starts it is just like Mitosis The daughter cells get ready for another round of division

42 Chromosomes in each daughter cell line up in the middle with spindles attached

43 Sister chromatids separate and move to the opposite poles of the cell

44 The chromosomes are at the opposite poles in each cell Cytokinesis occurs and four new HAPLOID cells are produced

45 ALL FOUR cells survive in males ONLY ONE cell survive in females

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