MEIOSIS. Making gametes

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1 MEIOSIS Making gametes

2 Remember from Chapter 1: CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS ALL LIVING THINGS REPRODUCE Planaria animation: Family

3 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Bacteria reproduce using BINARY FISSION Budding & regeneration are used by plants and animals to reproduce asexually (mitosis) Planaria animation:

4 BINARY FISSION & MITOSIS Produces cells that are copies of parent cell identical

5 ADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Can make offspring faster Don t need a partner

6 DISVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION ALL ALIKE Species CAN T change and adapt One disease can wipe out whole population

7 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Family image from: Combines genetic material from 2 parents (sperm & egg) so offspring are genetically from parents DIFFERENT

8 ADVANTAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Allows for variation in population Individuals can be different Provides foundation for EVOLUTION Allow species to adapt to changes in their environment

9 Image by Riedell Image by Riedell EGG + SPERM If egg and sperm had same number of chromosomes as other body cells... baby would have too many chromosomes!

10 MEIOSIS is the way to make cells with ½ the number of chromosomes for sexual reproduction

11 DIPLOID & HAPLOID Most cells have 2 copies of each chromosome = DIPLOID 2n (one from mom; one from dad) HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES All BODY ( ) = SOMATIC cells are diploid

12 DIPLOID & HAPLOID Some cells have only one copy of each HAPLOID 1n chromosome = All sperm and egg cells are haploid. Called gametes or sex cells.

13 MITOSIS Makes cells genetically 2 identical to parent cell & to each other 2n Makes cells Makes SOMATIC (body) Used by organisms to: increase size of organism, repair injuries, replace worn out cells

14 MEIOSIS 4 Makes cells genetically different from parent cell & from each other 1n Makes cells Makes Gametes (sperm & eggs) sexual Used for reproduction

15 WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT? 1. SYNAPSIS & CROSSING OVER (PROPHASE I) 2. SEGREGATION & INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT (ANAPHASE I) 3. Skip INTERPHASE II (NO S) CELL DIVIDES TWICE, BUT ONLY COPIES DNA ONCE

16 WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT? 1.Homologous chromosomes pair up PROPHASE I SYNAPSIS during = This group of FOUR (4) chromatids is called a TETRAD Images modified from:

17 HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES Image modified by Riedell SAME SIZE SAME SHAPE CARRY GENES for the SAME TRAITS BUT NOT! IDENTICAL (Don t have to have the SAME CHOICES)

18 WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT? 2. Exchange of DNA between homologous pairs = CROSSING OVER during PROPHASE I Allows shuffling of genetic material

19 Image modified by Riedell CROSSING OVER Allows for rearranging of DNA in different combinations After crossing over, chromatid arms are NOT IDENTICAL anymore

20 WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT? SEGREGATION & INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT Separation of chromosomes during ANAPHASE I Separates gene choices and allows shuffling of genetic material

21 SEGREGATION (Anaphase I)

22 SEGREGATION & CROSSING OVER together make even more combinations

23 INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

24 INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT at ANAPHASE I Lots of different combinations are possible! This is why you don t look exactly like your brothers and sisters even though you share the same parents!

25

26 WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT? 3. Skip INTERPHASE II (No S) CELL DIVIDES TWICE, BUT G 1 S G 2 ONLY COPIES ITS DNA ONCE MITOSIS: P M A T C MEIOSIS: G 1 S G 2 P M A T C P M A T C ( I ) ( II )

27 WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT? 1. Crossing over 2. Segregation 3. Independent assortment are ALL ways MEIOSIS results in = GENETIC RECOMBINATION So daughter cells are different from parents and from each other

28 Figure Meiosis Section 11-4 Meiosis I Go to Section:

29 Figure Meiosis Section 11-4 Meiosis I Go to Section:

30 Figure Meiosis Section 11-4 Meiosis I Go to Section:

31 Figure Meiosis Section 11-4 Meiosis I Go to Section:

32 Figure Meiosis Section 11-4 Meiosis I Go to Section:

33 Figure Meiosis II Section 11-4 Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Meiosis I results in two The chromosomes line up in a haploid (N) daughter cells, similar way to the metaphase each with half the number of stage of mitosis. chromosomes as the original. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Go to Section:

34 Figure Meiosis II Section 11-4 Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Meiosis I results in two The chromosomes line up in a haploid (N) daughter cells, similar way to the metaphase each with half the number of stage of mitosis. chromosomes as the original. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Go to Section:

35 Figure Meiosis II Section 11-4 Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Meiosis I results in two The chromosomes line up in a haploid (N) daughter cells, similar way to the metaphase each with half the number of stage of mitosis. chromosomes as the original. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Go to Section:

36 Figure Meiosis II Section 11-4 Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Meiosis I results in two The chromosomes line up in a haploid (N) daughter cells, similar way to the metaphase each with half the number of stage of mitosis. chromosomes as the original. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Go to Section:

37 Figure Meiosis II Section 11-4 Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Meiosis I results in two The chromosomes line up in a haploid (N) daughter cells, similar way to the metaphase each with half the number of stage of mitosis. chromosomes as the original. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Go to Section:

38 MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS INTERPHASE INTERPHASE I DNA is spread out as chromatin Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus visible DNA is copied during S phase SAME AS MITOSIS

39 MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS PROPHASE PROPHASE I DNA scrunches into DNA scrunches into replicated chromosomes replicated chromosomes Nuclear membrane/ Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus disappear nucleolus disappear Centrioles/spindle fibers Centrioles/ spindle fibers appear appear Homologous pairs match up

40 MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS METAPHASE METAPHASE I Replicated chromosomes line up in middle Replicated chromosomes line up in middle with homologous partner

41 MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS ANAPHASE ANAPHASE I APART: Chromatids split APART: Chromatids stay together Homologous pairs split

42 MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS TELOPHASE TELOPHASE I See TWO nuclei Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus return DNA spreads out as chromatin Spindle/centrioles disappear SAME AS MITOSIS

43 MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS CYTOKINESIS CYTOKINESIS I Cytoplasm splits into 2 cells SAME AS MITOSIS

44 MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS PROPHASE PROPHASE II DNA scrunches into replicated chromosomes Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus disappear Centrioles/ spindle fibers appear Two cells in meiosis II; no Homologous pairs

45 MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS METAPHASE METAPHASE II Replicated chromosomes line up in middle SAME AS MITOSIS

46 MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS ANAPHASE ANAPHASE II Chromatids split and move apart SAME AS MITOSIS

47 MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS TELOPHASE TELOPHASE II Two nuclei Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus returns Centrioles/spindle fibers disappear DNA spreads out as chromatin SAME AS MITOSIS

48 MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS CYTOKINESIS CYTOKINESIS II Cytoplasm splits 2 daughter cells Cytoplasm splits 4 cells

49 MAKING SPERM & EGGS

50 SPERMATOGENESIS = MAKING MATURE SPERM Mature & grow flagella

51 WHY MAKE ONLY ONE GOOD EGG? Sperm donates mostly DNA Most of the cell parts and nutrients needed for baby come from EGG!

52 Sperm provides DNA All the starting nutrients, organelles, molecule building blocks, etc. have to come from the egg.

53 OOGENESIS = MAKING a MATURE EGG Produces: 1 good egg 3 POLAR BODIES CYTOPLASM DIVIDES UNEVENLY

54 POLAR BODIES DEGENERATE (DIE) Self digest Using LYSOSOMES = APOPTOSIS cell suicide for good of organism

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