Answer Graded As Feedback composite divinities. symbols of Cherokee cosmology

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1 Problemset Title Introductory Text Chapter Exam Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 The gods Ishtar, Zeus, and Odin may be regarded by modern scholars as what? See the section "Introduction" in Chapter 2 on p. 32. composite divinities monotheistic primal beliefs symbols of Cherokee cosmology An (Anu), the Summerian sky god, held what position in the Sumero- Akkadian pantheon? the god of wind and flood king and ruler of the gods the moon god the wisdom god How did the Summerian gods relate to one another? Each city's reigning deity excluded any other god and his cult. They only tolerated deities grouped in their

2 divine family. They were at war with one another. They were hospitable toward each other. Question 4 Question 5 Who was the greatest rival of Ishtar? Anu Marduk Shamash Sin Which of the following priestly tasks were not performed in the ziggurats? schooling for reading, writing, and arithmetic divination healings lengthy rituals for festivals Question 6 Scholars that look beyond the works of Homer and study folklore, such as the poetry of Hesiod, conclude that much of the base of Greek religion is what? early Greek culture magic and ritual

3 pre-greek superstition Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 What was the earliest true civilization in Greece? Aegean Minoan Mycenaean Pelasgian Although many gods came to the Greeks from different cultures, which of the following deities originated in Greek lands? Athena Demeter Hestia Zeus Who were the Greek deities of healing? klepios and Hygieia Hermes and Apollo Hippocrates and Hestia Rhea and Aphrodite

4 Question 10 At the temple in Delphi, a priestess named Pythia sat near a vent in the earth that emitted fumes and translated oracles thought to be from what Greek god? Question 11 Question 12 Zeus Hera Dione Apollo In Homeric times, what was neither central to the gods nor humankind? excellence honors justice sacrifice Which of the following does NOT describe early Roman religion? individualized precise priest-centered very close to magic Question 13 Who introduced anthropomorphic qualities to early Roman religion by setting images of the gods in the temples they built?

5 Question 14 Question 15 Egyptians Etruscans Greeks priests from ia Minor What was one of the causes for Roman interest in mystic cults? an agricultural economy a transition toward a more urban and imperial point of view increased cultural interest in ancient tradition the pursuit of subsistence Which ruler revived old Roman religious practices that set the stage for the introduction of an official imperial cult? Augustus Caesar Julius Caesar Caligula Nero Question 16 According to the Commentaries of Julius Caesar, the Celts mostly worshipped a god identified as Mercury; scholars believe this deity may also be whom?

6 Question 17 Question 18 Question 19 See the section "IV. Europe Beyond the Alps" in Chapter 2 on p. 56. Dispater Minerva Odin Thor Why was death a disturbing thought to the Teutons? See the section "IV. Europe Beyond the Alps" in Chapter 2 on p. 56. Cosmic conflict would take place at the time of the Doom of the Gods. The dead traveled by the Hel-way to the underworld. Only warriors could go to Valha. Until the corpse decayed, it could do harm as a vampire. What were the Bacabs in the Mayan worldview? See the section "V. Mesoamerica: The Maya" in Chapter 2 on p. 61. gods of the soil gods of time gods that supported the sky individual offerings and prayers Each stage of a Mayan's life was dominated by what? See the section "V. Mesoamerica: The Maya" in

7 Question 20 Chapter 2 on p. 61. calendric horoscopes interpreted by priests the life cycle of maize public ceremonial sacrifice the shape and feel of time How do the Maya view individual offerings and prayers? See the section "V. Mesoamerica: The Maya" in Chapter 2 on p. 61. a path to deeper cosmic insight a strengthening of compassion for his fellow man a way of making a contract explicit; "I give so that you will give" a way to resist temptation

8 Problemset Title Introductory Text Post-Test Question 1 Out of nearly 2,000 deities in the Mesopotamian pantheon, how many became important over wide areas of the kingdom and were individuy associated with large cities? Question 2 Which of the following was NOT believed to be ruled by Summerian gods Anu, Bel, and Ea, who divided dominion over the physical universe? Question 3 heaven above earth beneath waters on and under the earth the underworld Which Summerian deity was known as a virginal love goddess, queen of fertility, and woman warrior? Hera

9 Ishtar Ninhursag Venus Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Which of the following is NOT a parel theme in the original Summerian flood myth and Noah's flood story in the Old Testament? Two rivers surrounding the Fertile Crescent would overflow. The gods decided in anger to send a flood upon the earth. Their secret decision was revealed to one man. One man decided to build an ark. What was the most important divining method employed by Summerian priests? astrology dream interpretation meditation omens perceived in natural events What is the origin of the Greek gods Zeus, Demeter, and Hestia? Aegean

10 Dorian Helladic Indo-European Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 How do we know the Greeks were anthropomorphic in characterizing their gods? Symbols and analogies came from human life and personality. Symbols and analogies came from scientific knowledge. Symbols and analogies were far removed from daily life. Symbols and analogies were inspired by transcendence. Individuy, the Greek gods were attributed with many complex functions; which of the following was NOT considered a duty of Zeus? deity of the underworld god of fertility guardian of several city-states war god Due to exploits at Delphi, which god besides Zeus was considered a source of direct oracles?

11 Question 10 Question 11 Question 12 Apollo Athena Hermes Poseidon How does Homer define and simplify the Greek gods? deities in animal form described fetishes explained personalities sharply defined tales of vegetation, death, and the underworld introduced What is moira? death fate terror turmoil What did Hesiod's Theogony attempt to define? day-to-day religious practice

12 Greek rationalism nature and history origin of the gods Question 13 Question 14 Question 15 Which of the following is not one of the Greek mystery cults? Diasia Dionysiac Eleusinian Orphic What is monism? Everything in the universe is air. Everything in the universe is infinite. Everything in the universe is some form or another of one thing. Everything in the universe is water. Which of the following was among the earliest Roman deities worshipped? Diana Janus

13 Juno Vesta Question 16 Question 17 Question 18 In the time of the Roman monarchy, who was recognized as the chief priest? the state-sanctioned priest of Jupiter a democraticy elected official the king the head pontiff Which two Roman deities were known as the war gods? Janus and Vestas Jupiter and Juno Mars and Quirinus Minerva and Diana What did the famous Sibylline Books contain? a collection of oracles a history of the world a visualization of Minerva the myth of the marriage of Jupiter and Juno

14 Question 19 Question 20 Which two ancient groups represent religious beliefs that illustrate the original Indo-European worldview? See the section "IV. Europe Beyond the Alps" in Chapter 2 on p. 56. Celt and Teuton Greek and Roman Maya and Aztec Summerian and Akkadian Even today, the Maya retain a devout attitude toward what? See the section "V. Mesoamerica: The Maya" in Chapter 2 on p. 61. the association of colors and nature the calendar material structures sources of sustenance

15 Problemset Title Introductory Text Pre-Test Question 1 Question 2 What element did the deities in ancient Mesopotamia represent? every part of nature fire sky water It was usual for the male deities to have what? a consort a mother-goddess powerful fertility sm sanctuaries Question 3 The Summerians and the Akkadians, in the northern half of Mesopotamia, grouped powerful gods Anu, Bel, and Ea into a triad; what were they believed to rule over? agriculture heaven above the physical universe

16 water Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 What purpose did the Babylonian myths and epics serve for the worshippers in Mesopotamia? to administer social and political power over the people to establish hereditary lineage for the purpose of marriage eligibility to explore profound questions about believers' place in the universe to transition followers from a nomadic existence to a more urban life Which of the following actions did Babylonian priests NOT take to ensure believers their blessings? incantations ritual prayers sacrifices war What was the determining factor in the formation of early Greek religion? mystery religions

17 northern invaders from Indo-Europe the Greek philosophers the stories of Homer Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Which of the following references cannot be attributed to the Greek god Zeus? earth mother the Pater rainmaker sky father Why were the Greeks polytheists? divination made polytheism possible the powers and forces encountered in daily life were both diverse and numerous previous early civilizations were polytheist their leaders mandated polytheism Why were Hades, the god of the underworld, and Ouranos, the god of heaven, not worshipped in Greek homes? Only priests could pray or offer sacrifices to

18 these gods. These gods were perceived to be far removed from daily life. These gods were perceived to be too close to daily life. These gods were perceived to be too powerful. Question 10 Question 11 Question 12 Which author first composed stories of the Greek gods as a family? Hesiod Homer Plato Sophocles What are daimons? destructive passions like jealousy and pride evil spirits personal spirits closely identified with an individual spirits associated with death Which of the following is NOT recognized as one of Greece's tragic poets?

19 Aeschylus Euripides Hera Sophocles Question 13 Question 14 Question 15 What origins can be attributed to the people who came to be known as the Latins? Etruscan Greek Indo-European Teutonic Which god defended the threshold of the Roman home? Ceres Janus Juno Jupiter Which Roman god predetermined the course of human affairs? Jupiter Mars Neptune

20 Venus Question 16 Question 17 Question 18 What did the mystic cults from the eastern world bring to Roman worshippers that the state religion did not provide? agricultural worship agnosticism hope of immortality organizational skills Which of the following forms of worship did the Celts NOT participate in? See the section "IV. Europe Beyond the Alps" in Chapter 2 on p. 56. animal worship emperor worship sacrifices tree worship Which religious aspects of life did NOT greatly concern the Teutonic people? See the section "IV. Europe Beyond the Alps" in Chapter 2 on p. 56. death end of the world fertility the sacred significance of time

21 Question 19 Question 20 Many Mayan deities appear in four aspects; this configuration also appears in what other culture's vision of the shape of the world? See the section "V. Mesoamerica: The Maya" in Chapter 2 on p. 61. Cherokee Egyptian Greek Roman Which of the following is NOT among the four modes of Mayan deity groupings? See the section "V. Mesoamerica: The Maya" in Chapter 2 on p. 61. calendric and ceremonial celestial and remote death and war magic and divination