Geology of Hong Kong A Summary. Prof LS Chan The University of Hong Kong

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1 Geology of Hong Kong A Summary Prof LS Chan The University of Hong Kong

2

3 Student Expeditions

4 Geology of HK Eurasia Late Cretaceous Orogen Collapse Eurasia Sunda Early Cenozoic Crustal Extension Jointed ash tuff, Sai Kung Red beds, Port Island Mylonite, Castle Peak

5 Major Physiographic Characteristics Hilly terrains: granitic and volcanic rocks

6 Major Physiographic Characteristics Highest peaks: developed about volcanic edifices

7 Major Physiographic Characteristics Escarpments: Tilted redbeds

8 Major Physiographic Characteristics Basins and valleys: Mirs Bay, Tuen Mun Valley, Pearl-River delta rifted basins

9 Major Physiographic Characteristics Rias coastline and Victoria Harbour: drowned landscape and waterways since last sea level rise

10 Major Physiographic Characteristics Linear channels: developed along NE- & NWtrending fault systems

11 Virtual Tour of Hong Kong Landscape HKgeology2.wmv

12 地質調查 Geological Survey

13 Geological Units 1. Layered formations 2. Granitic suites

14 Major geological units Ping Chau Formation Kat O formation and localised breccia Port Island & Pat Sin Leng Formations Jurassic-Cretaceous igneous rocks & tuffaceous sedimentary formations Jurassic Tolo Channel Formation Permian Tolo Harbour Fm. Carboniferous San Tin Group Devonian Bluff Head Formation

15 Earth s Interior Earth vs Egg Crust (Granitic) Mantle (Ultramafic) Core (Metallic)

16 Plate Tectonics 板塊運動

17 Continental Collision

18 Jurassic period Tertiary period

19 Paleozoic Bluff Head Formation San Tin Group Tolo Harbour Formation

20 Bluff Head Formation Intracratonic, terrestrial deposit; fluvial-deltaiclacustrine environment

21 Bluff Head Formation Red beds and quartz sandstones

22 Folding structures

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24 Bluff Head

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27 Mesozoic Tolo Channel Formation Tai-O Formation Tuen Mun Formation Igneous activities Red beds

28 Credit of Photos: USGS es/139437/1_21_092604_st_he lens.jpg

29 Geological Units 1. Layered formations 2. Granitic suites

30 Late Mesozoic Volcanic Calderas in Hong Kong Credit: Hong Kong Geological Survey, CEDD, HKSAR

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33 East Dam, Sai Kung 西貢東壩

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35 Credit of Photo: USGS

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37 地質調查 Geological Survey

38 Igneous Rock Associations of Hong Kong Volcanic Group Granitoid Suite Kau Sai Chau Lion Rock 140 Age (m.y.) Repulse Bay Cheung Chau Lantau Kwai Chung Tsuen Wan Lamma

39 Geological effects of arc magmatism Formation of granitic plutons Widespread regional metamorphism of Paleozoic rocks Localised hydrothermal metamorphism forming skarns and mineralised zones

40 Cenozoic Ping Chau Formation Fault-related rocks

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45 Geological Heritage of Hong Kong About the book: Explanations of subtle features

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47 Biogenic sediment

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49 叠層石 stromatolite, Hamelin Pool, Western Australia

50 Stromatolite 叠層藻

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54 Double Haven

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58 Normal Fault on Port Island

59 Mok Min cave, Sai Kung 木棉洞

60 Fan Lau

61 Waterfalls around Hong Kong

62 Rocks of Hong Kong: Igneous rocks Granites Account for about 40 of solid bedrock Coarse grained acid igneous rocks Formed in volcanic arc setting, ~ Ma Jointed granite, Lamma Is Granite, Lung Kwu Tan

63 Rocks of Hong Kong: Igneous rocks Volcanic Rocks Cogenic with granites Volcanic rocks account for 40% of solid bedrock Volcaniclastic rocks: tuffs, volcanic breccia and agglomerates Lavas: Rhyolites and porphyry Sai Lau Kong East Dam, Sai Kung

64 Rocks of Hong Kong: Igneous rocks Mafic rocks Fine-grained dark-colored, with low silica content Basalt, dolerites Late-phase intrusions Forming dikes in extensional setting Mafic dikes, Shek O Mafic dikes, Waglan Is.

65 Rocks of Hong Kong: Sedimentary rocks Clastic rocks Conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, mudstones Marine and terrestrial sediments Reworked tuffaceous sediments Soft sediment deformation common Red beds, Port Island Conglomerate, Bluff Head

66 Rocks of Hong Kong: Sedimentary rocks Biogenic rocks Dolomitic siltstone in Ping Chau (algal mats) Limestones (Kat O) Extensive presence of marble in Yuen long Algal beds, Ping Chau Sheared marble, Tuen Mun

67 Rocks of Hong Kong: Metamorphic rocks Foliated metamorphic rocks Meta-sediments /metavolcanics Slate-phyllite-schist-gneiss Not mapped as separate units Cleavages showing dynamic metamorphism Mylonite, Castle Peak Sheared pebbles, Nam Chung

68 Rocks of Hong Kong: Metamorphic rocks Non-foliated metamorphic rocks Quartzite, marble Greisen & skarn rocks in contact zones Hydrothermal metamorphism Neomineralization & recrystallisation Skarn, Ma On Shan Garnets, San Shek Wan

69 Summary of Geological History Devonian: terrestrial deposits Carboniferous-Early Jurassic: shallow marine Jurassic-Cretaceous: igneous activities Tertiary: post-tectonics faulting Quaternary: erosion/sea-level changes

70 stalactite helictite drip cutain Department of Earth Sciences University of Hong Kong

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