454/01 GEOLOGY GL4 EXTENSION GEOLOGY. P.M. FRIDAY, 14 June (2 Hours)
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1 WELSH JOINT EDUCATION COMMITTEE General Certificate of Education Advanced CYD-BWYLLGOR ADDYSG CYMRU Tystysgrif Addysg Gyffredinol Uwch 454/01 GEOLOGY GL4 EXTENSION GEOLOGY P.M. FRIDAY, 14 June 2002 (2 Hours) In addition to this paper you will need: the Geological Map Extract (Cheddar) Examiner Section A Section B INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Answer all the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided. Total 96 INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in brackets at the end of each sub-question. Candidates are reminded that marking will take into account the quality of communication used in your answers. No certificate will be awarded to a candidate detected in any unfair practice during the examination. RD*
2 2 Examiner SECTION A Answer all questions is the spaces provided. This section should take approximately 1 hour to complete. 1. Figure 1 shows data collected from a sill and adjacent rock exposed in a cliff. Column 1 Height (metres) Column 2 Geological Section Column 3 Mineralogy (Most common mineral listed first) 300 clay minerals clay minerals, andalusite plagioclase, augite, olivine Column 4 Grain Size Fine <0.5mm Medium 0.5-2mm Coarse >2mm Column 5 plagioclase, augite 200 augite, plagioclase 100 augite, plagioclase, olivine olivine augite 0 olivine plagioclase, augite olivine calcite calcite Figure 1 (a) In Figure 1, column 5, mark and label: (i) the top and bottom margins of the sill; [2] a location for the rock type hornfels. Use a labelled arrow ( H). [1] (b) Describe and explain one piece of evidence that would confirm the igneous body as a sill rather than a lava flow. [2]
3 3 Examiner (c) (i) Describe the distribution of the mineral olivine within the sill. [3] Explain the distribution of olivine you have described. [4] (d) In column 2, mark, with a labelled cross (+ M), a location where the composition of the sill most closely represents the composition of the original magma. Explain your answer. [3] Total 15 marks Turn over.
4 4 Examiner 2. Two core samples were obtained from a single rock specimen. Each sample was tested for strength by compressing the ends of the core and measuring the resultant strain. The two tests were carried out at different temperatures and the results are shown in Figures 2a and 2b. High temperature A B C Fracture point Low temperature Stress Stress Fracture point 0 Strain 0 Strain (Both figures drawn to the same relative scales) Figure 2a Figure 2b (a) (i) Define the terms stress and strain. [2] Stress... Strain... Describe the apparent effect of temperature on the fracture point in these tests. [2] (b) (i) State the type of strain illustrated by the graph between the following points on Figure 2a: [2] 0 and A... B and C...
5 5 Examiner Complete the diagram below by sketching the core showing the amount and type of permanent strain (if any) that would be expected if the stress were removed having reached points A and B on Figure 2a. Use suitable labels to explain your drawings. [4] Guide lines Length of core sample Fractures Unstrained rock at point 0 Permanent strain after reaching point A Permanent strain after reaching point B Permanent strain after reaching point C (The cores at 0 and C are drawn for comparison.) (c) Describe the behaviour of the core sample shown by Figure 2b. [2] (d) Suggest how the results of these compression tests help to explain different types of rock deformation in the crust. [3] Total 15 marks Turn over.
6 6 Examiner 3. Figure 3a is a geological map showing a sequence of sedimentary rocks intruded by a granite pluton. Limestone Edge of metamorphic aureole Mudstone Sandstone poorly sorted, sub-rounded grains with a finer matrix A C2 30 B C 1 Granite 27 N Feature X metres Figure 3a (a) (i) Complete the chart below by naming the main mineral component typical of the other two sedimentary rocks in Figure 3a. [2] Sedimentary Rock Main mineral component Limestone Mudstone Sandstone Quartz State which of the three sedimentary rocks in Figure 3a is likely to undergo the greatest mineralogical change during contact metamorphism. Briefly explain your choice. [3]
7 7 Examiner (b) (i) Describe the likely changes in rock texture along the line A B on Figure 3a. [2] Figure 3b shows the mineralogy and rock texture at location C 1 on Figure 3a. Using the evidence from both figures, draw a labelled sketch below, to the same scale, to show the likely mineralogy and texture of the sandstone at location C 2. [4] Mineralogy and texture of rock at Location C 1 Mineralogy and texture of sandstone at Location C 2 Quartz Mica 2mm Figure 3b (c) (i) Name features labelled X on Figure 3a and outline their probable origin. [2] Name... Origin... Explain one reason for the variation in width of the metamorphic aureole shown on Figure 3a. [2] Total 15 marks Turn over.
8 8 Examiner 4. Figure 4 shows the changes in the diversity of life during the past 600Ma. Number of faunal families in fossil record PRECAMBRIAN CAMBRIAN ORDOVICIAN SILURIAN DEVONIAN CARBONIFEROUS PERMIAN TRIASSIC JURASSIC CRETACEOUS TERTIARY QUATERNARY Box X A... Box X Geological age in millions of years (Ma) Figure 4 (a) In Box X on Figure 4: (i) name the era labelled A [1] mark and label the extent of the Mesozoic era. [1] (b) (i) Name the boundary at which the greatest number of faunal families became extinct. [1] Calculate the percentage of existing families that became extinct during this event. Show your working. [2]... %
9 9 Examiner (c) (i) On the graph shown in Figure 4, mark the K-T boundary mass extinction event with an arrow ( K-T) [1] Give two examples of faunal groups that became extinct at the K-T boundary. [2] Faunal group 1... Faunal group 2... (iii) Briefly outline two contrasting hypotheses that have been put forward to account for the K-T mass extinction. [4] (d) Explain why the small number of families recorded at the Precambrian - Cambrian boundary does not necessarily reflect the abundance of life at that time. [3] Total 15 marks Turn over.
10 10 Examiner SECTION B Questions 5-7 relate to the British Geological Survey map extract of Cheddar. Answer all questions in the spaces provided. This section should take approximately 1 hour to complete. 5. (a) (i) Describe the outcrop of the Triassic Dolomitic Conglomerate (DCg within the Mercia Mudstone Group - MMG) on the Geological Map. [3] Calculate the maximum difference in the dip angles of the Triassic and Carboniferous rocks in grid square Show your working. [2]... degrees (iii) Figure 1 is a partly completed geological section along the line X - Y on the Geological Map (grid square 4758). X Y Dolomitic Conglomerate (DCg) River Plane of unconformity Carboniferous Limestone not to scale Figure 1 Complete Figure 1 by sketching a few bedding planes to show the apparent dip of the Carboniferous Limestone beds along this section. Explain your answer. [2]
11 11 Examiner (b) In grid square 4657 the boundary between the Dolomitic Conglomerate (DCg) and Upper Old Red Sandstone (PoB) is an unconformity. (i) Using the generalised vertical section of the Geological Map, calculate the minimum thickness of beds that must have been locally eroded prior to deposition of the Dolomitic Conglomerate. Show your working. [2]... metres The Dolomitic Conglomerate (DCg) represents deposition from high-energy streams flowing in valleys from an upland area formed before the Triassic. Describe the evidence from the Geological Map and Figure 1 for this conclusion. [3] Total 12 marks 6. (a) (i) Measure the width of outcrop of the Black Rock Limestone (BRL) on either side of Black Down (along the line of section) between grid references and [2] (Note the map scale = 1:25000) Outcrop width (north)... m Outcrop width (south)... m Account for the variation in outcrop widths. [2] Turn over.
12 12 Examiner (b) Describe the characteristics of the major fold structure on the Geological Map and cross section. [4] (c) With reference to the generalised vertical section and the Geological Map, describe and explain one piece of field evidence you might expect to find at grid reference to confirm the orientation (way up) of the Clifton Down Limestone (CDL). You may use a diagram if you wish. [4] Total 12 marks
13 13 Examiner 7. (a) Refer to the two quarries located at grid references and (i) Compare and contrast the geology at each loaction. [4] Give two reasons why the geology of the northern quarry (445592) may have posed the greater problems for quarrying. [2] (b) Refer to the quarry located at Callow Hill (445557) and surrounding area. Assess the geological implications of developing this quarry as a landfill site for domestic or toxic waste. [6] Total 12 marks
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