AP Biology Summer Assignment

Transcription

1 AP Biology Summer Assignment Welcome! Congratulations on deciding to take on the challenge of an Advanced Placement Course. The two main goals of AP Biology are to help you develop a conceptual framework for modern biology and to gain a deeper appreciation of science as a process (as opposed to an accumulation of facts). Because of the rapid pace of discovery in the life sciences our primary emphasis is on developing an understanding of unifying concepts that connect the major topics of biology. Why a summer assignment?? AP Biology is a rigorous, yet manageable and rewarding class. In order to meet the demands of the curriculum it is necessary for you to complete some work before you come back in September. Your summer assignment will be based on pre-requisite information that you need a refresher on before coming back. Many of you may be well versed in these topics already so it shouldn t be too difficult. Part 1: Check out a textbook BEFORE summer vacation!! You will need to check out an AP Biology textbook before school lets out this year so you can complete your summer assignment. The AP Biology textbook is the 8 th edition of Campbell Biology. Part 2: Introduction & REMIND & Website I would like to know a little about who you are and why you are taking AP Biology, so the second part of your summer assignment is to send me an introducing yourself. Here is what I would like you to me at jeff.almanza@medford.k12.or.us. BY THE END OF JUNE! Subject Line: AP Biology , Your Name Body: Your full name (and nickname that you go by if you have one) and stuff about you. What science classes have you taken? Are you taking any other science classes next year? Was there anything that you liked or disliked about your earlier biology class? What are you looking forward to the most in AP Biology? What are you most anxious about in AP Biology? Why are you taking AP Biology? What do you hope to accomplish/gain? What do you like to do (hobbies, sports, music, interests, etc.)? Remember to use proper etiquette. I will reply so you have an electronic record that the second part of your assignment was received. I will be checking my most of the summer so if you have any problems with the other parts of the assignment, please contact me through as well. ALSO, please sign up for the REMIND text (info. at the end of this packet), so I can communicate any IMPORTANT AP Biology information during the summer and the school year and check out my website,

2 Part 3: Reading Guides for Unit 1 Your assignment is to complete the reading guides for chapters 1-5 of your textbook (Biology, Campbell 8 th Ed.). The reading guides should be attached to this letter. I expect your reading guides to be completed in your own handwriting. This textbook has a lot of technical vocabulary and can feel overwhelming. The packets will help you to know what parts to focus on. In addition to the reading guides, I would like you to make a list of vocab cards (flash cards) of the key vocabulary terms for each chapter. Use 3 x 5 index cards for this. When you feel confident that you have mastered the reading guide for a chapter, you will take a Schoology quiz. To sign up for Schoology, visit the Schoology website, create an account and use this code, JBDB8-4P8F4, to sign up for the class. You are welcome to use your textbook, reading guides, flash cards for this quiz. Understand that you will only be given one opportunity to take this quiz and once started, it must be completed. The quiz will be used as a formative assessment for 1st quarter. The reading guides &/flash cards will be due the FIRST DAY of school. Do not wait until the night before to complete the assignment or you will feel overwhelmed that is why I am giving it to you now. Part 4: Graphing Practice For Part 4 you will need to complete graphing problems A, B, C, D, & E. These will also be due the FIRST DAY of school. You will be taking your first Summative Assessment at the end of the first week of school. This summative assessment will cover all of the information in the reading guides and graphing assignment. I truly am looking forward to working with you next year! Don t procrastinate on this assignment but don t let it keep you from having a wonderful summer!!! Sincerely, Mr. Almanza jeff.almanza@medford.k12.or.us Classroom: S-8

3 AP Biology: Chapter 1 Guided Reading Assignment Chp 1: The Themes of Biology 1. Biology is the study of life, but we have to determine what is considered living. List and give a brief description of the properties of life shown in Fig Figure 1.3 zooms you in from viewing Earth from space all the way to the level of molecules. As you study this figure, list and write a brief definition of each level. Page 1 of 4

4 3. In your own words, what is reductionism? 4. What are emergent properties? Give two examples. 5. As you read this section, you will probably recognize many things you have learned in earlier science classes. Since this material will be presented in detail in future chapters, you will come back to these ideas, so don t fret if the concepts presented are unfamiliar. However, to guide your study, define these terms as you come to them. a. Eukaryotic cell: b. Prokaryotic Cell: c. Genes: d. Gene expression: e. Genome: f. Genomics: g. Proteomics: h. Bioinformatics: 6. Explain how nutrients cycle within an ecosystem, but energy flows one-way through an ecosystem. Page 2 of 4

5 7. Explain and give an example of each type of feedback. a. Positive feedback: b. Negative feedback: 8. What does the statement there is unity in diversity mean in terms of biology and why is it said that Evolution is the unifying theme of biology? 9. What is natural selection? 10. In this course, you will be involved with inquiry. What does inquiry mean, and what might be involved? 11. Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative data. Which kind could be graphed? Which type would you find in field sketches made by Darwin? 12. Differentiate between inductive and deductive reasoning. Page 3 of 4

6 13. What is a control group and why is it important to have in an experiment? 14. Explain the difference between the dependent and independent variable. Understanding this will be necessary when analyzing and graphing data. 15. Explain what is meant by a scientific theory by giving three ways your text distinguishes a theory from a hypothesis or mere speculation. Page 4 of 4

7 AP Biology: Chapter 2 Guided Reading Assignment Chp 2: The Chemical Context of Life 1. Contrast the term element with compound. 2. What four elements make up 96% of living matter? 3. Label each diagram below with the following terms and define each term: electron, proton, neutron, atomic nucleus 4. Contrast the terms atomic mass and atomic number. 5. What is an isotope and what is special about radioactive isotopes? 6. Explain how radioactive tracers are used in science? Page 1 of 3

8 7. What is potential energy? 8. Use the diagram below to explain where an electron would have the most potential energy and where it would have the least potential energy. 9. How do electrons move from one shell to another? 10. What determines the chemical behavior of an atom? Why are some elements said to be inert? 11. Define the following terms: a. Covalent bond b. Single bond c. Double bond d. Valence e. Electronegativity f. Nonpolar covalent bond g. Polar covalent bond Page 2 of 3

9 12. What is the difference between a structural and molecular formula? 13. How do ionic bonds compare with covalent bonds? 14. Compare and contrast hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions. 15. Use morphine and endorphins as examples to explain why molecular shape is crucial in biology. 16. Define a dynamic chemical equilibrium in terms of quantities of reactants and products. Page 3 of 3

10 AP Biology: Chapter 3 Guided Reading Assignment Chp. 3: Water and Life 1. Why is water considered a polar molecule? 2. For each of the below listed properties of water briefly define the property and then explain how water s hydrogen bonds contribute to the special property. a. Cohesion b. Adhesion c. Surface tension d. High specific heat e. Heat of vaporization f. Evaporative cooling 3. How do hydrogen bonds explain that ice is less dense than liquid water? 4. Define the following terms: a. Solute b. Solvent Page 1 of 3

11 c. Aqueous solution d. Hydrophilic e. Hydrophobic f. Molarity 5. Label the diagram below to demonstrate the dissociation of the water molecule. 6. What defines an acid and a base? 7. Why are apparently small changes in ph so important in biology? 8. What is a buffer? 9. Write and explain the carbonic acid buffer system in human blood. Page 2 of 3

12 10. Explain how carbon dioxide emissions are affecting marine life and ecosystems. Page 3 of 3

13 AP Biology: Chapter 4 Guided Reading Assignment Chp. 4: Carbon and Life 1. Why was the Urey-Miller experiment so important? 2. What is special about carbon that makes it the central atom in the chemistry of life? 3. Use the diagram below to label and describe the three types of isomers. 4. For each functional group draw the structure, name the compound, write and example and note the functional properties. a. Hydroxyl b. Carbonyl aldehyde Page 1 of 2

14 c. Carbonyl ketone d. Carboxyl e. Amino f. Sulfhydryl g. Phosphate h. Methyl Page 2 of 2

15 AP Biology: Chapter 5 Guided Reading Assignment Chp. 5: Biological Molecules 1. Label the diagram below identify a monomer, polymer, condensation reaction, and hydrolysis. 2. What is the monomer of carbohydrates called? 3. What are the three hexose monosaccharides? How are they similar and how are they different? 4. What is a glycosidic linkage and what do the numbers 1-4 and 1-2 relate to? Page 1 of 5

16 5. Compare and contrast the two storage polysaccharides. 6. Compare and contrast the two structural polysaccharides. 7. Why are lipids grouped together or what characteristic do they all share? 8. What are the two building blocks of fats? 9. Contrast saturated and unsaturated fats. 10. Why are saturated fats usually solids at room temperature, but unsaturated fats are liquid? Page 2 of 5

17 11. Label the phospholipid below to show the phosphate group, the glycerol, and the fatty acid chains. Also indicate the region that is hydrophobic and the region that is hydrophilic. 12. What cell structure has many phospholipids? 13. How would you recognize a basic steroid molecule? 14. List the eight types of proteins and their basic function. Page 3 of 5

18 15. What are the names for the monomers and polymers of proteins? 16. Draw two amino acids note the amino group, the carboxyl group and the alpha carbon, circle the water molecule to be removed and then note the peptide bond formed when the two are joined. 17. Explain the four levels of protein structure a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Quaternary 18. We have said that a change in structure will mean a change in function. How does this principle apply to sickle-cell disease? Why is the structure changed? 19. What does denaturation mean and why is it important? Page 4 of 5

19 20. What are chaperonins and what is their role in protein structure? 21. What is the monomer of nucleic acids? What are the 3 parts of this monomer? 22. What are the 2 families of nitrogen bases and how do they differ? What are the members of each family? 23. What is meant by the term that DNA is antiparallel? Page 5 of 5

20 Graphing Practice INTRODUCTION Graphing is an important procedure used by scientists to display the data that is collected during a controlled experiment. Line graphs must be constructed correctly to accurately portray the data collected. Many times the wrong construction of a graph detracts from the acceptance of an individual s hypothesis A graph contains five major parts: a. Title b. The independent variable c. The dependent variable d. The scales for each variable e. A legend The TITLE: depicts what the graph is about. By reading the title, the reader should get an idea about the graph. It should be a concise statement placed above the graph. The INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: is the variable that can be controlled by the experimenter. It usually includes time (dates, minutes, hours, etc.), depth (feet, meters), and temperature (Celsius). This variable is placed on the X axis (horizontal axis). The DEPENDENT VARIABLE: is the variable that is directly affected by the independent variable. It is the result of what happens because of the independent variable. Example: How many oxygen bubbles are produced by a plant located five meters below the surface of the water? The oxygen bubbles are dependent on the depth of the water. This variable is placed on the Y-axis or vertical axis. The SCALES for each Variable: In constructing a graph one needs to know where to plot the points representing the data. In order to do this a scale must be employed to include all the data points. This must also take up a conservative amount of space. It is not suggested to have a run on scale making the graph too hard to manage. The scales should start with 0 and climb based on intervals such as: multiples of 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, or 100. The scale of numbers will be dictated by your data values. The LEGEND: is a short descriptive narrative concerning the graph's data. It should be short and concise and placed under the graph. The MEAN for a group of variables: To determine the mean for a group of variables, divide the sum of the variables by the total number of variables to get an average. The MEDIAN for a group of variables: To determine median or middle for an even number of values, put the values in ascending order and take the average of the two middle values. e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10 Add 4+5 (2 middle values) and divide by 2 to get 4.5 The MODE for a group of variables: The mode for a group of values is the number that occurs most frequently. e.g. 2, 5, 8, 2, 6, 11 The number 2 is the mode because it occurred most often (twice) 10

21 Problem A: Using the following data, answer the questions below and then construct a line graph. Depth in meters Number of Bubbles / minute Plant A Number of Bubbles / minute Plant B What is the dependent variable and why? 2. What is the independent variable and why? 3. What title would you give the graph? 4. What are the mean, median, and mode of all 3 columns of data? a). Depth : b). Bubble Plant A.: c). Bubbles Plant B: Mean Median Mode Mean Median Mode Mean Median Mode 11

22 Title: LEGEND: 12

23 Problem B: Diabetes is a disease affecting the insulin producing glands of the pancreas. If there is not enough insulin being produced by these cells, the amount of glucose in the blood will remain high. A blood glucose level above 140 for an extended period of time is not considered normal. This disease, if not brought under control, can lead to severe complications and even death. Answer the following questions concerning the data below and then graph it. Time After Eating hours Glucose ml / Liter of Blood Person A Glucose ml / Liter of Blood Person B What is the dependent variable and why? 2. What is the independent variable and why? 3. What title would you give the graph? 4. Which, if any, of the above individuals (A or B) has diabetes? 5. What data do you have to support your hypothesis? 6. If the time period were extended to 6 hours, what would the expected blood glucose level for Person B? 13

24 Title: LEGEND: 14

25 Problem C Temperatures were obtained in November in a fairly arid area of Nevada. At two different sites, temperature readings were taken at a number of heights above and below the soil surface. One site was shaded by a juniper (a plant) whereas the other was not. Table 1 Condition Height in cm from soil surface Temp. in C o - Beneath Forest Cover Temp in C o Unshaded Field Air Air Air Air Soil surface Humus Mineral Mineral Construct a line graph and plot the data 15

26 Problem D A researcher interested in the disappearance of fallen leaves in a deciduous forest carried out a field experiment that lasted nearly a year. She collected all the leaves from 100 plots scattered throughout the forest. She measured the amount of leaves present in November, May and August. The percentages reflect the number of leaves found, using the November values as 100 percent. Table 2 Collection Date Ash Beech Elm Hazel Oak Willow November 4271g 3220g 3481g 1723g 5317g 3430g 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% May 2431g 3190g 1739g 501g 4401g 1201g 57% 99% % % 83% 35% August 1376g 2285g 35g 62g 1759g 4g 32% 71% % % 33% 0.1% Complete the table by calculating the missing percentages Construct a line graph for the ash and elm leaves 16

27 Problem E A species of insect has been accidentally introduced from Asia into the US. The success of this organism depends on its ability to find a suitable habitat. The larval stage is very sensitive to changes in temperature, humidity and light intensity. Expose to situations outside the tolerance limits results in a high mortality(death) rate. Study the data table below. Table 3 Temp. Mortality Relative Mortality Light Mortality (oc) (%) Humidity(%) (%) intensity (fc) (%)

28 On the graphs, plot line graphs for the effects of temperature and humidity of mortality rates. 18

29 Sign up for important updates from Mr. Almanza. Get information for North Medford High School right on your phone not on handouts. Pick a way to receive messages for AP Biology : A If you have a smartphone, get push notifications. On your iphone or Android phone, open your web browser and go to the following link: rmd.at/9d98gg Follow the instructions to sign up for Remind. You ll be prompted to download the mobile app. rmd.at/9d98gg Join AP Biology Full Name First and Last Name Phone Number or Address (555) B If you don t have a smartphone, get text notifications. Text the to the number If you re having trouble with 81010, try to (541) * Standard text message rates apply. To Don t have a mobile phone? Go to rmd.at/9d98gg on a desktop computer to sign up for notifications.