MRI Physics I: Spins, Excitation, Relaxation
|
|
- Donna Crystal Gilbert
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 MRI Physics I: Spins, Excitation, Relaxation Douglas C. Noll Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan
2 Michigan Functional MRI Laboratory
3 Outline Introduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging NMR Spins Excitation Relaxation Contrast in images
4 MR Principle Magnetic resonance is based on the emission and absorption of energy in the radio frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum by nuclear spins
5 Historical Notes Discovered independently by Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell Initially used in chemistry and physics for studying molecular structure (spectrometry) and diffusion In 1973 Paul Lauterbur obtained the 1 st MR image using linear gradients 1970 s MRI mainly in academia 1980 s MRI was commercialized
6 MRI Timeline 1946 MR phenomenon - Bloch & Purcell 1950 Spin echo signal discovered - Erwin Hahn 1952 Nobel Prize - Bloch & Purcell NMR developed as analytical tool 1963 Doug Noll born 1972 Computerized Tomography 1973 Backprojection MRI - Lauterbur 1975 Fourier Imaging - Ernst (phase and frequency encoding) 1977 MRI of the whole body - Raymond Damadian Echo-planar imaging (EPI) technique - Peter Mansfield 1980 MRI demonstrated - Edelstein 1986 Gradient Echo Imaging NMR Microscope 1988 Angiography O Donnell & Dumoulin 1989 Echo-Planar Imaging (images at video rates = 30 ms / image) 1991 Nobel Prize - Ernst 1992 Functional MRI (fmri) 1994 Hyperpolarized 129 Xe Imaging 2003 Nobel Prize Lauterbur and Mansfield
7 MR Physics Based on the quantum mechanical properties of nuclear spins Q. What is SPIN? A. Spin is a fundamental property of nature like electrical charge or mass. Spin comes in multiples of 1/2 and can be + or -. Protons, electrons, and neutrons possess spin. Individual unpaired electrons, protons, and neutrons each possesses a spin of 1/2
8 Properties of Nuclear Spin Nuclei with: Odd number of Protons Odd number of Neutrons Odd number of both exhibit a MAGNETIC MOMENT (e.g. 1 H, 2 H, 3 He, 31 P, 23 Na, 17 O, 13 C, 19 F )
9 Properties of Spin Two or more particles with spins having opposite signs can pair up to eliminate the observable manifestations of spin. (e.g. 4 He, 16 O, 12 C) In nuclear magnetic resonance, it is unpaired nuclear spins that are of importance.
10 Bar Magnet Bar Magnets North and South poles
11 A Spinning Proton A spinning proton generates a tiny magnetic field Like a little magnet + angular momentum
12 NMR Spins B 0 B 0 In a magnetic field, spins can either align with or against the direction of the field
13 NMR Spins B 0 Zeeman splitting!e= "!B 0 =!# 0 B 0 These two states represent 2 energy levels. Transitions must involve absorption/emission at # 0 $ " B 0 Larmor Frequency
14 Common NMR Active Nuclei Spin % natural " elemental Isotope I abundance MHz/T abundance of isotope in body 1 H 1/ % % 2 H % % 13 C 1/ % % 14 N % % 15 N 1/2 0.37% % 17 O 5/ % % 19 F 1/2 100% % 23 Na 3/2 100% % 31 P 1/2 100% %
15 Protons in the Human Body The human body is made up of many individual protons. Individual protons are found in every hydrogen nucleus. The body is mostly water, and each water molecule has 2 hydrogen nuclei. 1 gram of your body has ~ 6 x protons
16 Spinning Protons in the Body Spinning protons are randomly oriented. No magnetic field - no net effect
17 Protons in a Magnetic Field Spinning protons become aligned to the magnetic field. On average - body become magnetized. M
18 Magnetization of Tissue M
19 A Top in a Gravitational Field L L % r F=mg A spinning top in a gravitational field is similar to a nuclear spin in a magnetic field (classical description)
20 A Top in a Gravitational Field L L % r F=mg Gravity exerts a force on top that leads to a Torque (T): dl + rm ( T $ $ L, ) & g dt * L '
21 A Top in a Gravitational Field z TOP VIEW L L dl dl dl dl x y This causes the top to precess around g at frequency: - $ r g m L
22 Spins in a Magnetic Field Spins have both magnetization (M)( and angular momemtum (L): M $ " L B 0 Applied magnetic field (B( 0 ) exerts a force on the magnetization that leads to a torque: dl T $ $ M, dt B 0 M, L
23 Spins in a Magnetic Field This can be rewritten to yield the famous Bloch Equation: dm dt $ M," B 0 B 0 which says that the magnetization will precess around the applied magnetic field at frequency: # 0 M # 0 $ " B 0 Larmor Frequency
24 Spins in a Magnetic Field Three spins with different applied magnetic fields.
25 The NMR Signal z v(t) B v(t) #0 M y t x The precessing magnetization generates the signal in a coil we receive in MRI, v(t)
26 Frequency of Precession For 1 H, the frequency of precession is: T (B 0 = 1.5 Tesla) T T
27 Excitation The magnetization is initially parallel to B 0 M z But, we need it perpendicular in order to generate a signal v(t) #0 M B y x
28 The Solution: Excitation RF Excitation (Energy into tissue) Magnetic fields are emitted
29 Excitation Concept 1: Spin system will absorb energy at!e corresponding different in energy states Apply energy at # 0 = " B 0 (RF frequencies) Concept 2: Spins precess around a magnetic field. Apply magnetic fields in plane perpendicular to B 0.
30 Excitation Try this: Apply a magnetic field (B 1 ) rotating at # 0 = " B 0 in the plane perpendicular to B 0! Magnetization will tip into transverse plane Applied RF
31 Rotating Frame of Reference It is much easier to see the rotation of the magnetization around the B1 field by rotating the frame of reference at the rotation rate of the RF pulse Lab Frame Rotating Frame
32 Resonance Phenomena Excitation in MRI works when you apply magnetic fields at the resonance frequency. Conversely, excitation does not work when you excite at the incorrect frequency.
33 Off-Resonance Excitation Excitation only works when B 1 field is applied at # 0 = " B 0 (wrong!e) This will allows us the select particular groups of spins to excite (e.g. slices, water or fat, etc.)
34 90 Degree Flip Excitation routinely stops with the magnetization is fully tipped into the transverse plane Signal reception can then begin Typical strength is B 1 = 2 x 10-5 T 90 degree tip takes about 300.s v(t) #0 x M z B y
35 What next?! Relaxation Excitation z v(t) B M #0 M y x Spins relax back to their equilibrium state
36 Relaxation The system goes back to its equilibrium state Two main processes: Decay of traverse (observable) component Recovery of parallel component
37 T 1 - relaxation Longitudinal magnetization (M z ) returns to steady state (M 0 ) with time constant T 1 Spin gives up energy into the surrounding molecular matrix as heat Factors Viscosity Temperature State (solid, liquid, gas) Ionic content Bo Diffusion etc.
38 T1 Recovery Tissue property (typically 1-3 seconds) Spins give up energy into molecular matrix Differential Equation: dm dt ( M M 0) $ / T1 z z / M 0 M z t
39 T 2 - relaxation Transverse magnetization (M xy ) decay towards 0 with time constant T 2 Factors T 1 (T 2 0 T 1 ) Phase incoherence» Random field fluctuations» Magnetic susceptibility» Magnetic field inhomogeneities (RF, B 0, Gradients)» Chemical shift» Etc.
40 T2 Decay Tissue property (typically 10 s of ms) Spins dephase relative to other spins Differential Equation: dm dt xy $ / M xy T 2 M xy t
41 Steps in an MRI Experiment 0. Object goes into B 0 1. Excitation 2a. T 2 Relaxation (faster) 2b. T 1 Relaxation (slower) 3. Back to 1.
42 Excitation
43 Relaxation
44 Resting State
45 Excitation
46 Excitation
47 T 2 Relaxation
48 T 1 Relaxation
49 T 1 Relaxation
50 T 1 Relaxation
51 Typical T 1 s, T 2 s, and Relative Spin Density for Brain Tissue at 3.0 T T 1 (ms ) T 2 (ms) 1 R Distilled Water CSF Gray matter White matter Fat
52 The Pulsed MR Experiment MRI uses a repeated excitation pulse experimental strategy RF pulses Data acquisition TR (Repetition Time) TE (Echo Time) time
53 Contrast TR mainly controls T1 contrast Excitation or flip angle also contributes TE mainly controls T2 contrast
54 T1 Contrast and TR TR
55 T1 Contrast and TR TR
56 T1 Contrast and TR TR
57 T1 Contrast and TR TR
58 T1 Contrast and TR TR
59 T1 Contrast and TR TR
60 T1 Contrast For short TR imaging, tissues with short T1 s (rapidly recovering) are brightest Fat > brain tissue White Matter > Grey Matter Gray Matter > CSF Spin Density T1 Weighting
61 T2 Contrast and TE TE
62 T2 Contrast and TE TE
63 T2 Contrast and TE TE
64 T2 Contrast and TE TE
65 T2 Contrast and TE TE
66 T2 Contrast For long TE imaging, tissues with short T2 s (rapidly recovering) are darkest Fat < brain tissue White Matter < Grey Matter Gray Matter < CSF Spin Density T2 Weighting
67 Contrast Equation For a 90 degree flip angle, the contrast equation is: Signal 2 1(1 / e / TR / T1 ) e / TE / T 2
68 Can the flip angle be less than 90? Of course, but the contrast equation is more complicated. Flip angle can be chose to maximize signal strength: Ernst Angle
69 Next Step Making an image!! First some examples of MR Images and Contrast
70 Supratentorial Brain Neoplasm T1-weighted image with contrast T2-weighted image
71 Cerebral Infarction MR Angiogram T2-weighted image
72 Imaging Breast Cancer
73 Imaging Joints
74 Imaging Air Passages
75
76 Tagging Cardiac Motion
77 Diffusion and Perfusion Weighted MRI
78 fat Coke Air/ CO 2 mixture fries spleen burger
Basic MRI physics and Functional MRI
Basic MRI physics and Functional MRI Gregory R. Lee, Ph.D Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology June 24, 2013 Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium Objectives Neuroimaging Overview MR Physics
More informationIntroduction to MRI. Spin & Magnetic Moments. Relaxation (T1, T2) Spin Echoes. 2DFT Imaging. K-space & Spatial Resolution.
Introduction to MRI Spin & Magnetic Moments Relaxation (T1, T2) Spin Echoes 2DFT Imaging Selective excitation, phase & frequency encoding K-space & Spatial Resolution Contrast (T1, T2) Acknowledgement:
More informationFundamental MRI Principles Module 2 N. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. X-ray. MRI Hydrogen Protons. Page 1. Electrons
Fundamental MRI Principles Module 2 N S 1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance There are three main subatomic particles: protons positively charged neutrons no significant charge electrons negatively charged Protons
More informationIntroduction to Biomedical Imaging
Alejandro Frangi, PhD Computational Imaging Lab Department of Information & Communication Technology Pompeu Fabra University www.cilab.upf.edu MRI advantages Superior soft-tissue contrast Depends on among
More informationFundamental MRI Principles Module Two
Fundamental MRI Principles Module Two 1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance There are three main subatomic particles: protons neutrons electrons positively charged no significant charge negatively charged Protons
More informationMagnetic Resonance Imaging. Pål Erik Goa Associate Professor in Medical Imaging Dept. of Physics
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pål Erik Goa Associate Professor in Medical Imaging Dept. of Physics pal.e.goa@ntnu.no 1 Why MRI? X-ray/CT: Great for bone structures and high spatial resolution Not so great
More informationThe NMR Inverse Imaging Problem
The NMR Inverse Imaging Problem Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Protons and Neutrons have intrinsic angular momentum Atoms with an odd number of proton and/or odd number of neutrons have a net magnetic moment=>
More informationThe Basics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
The Basics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Nathalie JUST, PhD nathalie.just@epfl.ch CIBM-AIT, EPFL Course 2013-2014-Chemistry 1 Course 2013-2014-Chemistry 2 MRI: Many different contrasts Proton density T1
More informationNuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Jeffrey A. Fessler EECS Department The University of Michigan NSS-MIC: Fundamentals of Medical Imaging Oct. 20, 2003 NMR-0 Background Basic physics 4 magnetic fields
More informationMagnetic Resonance Imaging
http://www.qldxray.com.au/filelibrary/mri_cardiovascular_system_ca_0005.jpg Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1 Overview 1. The magnetic properties of nuclei, and how they behave in strong magnetic fields. 2.
More informationPhysical fundamentals of magnetic resonance imaging
Physical fundamentals of magnetic resonance imaging Stepan Sereda University of Bonn 1 / 26 Why? Figure 1 : Full body MRI scan (Source: [4]) 2 / 26 Overview Spin angular momentum Rotating frame and interaction
More informationMagnetic Resonance Imaging in a Nutshell
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Nutshell Oliver Bieri, PhD Department of Radiology, Division of Radiological Physics, University Hospital Basel Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel,
More informationTopics. The concept of spin Precession of magnetic spin Relaxation Bloch Equation. Bioengineering 280A Principles of Biomedical Imaging
Bioengineering 280A Principles of Biomedical Imaging Fall Quarter 2006 MRI Lecture 1 Topics The concept of spin Precession of magnetic spin Relaxation Bloch Equation 1 Spin Intrinsic angular momentum of
More informationLecture 12 February 11, 2016
MATH 262/CME 372: Applied Fourier Analysis and Winter 2016 Elements of Modern Signal Processing Lecture 12 February 11, 2016 Prof. Emmanuel Candes Scribe: Carlos A. Sing-Long, Edited by E. Bates 1 Outline
More informationTissue Characteristics Module Three
Tissue Characteristics Module Three 1 Equilibrium State Equilibrium State At equilibrium, the hydrogen vector is oriented in a direction parallel to the main magnetic field. Hydrogen atoms within the vector
More informationPrinciples of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Hi Klaus Scheffler, PhD Radiological Physics University of 1 Biomedical Magnetic Resonance: 1 Introduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contents: Hi 1 Introduction
More informationG Medical Imaging. Outline 4/13/2012. Physics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
G16.4426 Medical Imaging Physics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Riccardo Lattanzi, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
More informationCOPYRIGHTED MATERIAL. Production of Net Magnetization. Chapter 1
Chapter 1 Production of Net Magnetization Magnetic resonance (MR) is a measurement technique used to examine atoms and molecules. It is based on the interaction between an applied magnetic field and a
More informationNuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Simon Lacoste-Julien Electromagnetic Theory Project 198-562B Department of Physics McGill University April 21 2003 Abstract This paper gives an elementary introduction
More informationThe Theory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Behind Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Catherine Wasko Physics 304 Physics of the Human Body May 3, 2005
The Theory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Behind Magnetic Resonance Imaging Catherine Wasko Physics 304 Physics of the Human Body May 3, 2005 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a tool utilized in the medical
More informationFREQUENCY SELECTIVE EXCITATION
PULSE SEQUENCES FREQUENCY SELECTIVE EXCITATION RF Grad 0 Sir Peter Mansfield A 1D IMAGE Field Strength / Frequency Position FOURIER PROJECTIONS MR Image Raw Data FFT of Raw Data BACK PROJECTION Image Domain
More informationBMB 601 MRI. Ari Borthakur, PhD. Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology Associate Director, Center for Magnetic Resonance & Optical Imaging
BMB 601 MRI Ari Borthakur, PhD Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology Associate Director, Center for Magnetic Resonance & Optical Imaging University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine A brief history
More informationIntroduction to NMR! Ravinder Reddy!
Introduction to NMR! Ravinder Reddy! Brief History of NMR! First detection of NMR! MSNMR! FT NMR! 2D NMR! 2D-NMR and protein structure! Development of MRI! Outline! Concept of SPIN! Spin angular momentum!
More informationChapter 14:Physics of Magnetic Resonance
Chapter 14:Physics of Magnetic Resonance Slide set of 141 slides based on the chapter authored by Hee Kwon Song of the publication (ISBN 978-92-0-131010-1): Diagnostic Radiology Physics: A Handbook for
More informationBiomedical Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Biomedical Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging Charles A. DiMarzio & Eric Kercher EECE 4649 Northeastern University May 2018 Background and History Measurement of Nuclear Spins Widely used in physics/chemistry
More informationBasic p rinciples COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL. Introduction. Atomic s tructure
1 Basic p rinciples Introduction 1 Atomic structure 1 Motion in the atom 2 MR active nuclei 2 The hydrogen nucleus 4 Alignment 4 Precession 8 The Larmor equation 9 Introduction The basic principles of
More informationThe physics US and MRI. Prof. Peter Bogner
The physics US and MRI Prof. Peter Bogner Sound waves mechanical disturbance, a pressure wave moves along longitudinal wave compression rarefaction zones c = nl, (c: velocity, n: frequency, l: wavelength
More informationIntroduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Pietro Gori
Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Pietro Gori Enseignant-chercheur Equipe IMAGES - Télécom ParisTech pietro.gori@telecom-paristech.fr September 20, 2017 P. Gori BIOMED 20/09/2017 1 / 76
More informationPhysics of MR Image Acquisition
Physics of MR Image Acquisition HST-583, Fall 2002 Review: -MRI: Overview - MRI: Spatial Encoding MRI Contrast: Basic sequences - Gradient Echo - Spin Echo - Inversion Recovery : Functional Magnetic Resonance
More informationELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE & MAGNETIC RESONANCE TOMOGRAPHY
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE & MAGNETIC RESONANCE TOMOGRAPHY 1. AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT This is a model experiment for electron spin resonance, for clear demonstration of interaction between the magnetic moment
More informationBasis of MRI Contrast
Basis of MRI Contrast MARK A. HORSFIELD Department of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Leicester Leicester LE1 5WW UK Tel: +44-116-2585080 Fax: +44-870-7053111 e-mail: mah5@le.ac.uk 1 1.1 The Magnetic
More informationMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Introduction The Components The Technology (MRI) Physics behind MR Most slides taken from http:// www.slideworld.org/ viewslides.aspx/magnetic- Resonance-Imaging- %28MRI%29-MR-Imaging-
More informationPart III: Sequences and Contrast
Part III: Sequences and Contrast Contents T1 and T2/T2* Relaxation Contrast of Imaging Sequences T1 weighting T2/T2* weighting Contrast Agents Saturation Inversion Recovery JUST WATER? (i.e., proton density
More informationTopics. Spin. The concept of spin Precession of magnetic spin Relaxation Bloch Equation
Bioengineering 280A Principles of Biomedical Imaging Fall Quarter 2005 MRI Lecture 1 Topics The concept of spin Precession of magnetic spin Relaation Bloch Equation Spin Intrinsic angular momentum of elementary
More informationNMR/MRI examination (8N080 / 3F240)
NMR/MRI examination (8N080 / 3F240) Remarks: 1. This test consists of 3 problems with at total of 26 sub-questions. 2. Questions are in English. You are allowed to answer them in English or Dutch. 3. Please
More informationNMR, the vector model and the relaxation
NMR, the vector model and the relaxation Reading/Books: One and two dimensional NMR spectroscopy, VCH, Friebolin Spin Dynamics, Basics of NMR, Wiley, Levitt Molecular Quantum Mechanics, Oxford Univ. Press,
More informationA Hands on Introduction to NMR Lecture #1 Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Resonance
A Hands on Introduction to NMR 22.920 Lecture #1 Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Resonance Introduction - The aim of this short course is to present a physical picture of the basic principles of Nuclear Magnetic
More informationChapter 7. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Chapter 7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy I. Introduction 1924, W. Pauli proposed that certain atomic nuclei have spin and magnetic moment and exposure to magnetic field would lead to energy level
More informationTopics. The History of Spin. Spin. The concept of spin Precession of magnetic spin Relaxation
Topics Bioengineering 280A Principles of Biomedical Imaging Fall Quarter 2008 MRI Lecture 1 The concept of spin Precession of magnetic spin Relaation Spin The History of Spin Intrinsic angular momentum
More informationApodization. Gibbs Artifact. Bioengineering 280A Principles of Biomedical Imaging. Fall Quarter 2013 MRI Lecture 5. rect(k x )
Bioengineering 280A Principles of Biomedical Imaging Fall Quarter 2013 MRI Lecture 5 GE Medical Systems 2003 Gibbs Artifact Apodization rect(k ) Hanning Window h(k )=1/2(1+cos(2πk ) 256256 image 256128
More informationPhysics and Brain Imaging
Physics and Brain Imaging Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Functional MRI (fmri) Talk at Quarknet FSU Summer Workshop, July 24, 2017 Per Arne Rikvold Leonardo da Vinci
More informationK-space. Spin-Warp Pulse Sequence. At each point in time, the received signal is the Fourier transform of the object s(t) = M( k x
Bioengineering 280A Principles of Biomedical Imaging Fall Quarter 2015 MRI Lecture 4 k (t) = γ 2π k y (t) = γ 2π K-space At each point in time, the received signal is the Fourier transform of the object
More informationMR Fundamentals. 26 October Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
MR Fundamentals 26 October 2010 Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Nuclear Spin Nuclear Spin Nuclear magnetic resonance is observed in atoms with odd number of protons
More informationMRI in Practice. Catherine Westbrook MSc, DCRR, CTC Senior Lecturer Anglia Polytechnic University Cambridge UK. John Talbot MSc, DCRR
MRI in Practice Third edition Catherine Westbrook MSc, DCRR, CTC Senior Lecturer Anglia Polytechnic University Cambridge UK and Carolyn Kaut RothRT(R) (MR) (CT) (M) (CV) Fellow SMRT (Section for Magnetic
More informationThe physics of medical imaging US, CT, MRI. Prof. Peter Bogner
The physics of medical imaging US, CT, MRI Prof. Peter Bogner Clinical radiology curriculum blocks of lectures and clinical practice (7x2) Physics of medical imaging Neuroradiology Head and neck I. Head
More informationMagnetic resonance imaging MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging MRI Introduction What is MRI MRI is an imaging technique used primarily in medical settings that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce very clear and detailed
More informationIntroduction of Key Concepts of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
I have not yet lost that sense of wonder, and delight, that this delicate motion should reside in all ordinary things around us, revealing itself only to those who looks for it. E. M. Purcell, Nobel Lecture.
More informationBioengineering 278" Magnetic Resonance Imaging" Winter 2010" Lecture 1! Topics:! Review of NMR basics! Hardware Overview! Quadrature Detection!
Bioengineering 278" Magnetic Resonance Imaging" Winter 2010" Lecture 1 Topics: Review of NMR basics Hardware Overview Quadrature Detection Boltzmann Distribution B 0 " = µ z $ 0 % " = #h$ 0 % " = µ z $
More informationEL-GY 6813/BE-GY 6203 Medical Imaging, Fall 2016 Final Exam
EL-GY 6813/BE-GY 6203 Medical Imaging, Fall 2016 Final Exam (closed book, 1 sheets of notes double sided allowed, no calculator or other electronic devices allowed) 1. Ultrasound Physics (15 pt) A) (9
More informationWith that first concept in mind, it is seen that a spinning nucleus creates a magnetic field, like a bar magnet
NMR SPECTROSCOPY This section will discuss the basics of NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. Most of the section will discuss mainly 1H or proton spectroscopy but the most popular nuclei in
More informationIntroductory MRI Physics
C HAPR 18 Introductory MRI Physics Aaron Sodickson EXRNAL MAGNETIC FIELD, PROTONS AND EQUILIBRIUM MAGNETIZATION Much of the bulk of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner apparatus is dedicated to
More informationNMR and MRI : an introduction
Intensive Programme 2011 Design, Synthesis and Validation of Imaging Probes NMR and MRI : an introduction Walter Dastrù Università di Torino walter.dastru@unito.it \ Introduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging
More informationSpin. Nuclear Spin Rules
Spin Bioengineering 280A Principles of Biomedical Imaging Fall Quarter 2012 MRI Lecture 1 Intrinsic angular momentum of elementary particles -- electrons, protons, neutrons. Spin is quantized. Key concept
More informationContrast Mechanisms in MRI. Michael Jay Schillaci
Contrast Mechanisms in MRI Michael Jay Schillaci Overview Image Acquisition Basic Pulse Sequences Unwrapping K-Space Image Optimization Contrast Mechanisms Static and Motion Contrasts T1 & T2 Weighting,
More informationV27: RF Spectroscopy
Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg FB Physik Advanced Lab Course V27: RF Spectroscopy ) Electron spin resonance (ESR) Investigate the resonance behaviour of two coupled LC circuits (an active rf
More informationSketch of the MRI Device
Outline for Today 1. 2. 3. Introduction to MRI Quantum NMR and MRI in 0D Magnetization, m(x,t), in a Voxel Proton T1 Spin Relaxation in a Voxel Proton Density MRI in 1D MRI Case Study, and Caveat Sketch
More informationField trip: Tuesday, Feb 5th
Pulse Sequences Field trip: Tuesday, Feb 5th Hardware tour of VUIIIS Philips 3T Meet here at regular class time (11.15) Complete MRI screening form! Chuck Nockowski Philips Service Engineer Reminder: Project/Presentation
More informationLecture 21. Nuclear magnetic resonance
Lecture 21 Nuclear magnetic resonance A very brief history Stern and Gerlach atomic beam experiments Isidor Rabi molecular beam exp.; nuclear magnetic moments (angular momentum) Felix Bloch & Edward Purcell
More informationThe Physical Basis of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Part I ESMRMB. Jürgen R. Reichenbach
The Physical Basis of Nuclear agnetic Resonance Part I Jürgen R. Reichenbach odule 1 October 17, 216 Outline of odule Introduction Spin and magnetic moment Spin precession, Larmor frequency agnetic properties
More informationMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
MEDICAL IMAGING CLASS NOTES 1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Benjamin Kimia I. What should go in this report? History of MRI, from NRM: II. Review of Magnetic moments Nuclei with an odd number or protons,
More informationChemistry 431. Lecture 23
Chemistry 431 Lecture 23 Introduction The Larmor Frequency The Bloch Equations Measuring T 1 : Inversion Recovery Measuring T 2 : the Spin Echo NC State University NMR spectroscopy The Nuclear Magnetic
More informationMagnetic Resonance Imaging in Medicine
Institute for Biomedical Engineering University and ETH Zurich Gloriastrasse 35 CH- 8092 Zurich Switzerland Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Medicine D. Meier, P. Boesiger, S. Kozerke 2012 All rights reserved.
More informationMagnetic Resonance Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging History Nuclear magnetic resonance was first described by Isidor Rabi in 1938 - Columbia University, New York City, (Nobel Prize Nobel Prize in Physics 1944) 1946 - Edward Mills
More informationLecture 02 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Principle and Application in Structure Elucidation
Application of Spectroscopic Methods in Molecular Structure Determination Prof. S. Sankararaman Department of Chemistry Indian Institution of Technology Madras Lecture 02 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
More informationMRI Fundamentals. Class II (MR Principles)
MRI Fundamentals Class II (MR Principles) 1 Requirements for MRI Human body (Patient) Strong magnetic field (Magnet) External Radio Frequency source (RF Pulse) 2 3 Body Composition The molecular composition
More informationMaster s Program in Medical Physics. Physics of Imaging Systems Basic Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging I. Prof. Dr. Lothar Schad.
1 12/9/2008 Page 1 Master s Program in Medical Physics Physics of Imaging Systems Basic Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging I Chair in Faculty of Medicine Mannheim University of Heidelberg Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer
More informationRochester Institute of Technology Rochester, New York. COLLEGE of Science Department of Chemistry. NEW (or REVISED) COURSE:
Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester, New York COLLEGE of Science Department of Chemistry NEW (or REVISED) COURSE: 1014-730 1.0 Title: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Date: July 2006 Credit Hours:
More informationPETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
More informationMRI in Review: Simple Steps to Cutting Edge Part I
MRI in Review: Simple Steps to Cutting Edge Part I DWI is now 2 years old... Mike Moseley Radiology Stanford DWI, b = 1413 T2wt, 28/16 ASN 21 San Francisco + Disclosures: Funding NINDS, NCRR, NCI 45 minutes
More informationBME I5000: Biomedical Imaging
BME I5000: Biomedical Imaging Lecture 9 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (imaging) Lucas C. Parra, parra@ccny.cuny.edu Blackboard: http://cityonline.ccny.cuny.edu/ 1 Schedule 1. Introduction, Spatial Resolution,
More information2.1.1 A Brief History of NMR The conception of NMR sprouted after the Pauli s prediction of nuclear spin in
CHAPTER--2 BASICS OF NMR IMAGING AND SPECTROSCOPY 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 A Brief History of NMR The conception of NMR sprouted after the Pauli s prediction of nuclear spin in 1924. Later Gorter (1936)
More informationPhD THESIS. prepared at INRIA Sophia Antipolis
PhD THESIS prepared at INRIA Sophia Antipolis and presented at the University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis Graduate School of Information and Communication Sciences A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction
More information10.4 Continuous Wave NMR Instrumentation
10.4 Continuous Wave NMR Instrumentation coherent detection bulk magnetization the rotating frame, and effective magnetic field generating a rotating frame, and precession in the laboratory frame spin-lattice
More informationMRI Homework. i. (0.5 pt each) Consider the following arrangements of bar magnets in a strong magnetic field.
MRI Homework 1. While x-rays are used to image bones, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to examine tissues within the body by detecting where hydrogen atoms (H atoms) are and their environment (e.g.
More informationMedical Imaging Physics Spring Quarter Week 9-1
Medical Imaging Physics Spring Quarter Week 9-1 NMR and MRI Davor Balzar balzar@du.edu www.du.edu/~balzar Intro MRI Outline NMR & MRI Guest lecturer fmri Thursday, May 22 Visit to CUHSC It s not mandatory
More informationMe myself and MRI: adventures in not understanding nuclear physics.
Me myself and MRI: adventures in not understanding nuclear physics. Thomas E. Gladwin August 28, 2007 Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Nuclei 2 2.1 Precession............................... 2 2.2 Spin-up and
More informationVIII. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) SPECTROSCOPY
1 VIII. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) SPECTROSCOPY Molecules are extremely small entities; thus, their direct detection and direct investigation is still almost impossible. For the detection and detailed
More informationRelaxation times in nuclear magnetic resonance
Relaxation times in TEP Related topics Nuclear spins, atomic nuclei with a magnetic moment, precession movement of the nuclear spins, Landau-Lifshitz equation, Bloch equation, magnetisation, resonance
More informationNuclei, Excitation, Relaxation
Outline 4.1 Principles of MRI uclei, Excitation, Relaxation Carolyn Kaut Roth, RT (R)(MR)(CT)(M)(CV) FSMRT CEO Imaging Education Associates www.imaginged.com candi@imaginged.com What nuclei are MR active?
More informationPrinciples of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microscopy
Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Paul T. Callaghan Department of Physics and Biophysics Massey University New Zealand CLARENDON PRESS OXFORD CONTENTS 1 PRINCIPLES OF IMAGING 1 1.1 Introduction
More informationSpin. Nuclear Spin Rules
Spin Bioengineering 280A Principles of Biomedical Imaging Fall Quarter 203 MRI Lecture Intrinsic angular momentum of elementary particles -- electrons, protons, neutrons. Spin is quantized. Key concept
More informationMRI in Clinical Practice
MRI in Clinical Practice MRI in Clinical Practice Gary Liney With 62 Figures Gary Liney, PhD MRI Lecturer University of Hull Centre for MR Investigations Hull Royal Infirmary Hull UK British Library Cataloguing
More informationLecture 19: Building Atoms and Molecules
Lecture 19: Building Atoms and Molecules +e r n = 3 n = 2 n = 1 +e +e r y even Lecture 19, p 1 Today Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Using RF photons to drive transitions between nuclear spin orientations in
More informationBASIC MRI PHYSICS SPIN GYMNASTICS Don Plewes PhD, Walter Kucharczyk MD
BASIC MRI PHYSICS SPIN GYMNASTICS Don Plewes PhD, Walter Kucharczyk MD Introduction To understand MRI, it is first necessary to understand the physics of proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The most
More informationNMR Spectroscopy: A Quantum Phenomena
NMR Spectroscopy: A Quantum Phenomena Pascale Legault Département de Biochimie Université de Montréal Outline 1) Energy Diagrams and Vector Diagrams 2) Simple 1D Spectra 3) Beyond Simple 1D Spectra 4)
More informationPhysical Background Of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Physical Background Of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Michael McClellan Spring 2009 Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography University of North Carolina Wilmington What is Spectroscopy?
More informationBloch Equations & Relaxation UCLA. Radiology
Bloch Equations & Relaxation MRI Systems II B1 I 1 I ~B 1 (t) I 6 ~M I I 5 I 4 Lecture # Learning Objectives Distinguish spin, precession, and nutation. Appreciate that any B-field acts on the the spin
More informationBasic principles COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL. Introduction. Introduction 1 Precession and precessional
1 Basic principles Introduction 1 Precession and precessional Atomic structure 2 (Larmor) frequency 10 Motion in the atom 2 Precessional phase 13 MR-active nuclei 4 Resonance 13 The hydrogen nucleus 5
More informationMagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy EPR and NMR
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy EPR and NMR A brief review of the relevant bits of quantum mechanics 1. Electrons have spin, - rotation of the charge about its axis generates a magnetic field at each electron.
More informationFerdowsi University of Mashhad
Spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy spin deuterium 2 helium 3 The neutron has 2 quarks with a -e/3 charge and one quark with a +2e/3 charge resulting in a total
More informationMRI Simulation by the EFNMR System and MatLab for Medical Imaging Teaching
University of Miami Scholarly Repository Open Access Theses Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2012-04-30 MRI Simulation by the EFNMR System and MatLab for Medical Imaging Teaching Zhuang Nie University
More informationIntroduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI of the brain, ca. 1978. ca. 1993 ca. 2006 2014 Modality Characteristics and Comparison Radiography CT scanning Nuclear medicine MRI transmission modalities
More informationSpin Relaxation and NOEs BCMB/CHEM 8190
Spin Relaxation and NOEs BCMB/CHEM 8190 T 1, T 2 (reminder), NOE T 1 is the time constant for longitudinal relaxation - the process of re-establishing the Boltzmann distribution of the energy level populations
More informationPrinciples of MRI EE225E / BIO265. Instructor: Miki Lustig UC Berkeley, EECS
Principles of MRI EE225E / BIO265 Instructor: Miki Lustig UC Berkeley, EECS Today... Administration http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ee225e/sp16/ Intro to Medical Imaging and MRI Medical Imaging (Before
More informationThe Nuclear Emphasis
The Nuclear Emphasis Atoms are composed of electrons and nuclei we ll focus almost exclusively on the physical properties of the nucleus and the chemicoelectronic attributes of its environment. The nucleus
More informationMRI Physics II: Gradients, Imaging. Douglas C. Noll, Ph.D. Dept. of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
MRI Physics II: Gradients, Imaging Douglas C., Ph.D. Dept. of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Magnetic Fields in MRI B 0 The main magnetic field. Always on (0.5-7 T) Magnetizes
More informationHST.583 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Data Acquisition and Analysis Fall 2008
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu HST.583 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Data Acquisition and Analsis Fall 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.
More informationM R I Physics Course. Jerry Allison Ph.D., Chris Wright B.S., Tom Lavin B.S., Nathan Yanasak Ph.D. Department of Radiology Medical College of Georgia
M R I Physics Course Jerry Allison Ph.D., Chris Wright B.S., Tom Lavin B.S., Nathan Yanasak Ph.D. Department of Radiology Medical College of Georgia M R I Physics Course Spin Echo Imaging Hahn Spin Echo
More informationLow Field MRI of Laser Polarized Noble Gases. Yuan Zheng, 4 th year seminar, Feb, 2013
Low Field MRI of Laser Polarized Noble Gases Yuan Zheng, 4 th year seminar, Feb, 2013 Outline Introduction to conventional MRI Low field MRI of Laser Polarized (LP) noble gases Spin Exchange Optical Pumping
More informationClassical Description of NMR Parameters: The Bloch Equations
Classical Description of NMR Parameters: The Bloch Equations Pascale Legault Département de Biochimie Université de Montréal 1 Outline 1) Classical Behavior of Magnetic Nuclei: The Bloch Equation 2) Precession
More information