CGSN Overview. GSN Sites CSN Sites Shore Facilities

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1 GSN Sites CSN Sites Shore Facilities CGSN Overview Coastal Pioneer Array Endurance Array Global Irminger Sea Southern Ocean Station Papa Fixed assets Surface mooring Subsurface mooring Mobile assets Ocean gliders AUVs Network connectivity Cable -RSN-CI Telemetry - CI

2 The global component is critical for understanding and forecasting the ocean system: Many of the stated science issues are global in nature occur at global scales critical/controlling processes in the open ocean impacts in the open ocean cause feedbacks globally&coastally OOI themes where this is critical: Carbon cycle and acidification sequestration is global, depends on open-ocean phys./biol. processes Ocean-Atmosphere exchange heat, momentum, freshwater fluxes/budgets are set in the open ocean Ocean Circulation sets biogeochem.inventories&spreading, propag. of signals, stratification&mixing Global seismology and geodynamics probing of earth structure needs remote sites Climate and ecosystems variability has basin-scale mechanisms/footprints, ecosystem impacts Mixing over rough topography largest impact over mid-ocean ridges

3 Theme: global carbon cycle processes and acidification The 3 global regions most susceptible to CO2 increase and acidifications have no current infrastructure to observe the relevant processes and changes. It is already happening

4 Theme: global carbon cycle processes and acidification Total CO 2 flux Anthropogenic CO 2 inventory Need to observe not only the fluxes and inventory changes, but the physical and biological processes that determine and modulate them

5 Theme: Ocean circulation and mixing The locations of vertical mixing (water mass formation) drive much of the biogeochemistry, the global uptake and inventories (CO 2, O 2, iron, etc), and productivity (via nutrient supply). intermediate water formation Antarctica Greenland Low O 2 Oxygen uptake south of Greenland, Deep Water spreading High O 2 Two global centers of action... need to catch episodic events!

6 Theme: Ocean-atmosphere exchange High wind forcing Iron dust deposition Upscope location

7 Theme: Ocean-atmosphere exchange Large climate-mode driven variability The Pacific North American Oscillation (PNA) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the 2 major climate phenomena of the northern hemisphere, have maximum wind variability at the northern OOI locations, thus strongly impacting atm-ocean exchange and forcing of physics, chemistry, biology.

8 Theme: Climate variability and ecosystems Previous examples NAO PDO

9 Ocean productivity: contrasting regimes (SUR-GSN-L2) (response to climate variability) not limited nutrient limited chlorophyll Nutrient-rich but (iron) limited nitrate

10 Theme: Climate variability and ecosystems Expected ecosystem impact of acidification from increased CO2 uptake Aragonite depth horizon forecast under CO2 increase scenario. This measures the future INABILITY of organisms to form calcium shells/skeletons

11 Theme: Ocean mixing and rough topography The main locations where this process is important at global scales are the mid-ocean ridges

12 The Global Node: 4-D science access to a volume of water in critical or representative global locations Designed to enable sampling in time, in vertical, in horizontal detect episodic events/impact real-time data access command/control of sensors, platforms, vehicles to conduct experiments or respond to events, processes, features deployment of multidisciplinary OOI and user sensors anywhere in the water column responding to the needs of the community

13 Surface mooring: atmospheric measurements surface data like CO2 high-frequency T/S, currents can add atmospheric, surface and inductive sensors satellite telemetry and power acoustic communication to seafloor and profiler mooring Profiler mooring: biogeochemical profiles in productive zone reduced fouling and reef effect physical/chemical profiles to seafloor can park at controllable depths for timeseries sampling can add user sensors inductive communication through entire mooring satellite telemetry and acoustic communication to surface mooring

14 Horizontal meso-scale footprint: typically 50km 3 gliders with phys/chem/biol sensors observe evolution on sections 2 gliders track/survey features, also commandable as spares 2 moorings with fixed nearsurface package resolve rapid changes and processes triangle detects directions (advection, gradients) and allows budget studies 2 moorings also for heavy fixed-depth sensors 4000m telemetry via gliders

15 Chlorophyll around Tasmania Footprint Rationale spacing determined by analysis of altimeter and chlorophyll scales flanking mooring glider 1 glider 2 glider 5 glider 4 glider 3 flanking mooring observe multiple horizontal scales and processes (fronts, eddies, patchiness) simultaneous vertical coverage of upper ocean (critical for biology) inventories (3-D integrals) relate point/mooring differences to spatial structure correlation scales fast temporal sampling at fixed (productive) depth time-space statistics (time scales of gradients, gradients of eddy energy, etc) turbulent fluxes profiling mooring Surface mooring provides knowledge for using data from broad arrays like ARGO

16 Global Core Sensors

17 Cool science example of the power of simultaneous multidisciplinary timeseries observations: here CO2, nutrients, mixed-layer depth, chlorophyll, vertical particle flux for novel analyses about CO2 sequestration and net community production Seasonal carbon fluxes CO2 drawdown (and Temp) Dissolved carbon and nitrate Chlorophyll and particle flux (Koertzinger et al, 2007)