Currents and Mixing in the Southern Ocean. Sarah Gille
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1 Currents and Mixing in the Southern Ocean Sarah Gille Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering UCSD, La Jolla, CA Where might AVISO gridded fields fall short? What are length and time scales for Southern Ocean variability? How well can we line up biology and physics? SST, color, and altimetry
2 Why can t we stick to AVISO gridded fields? For most purposes AVISO fields are great. Basin modes in south Pacific (with Wilbert Weijer) Geostrophic advection in Drake Passage (with Marina Frants) Kelvin wave propagation along Indonesian Archipelago (with Kyla Drushka Problems with gridded AVISO fields: Higher moment statistics: skewness and kurtosis Small-scale filamented features
3 Finding Frontal Features in the Ocean: Skewness Thompson and Demirov, JGR, 2006
4 Skewness and Frontal Features Thompson and Demirov, JGR, 2006
5 Finding Frontal Features in the Ocean: Skewness Gille and Sura, in preparation, 2008
6 Skewness: Agulhas Retroflection Thompson and Demirov, JGR, 2006
7 Skewness: Along Track versus Gridded Data Gille and Sura, in preparation, 2008
8 Skewness: Key Issues Skewness serves as diagnostic for frontal position. Higher statistical moments also relevant for assessing impact of rare eddies versus smooth background flow. Mapping is like averaging. Central limit theorem implies mapped fields will be more Gaussian than raw data. Swath data with comparable accuracy/smoothing at all points will allow us to make better use of higher moment statistics in diagnosing eddy processes.
9 Eddies in the Southern Ocean: Small Rossby Radius Rossby radius data from Chelton et al., JPO, 1998
10 Ocean Color: Isolated Regions of High Productivity Southern Ocean is usually classed as a high nutrient/low chlorophyll region. Biological productivity appears linked to iron input (Martin, 1990). Oceanic CO 2 uptake linked to variations in productivity. Moore and Abbott, JGR, 2000
11 Ocean Color: Isolated Regions of High Productivity Southern Ocean is usually classed as a high nutrient/low chlorophyll region. Biological productivity appears linked to iron input (Martin, 1990). Oceanic CO 2 uptake linked to variations in productivity. Moore and Abbott, JGR, 2000
12 Eddies and Mixing: The Blue Water Zone Kahru et al., GRL, 2007
13 Bathymetry Steers Biological Productivity? Frants et al., in preparation, 2008 (color composite: 1-15 January 2006)
14 Water Mass Analysis Suggests Filamented Flow Frants et al., in preparation, 2008: Optimal Multiparameter Analysis for Mixed-Layer
15 Chlorophyll shows cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies January 2005: Kahru et al., GRL, 2007
16 Chlorophyll and SST in Southern Drake Passage 28 January Anticyclonic eddy diameter 220 km; Filaments < 20 km Kahru et al., GRL, 2007
17 Chlorophyll and SST and dynamic topography 28 January Eddy diameter 220 km; Filaments < 20 km Kahru et al., GRL, 2007, AVISO mean sea surface height
18 Chlorophyll and SST and dynamic topography 28 January Eddy diameter 220 km; Filaments < 20 km Kahru et al., GRL, 2007, AVISO mean sea surface height
19 Chlorophyll and SST and dynamic topography 28 January Eddy diameter 220 km; Filaments < 20 km Kahru et al., GRL, 2007, AVISO mean sea surface height Temperature within eddy (5 C) also found along northern edge of front. Dynamic height range from region containing eddy to front is about 20 cm.
20 Chlorophyll and SST Cyclonic Eddies 1 January Eddy diameter 100 km; Filaments < 20 km Kahru et al., GRL, 2007
21 SST Cyclonic Eddies and Altimetry SST 1 January Dec mean SSH 4 Jan 2006 mean SSH Kahru et al., GRL, 2007 AVISO AVISO
22 SST Cyclonic Eddies and Altimetry SST 1 January Dec mean SSH 4 Jan 2006 mean SSH Kahru et al., GRL, 2007 AVISO AVISO
23 What brings iron to southern Drake Passage? Kahru et al., 2007: Suggest possibility of eddy-induced upwelling in cyclonic eddies. Correlate rms negative sea-level anomaly with chl-a (for September/October). Frants et al., in prep: Suggest displacements of 19 cm dynamic height contour indicate off-shore iron advection (for November, December, January).
24 What brings iron to southern Drake Passage? Kahru et al., 2007: Suggest possibility of eddy-induced upwelling in cyclonic eddies. Correlate rms negative sea-level anomaly with chl-a (for September/October). Frants et al., in prep: Suggest displacements of 19 cm dynamic height contour indicate off-shore iron advection (for November, December, January). Existing altimeter data not sufficient to distinguish eddy upwelling from off-shore advection. Neither hypothesis explains persistent February and March bloom.
25 Summary What new dynamics can we study with O(10) km resolution SSH? Processes governing iron supply to Southern Ocean depend on small scale structures and are not well observed. How large an SSH signal would those dynamics produce? 20 cm?? What is the desired highest spatial resolution? 10 km What is the desired precision? 5-10 cm Spatial coverage vs temporal coverage? Physics would benefit from either. Bathymetry matters, so could be a reason to pursue full spatial coverage. Other signals that might interfere? On shelf, tides. At southern edge of domain, seasonal ice. Complementary measurements? Color and SST. Because of persistent cloud cover, microwave SST would be ideal, if resolution could be improved.
26 Extra Discussion Material
27 CROZet natural iron bloom and Export experiment (CROZEX) SEAWIFS Oct 1998,
28 KErguelen Ocean and Plateau compared Study (KEOPS) SeaWiFS. obj context.htm
29 Where do existing gridded fields fall short? What are length scales of variability? What are time scales of variability? How big is sea surface height gradient for relevant features?
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