CHAPTER ROCK WERE FORMED
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1 HOW CHAPTER 5 ROCK WERE FORMED 1
2 I. Modern geology A. James Hutton- 1. uniformitarianism- "the present is the key to the past" a. b. the geologic processes now at work were also active in the past the present physical features of earth were formed by these same processes, at work over long periods of time. 2
3 B. 3 Groups of Rocks 1. rock-defined as a group of minerals bound together in some way. 3
4 2. 3 groups based on how rocks have been observed to form a. b. c. igneous rocks- are formed by the cooling and hardening of hot molten rock (magma) from inside earth. sedimentary rocks- are formed by the hardening and cementing of layers of sediments. The sediments may consist of rock fragments, plant and animal remains or chemicals that form on lake and ocean bottoms. metamorphic rocks- are formed when rocks that already exist are changed by heat and pressure into new kinds of rocks. 4
5 C. Recognizing Igneous Rocks 1. plutonic or intrusive - rocks that form underground from cooled magma. These contain distinct mineral grains. 5
6 2. volcanic or extrusive- rocks that form when lava cools, (lava is the term that describes magma that reaches the surface of the earth) they also may form out of volcanic dust and ash. These lack distinct mineral grains. 6
7 D. Characteristics 1. Magma a. 2 types are the most common 1) 2) both are hot solutions differ in chemical composition 7
8 a) felsic magma- -has a high percentage of silica -does not have much calcium, iron, or magnesium -thick and slow flowing. -light colored -granite is a common example -most plutonic rocks are felsic 8
9 b) mafic magma- - has a lower percentage of silica -higher percentage of calcium, iron and magnesium -hotter, thinner and more fluid -dark-colored -basalt is a common example -most volcanic rocks are mafic 9
10 Texture and composition are two characteristics used to classify igneous rocks. Texture describes the appearance of an igneous rock based on its size, shape, and the arrangements of its interlocking crystals The composition classes of igneous rocks are based on the proportions of light and dark minerals in the rock. 10
11 Texture 11
12 2. Textures of an Igneous Rock a. texture-describes the size, shape and arrangement of the mineral crystals. Description are Coarse-Grained, Fine- Grained, and Glassy 1) crystal size- most important factor a) size depends on; how fast the crystal develop (time in cooling) how much gas is dissolved in the magma 12
13 2) Additional descriptions: a) b) c) d) e) f) Phaneritic- coarse grained, crystal grain visible with the naked eye. Aphanitic- fine grained, difficult to see individual grains. Glassy- looks like glass, mineral grains did not have time to grow, cooled very quickly. Pegmatite- extremely large crystal grains. Frothy- volcanic foam that cooled quickly. Vesicles-larger air bubbles formed in lava 13
14 Phaneritic 14
15 Aphanitic 15
16 Glassy 16
17 Pegmatite 17
18 Frothy 18
19 Vesicles 19
20 b. Porphyritic Texture 1) porphyry-rocks which have 2 distinctly different textures a) b) ground mass- the majority of the rock material, usually smaller crystal size. phenocryst- the larger crystals in the porphyry. 20
21 21
22 22
23 Phorphyritic Ground mass phenocryst 23
24 Composition 24
25 E. Families of Igneous Rocks There are 3 Families of Igneous Rock Granitic family- Basaltic family- Andesitic family- 25
26 E. Families of Igneous Rocks 1. granitic family- a. b. c. d. -felsic -orthoclase feldspar and quartz -light in color -different textures 26
27 1) large grain texture a) granites 27
28 2) fine grain texture a) felsites (rhyolite) 28
29 3) glassy texture a) b) obsidian pumice 29
30 2. Basaltic family a. b. c. d. e. mafic -plagioclase feldspar and augite -dark in color -more dense that granite family -different textures 30
31 1) large grain texture a) gabbro 31
32 2) fine grain texture a) basalt 32
33 3) glassy texture with large vesicles a) scoria 33
34 3. Andesitic family a. -composition and color between granite and basalt 34
35 A. Different textures 1) large grain texture a) diorites 35
36 2) fine grain texture a) andesites 36
37 Read about ultra-mafic rocks on page 73 of your textbook. Review table 1 pg
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