Directed Reading. Section: Rocks and the Rock Cycle. made of a. inorganic matter. b. solid organic matter. c. liquid organic matter. d. chemicals.

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1 Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Rocks and the Rock Cycle 1. The solid part of Earth is made up of material called a. glacial ice. b. lava. c. rock. d. wood. 2. Rock can be a collection of one or more minerals, or it might be made of a. inorganic matter. b. solid organic matter. c. liquid organic matter. d. chemicals. 3. Which of the following can rock sometimes be made of? a. brick b. mineral matter that is not crystalline c. inorganic matter d. plastic 4. Scientists who study the processes that form and change rock are called a. geologists. b. paleontologists. c. botanists. d. zoologists. THREE MAJOR TYPES OF ROCKS 5. The word igneous comes from a Latin term that means a. from fire. b. from wind. c. from rock. d. from fossils. 6. How do rocks get broken down into small fragments? a. by freezing b. by erosion c. by deposition d. by crystallization Holt Earth Science 7 Rocks

2 Directed Reading continued 7. Which of the following does NOT change the form of existing rock? a. extreme pressure b. extreme heat c. a chemical process d. light 8. The word metamorphic means a. changed from. b. to become. c. changed form. d. to form. In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase. 9. igneous rock 10. sedimentary rock 11. lava 12. metamorphic rock 13. magma 14. sediment a. rock that forms when existing rock is altered b. molten rock c. rock that forms when molten rock cools and hardens d. rock that forms when rock fragments are compressed or cemented together e. molten rock that is exposed at Earth s surface f. rocks, mineral crystals, and organic matter that have been broken into fragments THE ROCK CYCLE 15. Define rock cycle. 16. When a body of rock is exposed at Earth s surface, a number of processes break the rock down into sediment. 17. When bits and pieces of rock are compacted or cemented, the bits and pieces become rocks. 18. If sedimentary rocks are subjected to changes in temperature and pressure, the rocks may become rocks. 19. Under certain temperature and pressure conditions, metamorphic rock will melt and form. Holt Earth Science 8 Rocks

3 Directed Reading continued 20. If magma cools, it turns into new rock. 21. A particular body of rock does not always pass through each stage of the. PROPERTIES OF ROCKS 22. How are the physical and chemical properties of rock determined? 23. What do the physical characteristics of a rock reflect? 24. What does the chemical stability of the minerals in the rock determine? 25. The way that minerals and rocks form is related to the of the rock. 26. What did N.L. Bowen learn when he first began studying how minerals crystallize from magma? 27. Define Bowen s reaction series. Holt Earth Science 9 Rocks

4 Directed Reading continued 28. According to Bowen s hypothesis, what are the two ways that minerals form? 29. The rate at which a mineral chemically breaks down is dependent on the of the mineral. 30. The chemical stability of minerals is dependent on the strength of the between atoms in the mineral. 31. What two factors determine rocks natural zones of weakness? 32. Both sedimentary and metamorphic rocks tend to break in. 33. When rock formed under intense is uplifted to Earth s surface, decreased pressure allows the joints and fractures to open. 34. Once weaknesses are exposed to air, the processes of physical and chemical begin. Holt Earth Science 10 Rocks

5 ANSWER KEY Answer Key Concept Review 1. E 11. C 2. C 12. C 3. G 13. D 4. D 14. C 5. B 15. A 6. H 16. A 7. J 17. B 8. F 18. C 9. A 19. B 10. I 20. D Critical Thinking 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. C 11. Answers may vary. Sample answer: The rock structures in Joshua Tree National Park are piles of rocks that give the formation a rectangular shape. Other desert formations, like mesas and buttes, are mountain- or hill-like structures that are broader, steeper, and flat on top. 12. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Magma cooled near the surface; over time horizontal and vertical joints developed, creating hard rectangular rocks surrounded by soft clay and loose minerals; when the soft materials eroded, the inselbergs were left standing. 13. Answers may vary. Sample answer: No. Because of the manner in which they were formed, Inselbergs are likely to be found on flat deserts or plains. 14. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Agree: All solid, non-living materials, such as silt, dirt, dust, and rock, are at their own particular stage of the rock cycle. 15. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Disagree: At the same time erosion is taking place, other changes are occurring, such as the shifting of tectonic plates and erupting volcanoes, that add rock materials to the surface of Earth. 16. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Disagree: Although all rocks pass through the rock cycle, not all rocks complete the same steps in the same order. 17. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Agree: It is sometimes possible to identify a rock by its texture (crystal or grain size) or mineral composition (which affects a rock s color). 18. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Mountains on either coast point to major tectonic plate and possibly volcanic activity as playing a part in the development of the landscape. 19. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Even today we must know the qualities of rocks because we build on them and with them. They are used in many aspects of everyday life and technology. 20. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Studying rocks tells us how the physical planet Earth evolved. The past also holds clues to how it might continue to develop in the future. Directed Reading SECTION: ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE 1. C 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. C 10. D 11. E 12. A 13. B 14. F Holt Earth Science 56 Rocks

6 ANSWER KEY 15. A rock cycle is the series of processes in which rock forms, changes from one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geological processes. 16. igneous 17. sedimentary 18. metamorphic 19. magma 20. igneous 21. rock cycle 22. Physical and chemical properties of rock are determined by how and where the rock is formed. 23. The physical characteristics of rock reflect the chemical composition of the rock as a whole and of the individual minerals that make up the rock. 24. Chemical stability determines the rate at which rock weathers and the way it breaks apart. 25. stability 26. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Bowen learned that as magma cools, certain minerals tend to crystallize first. As these minerals form, they remove specific elements from the magma, changing the magma s composition. 27. Bowen s reaction series is the simplified pattern that illustrates the order in which minerals crystallize from cooling magma according to their chemical composition and melting point. 28. The first way is characterized by a gradual, continuous formation of minerals that have similar chemical compositions. The second way is characterized by sudden changes in mineral types. The pattern of mineral formation depends on the chemical composition of the magma. 29. chemical stability 30. chemical bonds 31. Rocks natural zones of weakness are determined by how and where the rocks form. 32. layers 33. pressure 34. weathering SECTION: IGNEOUS ROCK 1. igneous rock 2. crystalline 3. chemical composition 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. B 11. B 12. D 13. B 14. D 15. F 16. D 17. G 18. C 19. A 20. E 21. B 22. Intrusive igneous rocks and extrusive igneous rocks form in different ways and have different-sized crystals. 23. The texture of igneous rock is determined by the size of its crystals. 24. The size of crystals in igneous rock is determined by the cooling rate of the magma. 25. intrusive igneous rock 26. granite 27. rhyolite, basalt 28. obsidian 29. vesicles 30. pumice 31. the chemical composition of the magma from which the rock formed 32. Felsic is used to describe magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspars and silica and is generally light in color. 33. potassium feldspar, quartz, plagioclase feldspar, biotite mica, and muscovite mica 34. granite, rhyolite, obsidian, and pumice 35. Mafic describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in magnesium and iron and is generally dark in color. 36. plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene minerals 37. Ferromagnesian minerals and the mineral olivine are responsible for the dark color of mafic rock. 38. basalt and gabbro 39. plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, pyroxene, and biotite mica Holt Earth Science 57 Rocks

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