ANATOMICAL STUDY OF THE VEGETATIVE ORGANS OF GARDENIA JASMINOIDES ELLIS (RUBIACEAE) Rodica Bercu

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "ANATOMICAL STUDY OF THE VEGETATIVE ORGANS OF GARDENIA JASMINOIDES ELLIS (RUBIACEAE) Rodica Bercu"

Rosalyn Taylor
6 years ago
Views:

Summary ANATOMICAL STUDY OF THE VEGETATIVE ORGANS OF GARDENIA JASMINOIDES ELLIS (RUBIACEAE) Rodica Bercu FACULTY OF NATURAL AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, OVIDIUS UNIVERSITY, CONSTANTZA rodicabercu@yahoo.

1 Summary ANATOMICAL STUDY OF THE VEGETATIVE ORGANS OF GARDENIA JASMINOIDES ELLIS (RUBIACEAE) Rodica Bercu FACULTY OF NATURAL AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, OVIDIUS UNIVERSITY, CONSTANTZA The paper presents a detailed anatomical description of the vegetative organs of a well known ornamental plant Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. It was observed that the root has a typical secondary structure, such as the stem. The petiole has a one-layered epidermis, covered by cuticle, a differentiated cortex and a stele represented by a single collateral bundle. The blade is bifacial and hypostomatic with a heterogenous mesophyll. The mesophyll poseesses glandular and non glandular hairs such as the petiole. Key words: anatomical study, root, stem, leaf, Gardenia jasminoides Introduction Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, synonym Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr. (common gardenia, gardenia or cape jasmine) is an evergreen flowering plant of the Rubiaceae family. It originated in Asia and is most commonly found growing wild in Vietnam, Southern China, Taiwan, Japan, Myanmar and India. There are 200 species of gardenia, among which the best known is the Gardenia jasminoides. With its shiny green leaves and heavily fragrant white summer flowers, it is widely used in gardens in warm temperate and subtropical climates, and as a houseplant in temperate regions (Fig. 1). It has been in cultivation in China for at least a thousand years, and was introduced to English gardens in the mid 18th century. Many varieties have been bred for horticulture, with low growing, and large and long-flowering forms (Gilman, 1999). The plant can reach up to 30 cm -1 m height. In our country, the gardenia is known as pot plants. Plant life in the House is 6 months-1 year, and in greenhouses 3-4 years (Hărăguş, 2008; Mioulane, 2004). Gardenia jasminoides fructus (fruit) is used within Traditional Chinese Medicine to "drain fire" and thereby treat certain febrile conditions (Bensky et al., 2004). The fruit is used as a yellow dye, which is used for clothes and food (Valder, 2004). In literature is little information concerning the anatomy of Gardenia jasminoides, mostly studies are physiological, pharmacological or sporadic morphometrical data (Bensky et al., 2004; Hatzilazarou et al., 2006 Serret et al., 1996). In Romanian literature a study on the anatomical structure of this species lack. Fig. 1. Natural view of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (original). The purpose of this paper is to highlight the anatomical features of Gardenia jasminoides and to contribute with more information to the knowledge concerning this species. Material and methods 158

2 The plant was collected from S. C. Bricostore Romania S. A., Constantza town, in July Small pieces of leaves were fixed in FAA (formalin: glacial acetic acid: alcohol 5:5:90). Cross sections of the vegetative organs were performed by the free hand made technique (Bercu & Jianu, 2003). The samples were stained with alum-carmine and iodine green. Anatomical observations and micrographs were performed with a BIOROM T bright field microscope, equipped with a TOPICA 6001A video camera. Results and Discussion Anatomically cross section of the root discloses a typical secondary structure (Bavaru & Bercu, 2002). The coork is represented by 4-5 layers of dead cells, by tabular in shape with suberized thick walls, followed by phelogen, and inwards phelloderma (Fig. 2). Cambium is made up of flattened cells with thin walls. It generates phloem elements outwards and inwards, secondary xylem elements (Andrei, 1978). Cambium generates often narrow uniseriate medullar rays (Fig. 3). The secondary phloem is poorly developed compared to the secondary xylem. It is represented by phloem vessels, companion cells and phloem parenchyma. Secondary xylem is composed of xylem vessels with lignified walls and xylem parenchyma whose cells have slightly thick walls. The centrally located pith is made up of small round-oval cells whose walls are slightly lignified as well. As Hatzilazarou et al. (2006) reported for this species, the origin of the adventitious roots, in both in vitro and ex vitro rooting conditions, was located in the cambial ring. Cross section of the stem has a circular-coasted contour (Fig. 15). From the periphery toward the center is the one layered epidermis, covered by cuticle, followed by a well developed cortex. It has a xylem secondary structure due to the cambium activity generating a well developed secondary xylem. Phloem is poor developed, composed of phloem vessels, companion cells and phloem parenchyma. Remarkable are the groups of mechanical fibers placed narrow the phloem elements. The secondary xylem is composed by xylem vessels placed in a xylem sclerenchymatous parenchyma. The pith rays, generated by cambium, consist of 2-3 layers of elongated cells in radial arrangement. Rare primary xylem cells are placed to the limit of the annual ring being represented by a few small vessels (Fig. 16) (Fig. 4). The centrally located pith of the stem is made up of large parenchyma cells with slightly thick cells. It also noted that the secondary xylem has a single annual ring because the plant has a short duration of life (Bavaru & Bercu, 2002; Ciobanu, 1971) (Fig. 4). The petiole in cross section has a flat face and a convex one, due to the presence of the marginal side wings (Fig. 5, A). The outer layer of cells is the onelayered epidermis that consists of small cells, closely joined together, slightly elongated, without spaces between cells, with strong cutinized walls. 159

3 Fig. 2. Secţiune transversală prin rădăcina ansamblu (x 70): c cortex, - co- cork, pi-pith, phphloem, x- xilem (orig.). Fig. 3. Cross section of the root detail (x 200): c- cortex, co- cork, cb- cambium, ph- phloem, x- xylem (orig.). 160

Fig. 4. Cross section of the stem (x 240): cr- crest, col- collenchyma, e- epidermis, f- fibers, pi- pith, ph- phloem, px- primary xylem sx- secondary xylem (orig.). In adaxial position are observed numerous short one-celled non glandular hairs.

4 Fig. 4. Cross section of the stem (x 240): cr- crest, col- collenchyma, e- epidermis, f- fibers, pi- pith, ph- phloem, px- primary xylem sx- secondary xylem (orig.). In adaxial position are observed numerous short one-celled non glandular hairs. As in other species of the Rubiacee (Toma & Rugina, 1998) in abaxial position is notable the presence of glandular hairs, possessing 2 basal cell and a one-celled gland (Fig. 5, B). From place to place few stomata are present. The cortex is differentiated into a hypodermis that consists of collenchyma tissue and a parenchymatous one, with intercellular spaces. In transaction the petiole has a single open collateral vascular bundle (one vascular bundled conductive tissue) following the petiole general contour. Xylem is placed to the adaxial epidermis and phloem to the abaxial one. Remarkable is the presence of a one layered parenchyma sheath surrounding the vascular bundle (Fig. 5, C). 161

A B C Fig. 5. Cross section of the petiole.

collenchyma, e epidermis, gh- glandular hair,

5 A B C Fig. 5. Cross section of the petiole. Ansamble (A, x 50). Portion with glandular hairs (B, x 185). The petiole vascular bundle (C, x 185): co- collenchyma, e epidermis, gh- glandular hair, h- hairs, nghnon glandular hairs, ph- phloem, vb- vascularbundle, x- xylem (orig.). 162

6, B). The upper epidermis consists of a single layer of cells, closely joined together.

6 A B Fig. 6. Cross section of the lamina. Portion with mesophyll (A, x 165). Portion with the mid rib (B, x 165): co- collenchyma, h-hair, le- lower epidermis, ph- phloem, pt- palisade tissue, scl- sclerenchyma, st- spongy tissue, ue- upper epidermis, x- xylem (orig.). Gardenia jasminoides lamina cross section presents, adaxialy, in the mid rib zone, a ditch and a protrusion abaxialy (Fig. 6, B). The upper epidermis consists of a single layer of cells, closely joined together. These cells are large, unequal, rounded and slightly flattened, in the mesophyll regions, whereas those of the mid rib zone are izodiametric and small. The epidermal cells are covered with a thick cuticle. The mesophyll, placed beneath the epidermises, is heterogenous with 1-2 layers of palisade and spongy tissue with numerous intercellular spaces. Under palisade, in the mid rib zone more or less triangular collector cells occur one corresponding to 2-3 cell palisade cells (Fig. 6, A). The mid rib consists of an open 163

7 and collateral vascular bundle. The xylem vessels radial arranged are more developed than the phloem elements. The vascular bundle is protected by a thin slerenchyma sheath. Collenchyma tissue is present beneath the mid rib and both epidermis (Fig. 6, B). The same types of hairs, found in the petiole, are present on the lamina as well. The lower epidermal cells are the same with those of the upper one but its cells are smaller. Conclusions The root has a typical secondary structure. The stem possesses a primary structure with a differentiate cortex in two zones. The stele is represented by two concentrically rings of poor developed close collateral vascular bundles. Toward the center some vascular bundles occur. The stem has a well developed secondary xylem due to the cambium activity. Phloem is poor developed. Mechanical fibers occur as well. The petiole has a differentiated cortex and is monofascicular. The leaf is bifacial with a hypostomatic and heterogenous mesophyll. The mechanical tissue, present in the stem and less in leaf, is represented by collenchyma and sclerenchymatous elements as well. Materia Medica, 3rd ed., Edited by Eastland Press, Inc, Seattle, Washington, Ciobanu, I.: Morfologia plantelor, Ed. Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti, Gilman, E. F.: Fact Sheet FPS-222: Gardenia jasminoides. Insititute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Edited by University of Florida Press, Hatzilazarou, S.P.; Syros, T.D., Yupsanis, T.A., Bosabalidis, A.M., Economou A.S.: Peroxidases, lignin and anatomy during in vitro and ex vitro rooting of gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) microshoots. J. Plant Physiol., 163(8): , Hărăguş, I. (Editor in Chief): Lexiconul plantelor de apartament. Edited by Aquila`93, Oradea, Mioulane, P.:, Enciclopedia Truffault. Grădini şi plante de interior. Edited by Editorial Group RAO, Bucureşti, Patil C. R.; Patil D. A.: Investigations on foliar epidermis in some Rubiaceae. Journal of Phytology, 3(12): 35-40, Serret, M. D; Trillas, M.L. Matas, J.; Araus J. L.: Development of photoautotrophy and photoinhibition of Gardenia jasminoides plantlets during micropropagation. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture, 45: Toma, C.; Rugina, R.: Anatomia plantelor medicinale, Edited by Academia Romana, Bucuresti, Valder, P.: Garden Plants of China. Florilegium: 289, Glebe, New South Wales (NSW) Sidney, Australia, Acknowledgement Many thanks to S.C. Bricostore Romania S.A., Constantza for plant vegetal material made available to us for this study. References Andrei, M.: Anatomia plantelor. Edited by Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti, Bavaru, A.; Bercu, R.: Morfologia si anatomia plantelor. Edited by Ex Ponto, Constantza, Bercu, R., Jianu, D. L., Practicum de Morfologia si anatomia plantelor. Edited by Ovidius University Press, Constantza, Bensky, D.; Gamble, A.; Clavey, S.; Stöger, E.; Bensky L. Lai: Chinese Herbal Medicine 164

ANATOMICAL ASPECTS OF THE ORNAMENTAL PLANT SPATHIPHYLLUM WALLISII REGEL

Studii şi Cercetări Martie 2010 Biologie 18 13-17 Universitatea Vasile Alecsandri din Bacău ANATOMICAL ASPECTS OF THE ORNAMENTAL PLANT SPATHIPHYLLUM WALLISII REGEL Rodica Bercu, Marius Făgăraş Key words: