tree of life phylogeny gram stain morphology chapter 28-29, other groups of organisms Bacteria

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Ashlie Nelson
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tree of life chapter 28-29, other groups of organisms

(sister to eukarya) 3 clades defined by genetic

Actinobacteria Chlamydiae Cyanobacteria Proteobacteria

highly conserved size most are quite small, the range is

can swim with flagella, gliding movement gram stain cell

represent differences in cell wall composition cell wall

peptidoglycan wall, usually lacking outer membrane gram

outer and inner membrane highly variable among clades

1 tree of life chapter 28-29, other groups of organisms phylogeny key lineages of prokaryotes Domain Archaea (sister to eukarya) 3 clades defined by genetic characters Domain Bacteria Firmicutes Spirochaetes Actinobacteria Chlamydiae Cyanobacteria Proteobacteria Bacteria Archaea morphology morphological diversity? highly conserved size most are quite small, the range is large shape filaments, cocci, bacilli, spirilla motility can swim with flagella, gliding movement gram stain cell wall composition gram staining not reliable for phylogeny represent differences in cell wall composition cell wall gram positive - high peptidoglycan composition in cell peptidoglycan wall, usually lacking outer membrane gram negative - thinner peptidoglycan layer, usually with outer and inner membrane highly variable among clades gram positive plasma membrane gram negative outer membrane cell wall peptidoglycan inner membrane

branches BACTERIA branches major branches in TOL Protista?

ARCHAEA FUNGI ANIMALIA major branches in TOL Rhizaria Alveolata Stramenopila

branches in TOL Rhizaria Alveolata Stramenopila Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Excavata

2 branches BACTERIA branches major branches in TOL Protista? paraphyletic / polyphyletic depends on perspective ARCHAEA EUKARYA BACTERIA ARCHAEA FUNGI ANIMALIA major branches in TOL Rhizaria Alveolata Stramenopila Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Excavata Plantae EUKARYA PLANTS branches BACTERIA major branches in TOL Rhizaria Alveolata Stramenopila Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Excavata Plantae BIKONTA UNIKONTA ARCHAEA AMOEBOZOA OPISTHOKONTA EXCAVATA PLANTAE RHIZARIA plant form chapter 36 ALVEOLATA STAMENOPILA

3 plantae Vascular plants Pteridophytes Lycophyta Pterophyta Gymnosperms Ginkgophyta classification (extant groups) Bryophytes Hepaticophyta (Hepatophyta) (liverworts) - Marchantia Anthocerophyta (hornworts) Bryophyta Gymnosperms -- cont. Cycadophyta (cycads) - Gnetophyta (gnetae) - Coniferophyta (conifers) -- Angiosperms Anthophyta -- monocots and eudicots

4 Structure and growth of Angiosperms organs systems root system shoot system Plant tissues dermal tissue cuticle tissue xylem tracheids lignin vessel elements (tubes) shoot root dermal phloem seive tube members companion cells tissue pith cortex (outside tissue) cell types in tissues parenchyma collenchyma sclerenchyma lignin fibers or sclereids (stone cells) phloem xylem sclerenchyma tissue pith epidermis epidermis bundle Dicot cortex dermal bundles Monocot

5 roots root types monocots -- fibrous root system... dicots -- taproot function anchor the plant into the uptake of water from soil. storage of food molecules exchange of some nutrients structure -- variation prop roots buttress roots pneumatophores aerial roots storage roots root hairs root tips root cap -- suberin (lipid) meristem (zone of division) -- quiescent center -- primary meristems: protoderm meristem procambium zone of elongation Key to labels Dermal Ground Vascular Epidermis Root hair Apical meristem Cortex Vascular cylinder Zone of differentiation Zone of elongation Zone of cell division zone of differentiation epidermis cortex stele () endodermis pericycle monocots -- tissue types in concentric rings Root cap 100 µm

6 epidermis dermal cortex endodermis stele pericycle dicots a bit more organized, or at least centralized... starch storage same basic tissue types no pith xylem in center surrounded by phloem bundles pericycle surrounds phloem phloem xylem pith Shoot system stems nodes internodes apical meristem axillary bud terminal bud modifications stolon (runner) rhizome bulb tubers leaves blade, stalk, petiole venation parallel -- monocots reticulate -- dicots simple leaves vs. compound leaf some leaves serve other functions: simple compound double compound

7 anatomy dicots - two layers of mesophyll spongy mesophyll palisade mesophyll stomata water loss gas exchange growth life history of plants -- indeterminate growth annuals -- life cycle completed in a year biennials -- life cycle spans two years -- overwinter perennials -- live for many years types of Growth -- primary growth secondary growth Secondary Growth lateral growth cambium secondary xylem tree rings secondary phloem pith primary xylem primary phloem growth secondary xylem secondary phloem cork bark cork cambium

8 Bark = periderm and phloem periderm cork cambium rings in trees Growth ring Vascular ray Heartwood Secondary xylem Sapwood Vascular cambium Secondary phloem Bark Layers of periderm

tree of life phylogeny morphology gram stain chapter 28-29, other groups of organisms Bacteria

tree of life phylogeny morphology gram stain chapter 28-29, other groups of organisms Bacteria tree of life chapter 28-29, other groups of organisms phylogeny key lineages of prokaryotes Domain Archaea (sister to eukarya) 3 clades defined by genetic characters Domain Bacteria Firmicutes Spirochaetes