Plant Anatomy. By Umanga Chapagain
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1 Plant Anatomy By Umanga Chapagain
2 PLANT ANATOMY The science of the structure of the organized plant body learned by dissection is called Plant Anatomy. In general, Plant Anatomy refers to study of internal morphology, pertaining to different tissues. : A tissue is a mass of similar or dissimilar cells performing a common function. TISSUE TYPES In broad sense, tissues are classified as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic Permanent Secretory Meristematic (Meristos divisible) These are the group of cells which has retained the capacity of growth and division. They are living cells. Cell wall is thin made up of cellulose. Intercellular spaces between the cells are absent. Cells possess abundant cytoplasm having one or more nuclei. Vacuoles may be few or absent. These cells don t store reserve food materials. They are oval, rounded, isodiametric etc. Occurs at apex of root, stem and leaves.
3 Meristematic Promeristem Origin & Development Primary meristem Secondary meristem Apical meristem Position Intercalary meristem Lateral meristrem Protoderm Physiological function Procambium Ground meristem Mass meristem Plane of division Plate meristem Rib meristem Types of meristems on the basis of, Origin and development It has 3 categories, a) Promeristem: It is a group of earliest and youngest meristems in a growing region. It occupies a small area at the tip of stem and root. In fact, it is the embryonic meristem which divides and forms primary meristem. It develops the foundation of new organ. b) Primary meristem: It is derived from Promeristem in the early stage of embryonic development. It gives rise to primary parts of the plant body i.e. tips of root, stem and appendages. The cells of this meristem divide in all possible planes and develop and mature to form primary permanent tissues which make the main structure of plants. The intrafasicular cambium of dicot stem is a kind of primary meristem which divides only in one plane and forms secondary meristem.
4 c) Secondary meristem: Some primary permanent tissues become meristematic and the resulting meristem is called secondary meristem. They are always lateral in position and are responsible for secondary growth in thickness. They develop at the time of emergency or when there is need of some meristematic activity (e.g. to affect secondary growth). Examples of secondary meristems are vascular cambium of root, interfasciular cambium of stems etc. Position a) Apical meristem: These are found at the apices of the growing point of main and lateral shoots and roots. It includes both the Promeristem and primary meristems. The apical meristem helps to increase the length of plant body. They divide and finally attain shape of permanent tissues. b) Intercalary meristem: The meristem present between the regions of permanent tissues is called intercalary meristem. It is considered as a part of apical meristem which gets detached from the apex due to the formation of intermediate permanent tissues. Intercalary meristems are found at the base of leaves in Pinus, at the base of internode in grasses and below the node in Mentha. c) Lateral meristem: They are found along the lateral sides of roots and stems. They develop at the lateral stage of the growth from permanent tissue and are responsible for the increase in thickness of the plant body. Interfasciular cambium and cork cambium are the common examples of lateral meristem. Both of them divide to form secondary permanent tissues during secondary growth in a dicot plant. Figure 1: Meristems on the basis of position
5 Physiological function a) Protoderm: This is the outermost layer of meristem which divides periclinally and forms the outer epidermal layer. b) Procambium: It is located inside Protoderm. It consists of narrow, elongated, meristematic cells that differentiates into the primary vascular tissue i.e. xylem, phloem and cambium. c) Ground meristem: It constitutes the major part of the apical meristem. It consists of large thin-walled cells that differentiate into ground tissue system i.e. hypodermis cortex, endodermis, pericycle and pith in dicot and hypodermis and ground tissue in monocot stem. Plane of cell division a) Mass meristem b) Plate meristem c) Rib meristem Permanent Chlorenchyma Parenchyma Arenchyma Prosenchyma Angular Permanent Simple Permanent Complex Permanent Collenchyma Lacunar Plate or lamellar Fibres Sclerenchyma Sclereids
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