Anatomy of Flowering Plants. K C Meena PGT Biology
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1 Anatomy of Flowering Plants K C Meena PGT Biology
2 Tissues A group of similar cells performing same function. Types of plant tissues - Meristematic tissues and permanent tissues.
3 Meristematic tissues Have power of cell division Characteristics features Cells are thin walled No intercellular places Abundant cytoplasm Retains power of cell division Classification based on position. Three types Apical meristem Lateral meristem Intercalary meristem Based on the origin three types Promeristem- embryo/ seedlings Primary meristem Secondary meristem
4 Growth in plants is largely restricted to specialized regions of active cell division called meristem. Apical meristems are the meristems which occur at the tips of roots and shoots and produce primary tissues Intercalary meristem are the ones which occur between mature tissues Lateral meristem occurs in mature regions of roots and shoots and appear later than primary meristem
5 Permanent tissues: The newly formed cells from primary and secondary meristems which become structurally and functionally specalised and lose the ability to divide are permanent tissues Simple permanent tissues Parenchyma( storage)-living Collenchymas (support ) below epidermis, living Sclerenchyma sclereids and fibres- dead Compound permanent tissues Xylem- xylem vessels, xylem tracheids, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibres Phloem sieve tubes, sieve cells, companion cells, phloem parenchyma
6 Simple tissues Made up of only one type of cells Parenchyma - Major component within organs Isodiametric,spherical, oval,round polygonal,elongated in shape. Thin cell walls made of cellulose. Closely packed or have intercellular spaces Function-Photosynthesis, storage, secretion.
7 Collenchymas occurs in layers below epidermis, either in homogeneous layer or in patches Thickened at the corners due to pectin, cellulose, oval, spherical, polygonal Assimilate food when chloroplasts is present Intercellular spaces absent- function. Mechanical support Sclerenchyma - long narrow cells, lignified walls, with pits Dead- fibers-thick walled, elongated, pointed Sclereids- spherical, dead, narrow cavity-lumen Found in guava, pear, sapota Function. Mechanical support
8 Complex tissues More than one type of cells Xylem. Conducting tissue for water and minerals Tracheids. Elongated or tube like cells, dead, main water transporting element Vessels. Long cylindrical, lignin in cell walls, large central cavity, devoid of protoplasm. Xylem fibres- lumens present, septate/aseptate Xylem parenchyma- living thin- walled, cell walls, cellulose, store food as starch or fat, tannins
9 Phloem - (transports food material) Sieve tubes- long, tube like, perforated, forms sieve plates Companion cells pit is present, helps in maintenance of pressure gradient in the sieve tubes Phloem parenchyma elongated, tapering, dense cytoplasm, cell wall, cellulose, pits Phloem fibres - unbranched, pointed, quite thick.
10 Tissue system : Epidermal tissue system Cuticle present- contains stomata ( guard cells, subsidiary cells, stomatal apparatus ) Trichomes (on stem) multicellular, secrete oils. Root hairs- single celled. Ground tissues Tissues except epidermal and vascular tissues. Mesophyll. ( collenchymas, sclerenchyma, parenchyma ) Vascular tissue system Cambium. ( lateral meristem ) Radial vascular bundle in roots Conjoint open vascular bundle - in dicot stem and leaves Conjoint closed vascular bundle in monocot stem and leaves
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12 Anatomy of Dicotyledonous root Epidermis root hair cortex ( Parenchyma ) endodermis suberin layer as casparian strips Pericycle (lateral roots) pith is small conjuctive tissues ( between xylem and phloem ) Cambium ring ( 2-4 xylem and phloem ) Stele ( endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundle and pith )
13 Monocotyledonous root No cambium in the vascular bundles. (6 vascular bundles and are scattered) called polyarch - pith is large since no cambium, and no secondary growth
14 Dicotyledonous stem Epidermis, cuticle, trichomes, hypodermis (collenchymas) Cortical layer ( parenchyma ) endodermis(starch sheath) Pericycle - vacular bundles medullary rays Vascular bundles are in a ring,conjoint, open, and endarch protoxylem Pith is larger (parenchyma)
15 Monocotyledonous stem Epidermis hypodermis ( sclerenchyma ) scattered vascular bundles, sclerenchyma. Bundle sheath vascular bundles are conjoint, closed, no cambium Peripheral vascular bundle are smaller than central No secondary growth- no trichomes Water containing cavities are present- no distinct pith
16 Dorsiventral leaf /dicot leaf: Epidermis are adaxial epidermis (upper) and abaxial epidermis (lower) Cuticle stomata is more on lower epidermis Mesophyll it has two types of cells, palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma Vascular system vascular bundle are present in vein and midrib Reticulate venation vascular bundle are surrounded by bundle sheath
17 Isobilateral / monocot leaf: Same anatomy but no spongy parenchyma and stomata on both side Bulliform cells parallel venation
18 Secondary growth: Primary growth- apical meristem ( grows length wise ) Secondary growth increase in girth It involves lateral meristem vascular cambium and cork cambium Vascular cambium Formation of cambial ring Intrafacicular cambium Interfascicular cambium Activity of cambial ring Formation of secondary xylem secondary phloem More active on the inner side so more xylem
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20 Spring early wood more active and light coloured Autumn late wood less active and dark coloured The two kinds of wood that appear as alternate concentric rings, constitute an annual ring Heart wood dead, elements, highly lignified provides mechanical support Sap wood peripheral region, secondary xylem, light in colour, conduction of water and minerals
21 Cork cambium: Cortical and epidermis layer get broken Replaced to provide new protective cell layers Cork cambium/ phellogen develop in cortex region and produce new cells towards both sides Outer cells form cork / phellum Inner cells form secondary cortex / phelloderm Bark - soft early bark formed early in the season Late / hard bark formed late in the season Lenticels. Lens shaped openings helps in exchange of gases
22 Secondary growth in roots: Wavy ring later becomes circular Secondary growth occurs in gymnosperms too (except in monocots) as monocot do not have cambium.
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