DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A WATER TUNNEL. Stephen C. Ko
|
|
- Justin Hopkins
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 i DESGN AND CONSTRUCTON OF A WATER TUNNEL By Stephen C. Ko This work has been carried out as a part of a grant from the National Science Foundation for the development of fluid mechanics laboratory equipments at the Department of Ci.vi1 Engineering, Lehigh University. Fritz Engineering Laboratory Department of Civil Engineering Lehigh University Bethlehem, Pennsylvania January 1971
2 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS TTLE PAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF FGURES i ii iii 1. NTRODUCTON 2. THE DESGN OF THE WATER TUNNEL 3. THE CONSTRUCTON OF THE WATER TUNNEL 4. PERFORMANCE OF THE WATER TUNNEL 4.1 Velocity 4.2 Turbulence CONCLUSON 6. APPENDX - FORCE DYNAMOMETER 7. REFERENCES
3 iii TABLE OF FGURES Figure l Water Tunnel System Test Section Transition Sections Elbow No. 1 Crossection of Propeller Pump Characteristics Curves of the Pump Elbow No. 2 and 3. Velocity Profile in Water Tunnel Turbulence Profile in Water Tunnel
4 1. NTRODUCTON A variable-pressure water tunnel which is of a facility analogous to a wind tunnel, is a useful tool in the study of cavitation or hydrodynamic characteristics of underwater bodies. Such a facility would permit students to observe and measure cavitation, drag and lift of submerged bodies, pressure and velocity distributions. Since a water tunnel is a very specialized piece of equipment, and is not commercially available, therefore, proposal was made by Dr. J. B. Herbich in January 1966 to the National Science Foundation to construct a water tunnel with a 4-inch diameter test section. The proposal was approved in 1967 and the design and construction was carried out by the author in the same year. The construction was completed in later of 1969.
5 -2 2. THE DESGN OF THE WATER TUNNEL The general layout of the water tunnel is shown in Fig. 1. The details of each component will be discussed as follows. The test section (Fig. 2) was made of two-inch thick transparent Plexiglas. The two-inch wall thickness provides for a rigid mounting of test objects and instruments. t was estimated that about 0.03 inch deflection of the walls would occur at a speed of 36 fps. A four-inch hole was provided on two opposite sides of the test section. When mounting objects, two specially designed force dynamometers (Appendix) will fit into these holes. For mounting sensors or probes, two plexiglas plugs will fit into these holes. There are eight t" measure taps along the axes of the section. Downstream of the test section is a transition section (Fig. 3) in which the cross section is transformed from a 6 inch square into a 6 inch circle. Therefore, the flow will accelerate through this section and minimize any disturbance that will affect upstream flow in the test section. After the transition section is a diffuser, Fig. e, the diameter increased from 6 inches to 10 inches within a distance of 50 5/8 inches. This gives an expansion angle of 2 degrees 16 seconds. Elbow No.1, Fig. 4, has 6 turning vanes to minimize separation and rotation. Originally, the turning vanes were proposed to be foil shaped, however, due to cost, time and possibly minimal difference in performance, it was decided to use 1/8" plate with a two-inch radius instead. The pump (Fig. F and Fig. 5) is a 10 inch propeller type pump by Lawrence Pumps, nc. The pump is driven by a 15 hp a. c. motor with a motion
6 .-. CTY WATER.-- Q NOT TO SCALE p L A B C D H.~ G F A B C D E Test Section Transition Diffuser Elbow No.1 Pump F G H J Motor Pump Diffuser Settling Section Elbow No.2 Elbow No.3 K L P Q Contraction Cone Transition Filters Constant Head Tank Fig. 1-:- Water Tunnel System W
7 -~-4 ' FRONT VEW / / /.~,- /. '/. 2" f, r 6" 1 "/ / -- 5"----J "..j... t " -l TOP VEW 1\, ;.Y DYNAMOMETER,, l\...---~ '----, ~ \ \\\\, \.\\\\\\\.\' \'\\\:\\\,\~\-r. ~~':','.'..'.'.','..\,.\,','.\\,,\.,\~\.,\,.\ \\'\,..\,.'..>.,.,\,.'.,'..'\ \.',.,\ ' \ \..\\..,.\.\\.\.,....\..'\\.' \~~\\,.,.\.\,\ \,\,\\\\\ \\\'~\,\.\\\\."",'., ~., '..>. '\\,..'\... '.., '-. ~. "..' "..' ". \. \ '.. ~ ". ~ ". \ ~ f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~_l. \21 \21 \21 ~ -- CYLlliDER i 6" : ~ 1 '-. ',\ \.\ \.\ ' 'll'.' 'll'".. " n.. \... \. 1'\'\\\ l". \. '.' \ \. '.,'\ ~~\' \.~ " '\\ '\... \ \. '. '. \'\.\\\..,\,.\.\\ \ 11,:.'..\ 11'" '. ~. \.,'....' ''o.\ \ \ \ \\ \\ \ \. \ \ \\ \ \. '. \' r-'....., ;\ ". \... \,... "" ' '. \. " \.,... \ \ \ '. \... ' r-- J L_- 1 L l \ \' ~ ~--- 30" _.._.._... NOT TO SCALE.~--1 Fig. 2: '. Water Tunnel Test Section Details
8 -5 f8~"- r ~ -~ ~ '/ -<;==J ~ / ~.. [ :~.. ~, f6' SQUARE.1 t""s f 6"SQUARE - ill----~-- 1 _-+--",,6".D. 9" - Fig. 3: Transition Sections
9 -6 r. H 1 35" t-rt-"""'-!'j ".. Fig. 4: Elbow No. 1
10 ~~==>l?+-- i Fig. 5: Cross Section of the Propeller Pump t...
11 -8 control speed V-belt drive. The pump speed can be adjusted from 795 rpm to 1700 rpm. Guide vanes are mounted tangentially with a hub diffuser. The characteristic curves for this pump is shown in Fig. 6. Section G in Fig. 1 is a pump diffuser with a 10 inch inlet and an 18 inch outlet or an expansion angle of 4 degrees. The settling section H in Fig. 1 is 63 3/4 inches long and 18 inches in diameter and follows the pump diffuser. Both sections () and (J) are identical elbows with 11 guide vanes in each elbow, details see Fig. 7. The contraction cone, section K and L, in Fig. 1, has an overall contraction ratio of 9:1. Actually, the contraction cone consists of two sections. Section K is a straight contraction cone which contracts from 18 inches to 8~ inches. Section L is not only a contraction section but also a transition section which transforms an 8~ inch circular section into a 6 by 6 inch square cross section. To vary the static pressure in the water tunnel, a constant head tank (Fig. lq) is provided. The elevation of this constant head tank can be adjusted ~o control the static pressure up to 20 feet of water in the test section. Another important function of this arrangement is to keep a constant volume of water in the system by compensating for water lost through the pump seal or temperature changes. Before the water enters the water tunnel, the city water has to pass through two cellulose fiber filters which have 5-micron rating to remove any foreign particles. This is important for the operation of hot-film anemometer.
12 H ~ ~ ~ 12 /56% /64% 18 /70% / /72% f:j / A /70% ~ u H ~ >< A H ~ 0E-! 8. 4 / /'./ /64% / 56% o ' Q, N HUNDRED GALLONS PER MNUTE Fig. 6: Characteristic Curves of a Pump \0
13 -10 10" ia-f r::::::> _L 3/16" l===':!~jl-_-_--=-- ~_- _= -_-_- >. J 24 ] 8" Fig. 7: Elbow Nos. 2 and 3
14 THE CONSTRUCTON OF THE WATER TUNNEL The fabrication of the water tunnel was done by Fuller Company and galvanized by Lehigh Structural Steel Company, both are local firms. The installation and test runs were completed in late September From the date of design to the day of completion was one year and nine months. The total cost of the water tunnel, including labor and materials, was $8, The original proposed price in 1966 was $4,500.
15 PERFORMANCE OF THE WATER TUNNEL 4.1 Velocity. to 35 fps. The velocity in the water tunnel can be varied from 17 fps The velocity profile at the mid-section of the test section is shown in Fig. 8. The Reynolds number, based on test section dimension, maximum velocity and at 70 0 F, ranges from 8 x 105 to 1.6 x Turbulence The turbulence characteristics were measured by a constant temperature anemometer with a parabolic quartz coated probe. The anemometer is a Heat Flux System Model 1000A, built by Thermo-Systems, nc. This unit has a probe power computer which takes the values of bridge voltage and probe resistance and with squaring circuit, amplifier, and voltage dividers computes the actual electrical power of the probe. Therefore, all the free stream measurements were in terms of power output, in watts, instead of voltages. The power computer has a manufacturer's claimed accuracy of 1.5% of power output. Detailed descriptions of the model are given in the manufacturer's manual, Heat Flux System Model 1000A nstruction Manual. The turbulence intensity profile obtained at a centerline velocity U = fps. (Fig. 9) At the center portion of the test section, t~e turbulence intensity u' ~~ = % which is very good when compared with similar size wind tunnel.
16 1.0 ~ ~_::!----~-:---T--...-~ U = 17.9 fps c U = 22.5 fps c 0.2 O...-- L i'-- ---' --J.... o y D '... w Fig. 8: Velocity Profile in the Water Tunnel
17 L e 12-1 e e \ u = fps D =.6 inches Q % U' e 6 4 e. 2 e-e e--e--_. o Fig. 9: Turbulence Profile in a Water Tunnel
18 CONCLUSON A 6" x 6" water tunnel has been constructed. The water tunnel has a velocity range from 17 fps to 35 fps. The static pressure in the test section can be adjusted up to 20 feet of water. Turbulence intensity at the center portion of the test section is, 1.488%. Both velocity and turbulence profiles were determined.
19 APPENDX - FORCE DYNAMOMETERS The force dynamometer for the water tunnel is shown in Fig. 10, and its construction and function were based on the dynamometer constructed by Silberman et a1. (1962). The force dynamometer consists of one aluminum plug which fits into the 4-inch hole in the test section of the water tunnel, see Fig. 2, three force plates, eight force beams (four lift beams and four drag beams), and one Plexiglas housing which encloses all the force beams. The construction and function of the force dynamometer are described as follows. The three force plates are the bas~ plate, the drag force plate, and the lift force plate. The base plate is fixed to the aluminum plug which in turn is fitted into the hole on the test section. The lower ends of the drag force beams are fixed to the base plate, two of these are seen in Fig. 10 indicated as (A) and (B), while the upper ends of the four drag beams, two of these are seen in Fig. 10 indicated as (C) and (D), hinged to the drag force plate. On the remaining sides of the drag force plate four lift force beams are fixed on it, two of these are seen in Fig. 10 indicated as (E) and (F). The lower ends of these four lift beams are hinged on the lift force plate, two of these are seen in Fig. 10 indicated as (G) and (H). An attaching rod, J, is threaded on the lift force plate and extended into the water tunnel to attach to the cylinder. There are two strain gages (Type EA AD-120) on each beam; on the tension, and on the compression sides. The force beams are made of aluminum plates 1/8-inch thick and ~-inch wide. The drag force beams are 2~ inches long and the lift force beams are 2 inches long. The function of the force dynamometer may be described as follows. f a force in the direction of the flow, i.e. normal to
20 -17 ( DRAG FORCE PLATE :.+-- PRESSURE TAP 1 STRAN GAGE TERHNALS PLEXGLASS HOUSNG eeeeeeee 1 3-3/8 inches (, DRAG" FORCE BEi\t!~t--t--...-~ " " --_..._--~ LFT FORCE PLATE -+--f~'-'--'--t----'---j!;~---1--'+-=-lft FORCE B-EAL'1S! 1 '- '... -'. -. "1-- ALUMNillli PLUG BASE PLATE ", -'. " ". ". ~", ". '. '" inches...- l1l;;;;_----- inches ROD FO ATTACHNG TQ MODEL... NOT TO SCALE ( '.-. "Fig. 10: Force Dynamometer for the Water Tunnel
21 -18 Fig. 10, is applied to the cylinder, the drag force beams and only the drag force beams act as cantilevers in the direction of drag. f a force normal to the direction of flow, i.e. parallel to the paper (Fig. 10), is applied, then only the lift beams act as cantilevers and drag beams are inoperative. f a force other than parallel or normal is applied to the cylinder, the drag force and lift force beams deflect accordingly. Therefore, not only can lift and drag forces be measured, but also the moment on the cylinder can be determined. The force beams and force plates are enclosed in a transparent Plexiglas housing. During operation the dynamometer is completely filled with water, and the pressure in the housing is equalized with the pressure in the test section by connecting the top of the housing to the free-stream in the water tunnel test section. All terminals can be removed in a few minutes. The calibration curve obtained by applied dead weights is shown in Fig. 11.
22 lbs t-' 6., MCRONS \0 Fig. 11: Dynamometer Calibration Curve for the Water Tunnel
23 -20 7 REFERENCES 1. Robertson, J. M. and Ross, D. "Water Tunnel Diffuser Flow Studies, Part - Review of Literature". Report Nord , Ordnance Research Lab., The Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pennsylvania, May 16, Robertson, J. M. and Ross, D. "Water Tunnel Diffuser Flow Studies, Part - Experimental Research". Report Nord , Ordnance Research Lab., The Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pennsylvania, July 8, Robertson, J. ~1. and Turchetti, A. J. "Water Tunnel Vaned-Turns Studies". Ordnance Research Laboratory External Report Nord , The Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pennsylvania, September, Ross, D. "Water Tunnel Working Section Flow Studies". Report Nord , Ordnance Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pennsylvania, June 15, Smith, R. H. and Wang, C. T. "Contraction Cones Giving Uniform Throat Speeds". J. Aero. Sci., Vol. 11 (1944) pp Silberman, E. and Daugherty, R. H. "A Dynamometer for the Two Dimensional, Free-Jet Water Tunnel Test Section". St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Tsien, H. S. "On the Design of the Contraction Cone for a Wind Tunnel". J. Aero. Sci., Vol. 10 (1943), pp
White Paper FINAL REPORT AN EVALUATION OF THE HYDRODYNAMICS MECHANISMS WHICH DRIVE THE PERFORMANCE OF THE WESTFALL STATIC MIXER.
White Paper FINAL REPORT AN EVALUATION OF THE HYDRODYNAMICS MECHANISMS WHICH DRIVE THE PERFORMANCE OF THE WESTFALL STATIC MIXER Prepared by: Dr. Thomas J. Gieseke NUWCDIVNPT - Code 8233 March 29, 1999
More informationME332 FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY (PART II)
ME332 FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY (PART II) Mihir Sen Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN 46556 Version: April 2, 2002 Contents Unit 5: Momentum transfer
More informationExperiment (4): Flow measurement
Experiment (4): Flow measurement Introduction: The flow measuring apparatus is used to familiarize the students with typical methods of flow measurement of an incompressible fluid and, at the same time
More informationApplied Fluid Mechanics
Applied Fluid Mechanics 1. The Nature of Fluid and the Study of Fluid Mechanics 2. Viscosity of Fluid 3. Pressure Measurement 4. Forces Due to Static Fluid 5. Buoyancy and Stability 6. Flow of Fluid and
More informationApplied Fluid Mechanics
Applied Fluid Mechanics 1. The Nature of Fluid and the Study of Fluid Mechanics 2. Viscosity of Fluid 3. Pressure Measurement 4. Forces Due to Static Fluid 5. Buoyancy and Stability 6. Flow of Fluid and
More informationNORTH SEA FLOW MEASUREMENT WORKSHOP 2004 In. St Andrews, Scotland
NORTH SEA FLOW MEASUREMENT WORKSHOP 2004 In St Andrews, Scotland From the 26 th to 28 th October, 2004 Tests of the V-Cone Flow Meter at Southwest Research Institute and Utah State University in Accordance
More informationApplied Fluid Mechanics
Applied Fluid Mechanics 1. The Nature of Fluid and the Study of Fluid Mechanics 2. Viscosity of Fluid 3. Pressure Measurement 4. Forces Due to Static Fluid 5. Buoyancy and Stability 6. Flow of Fluid and
More informationLecture 19. Measurement of Solid-Mechanical Quantities (Chapter 8) Measuring Strain Measuring Displacement Measuring Linear Velocity
MECH 373 Instrumentation and Measurements Lecture 19 Measurement of Solid-Mechanical Quantities (Chapter 8) Measuring Strain Measuring Displacement Measuring Linear Velocity Measuring Accepleration and
More informationME332 FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY (PART I)
ME332 FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY (PART I) Mihir Sen Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN 46556 Version: January 14, 2002 Contents Unit 1: Hydrostatics
More informationNAME: Given Formulae: Law of Cosines: Law of Sines:
NME: Given Formulae: Law of Cosines: EXM 3 PST PROBLEMS (LESSONS 21 TO 28) 100 points Thursday, November 16, 2017, 7pm to 9:30, Room 200 You are allowed to use a calculator and drawing equipment, only.
More information4 Mechanics of Fluids (I)
1. The x and y components of velocity for a two-dimensional flow are u = 3.0 ft/s and v = 9.0x ft/s where x is in feet. Determine the equation for the streamlines and graph representative streamlines in
More informationMeasurement and Industrial Instrumentation
Measurement and Industrial Instrumentation ME 3225 Credit: 3.00 Measurement of Linear & Angular Velocity Presented By Md. Shariful Islam Lecturer Department of Mechanical Engineering Khulna University
More information2d-Laser Cantilever Anemometer
2d-Laser Cantilever Anemometer Introduction Measuring principle Calibration Design Comparative measurement Contact: Jaroslaw Puczylowski University of Oldenburg jaroslaw.puczylowski@forwind.de Introduction
More informationAPPENDIX 1 DESCRIPTION OF HOT WIRE ANEMOMETER
146 APPENDIX 1 DESCRIPTION OF HOT WIRE ANEMOMETER Basic Principles of CTA Anemometer The hot-wire anemometer was introduced in its original form in the first half of the 0 th century. A major breakthrough
More informationLecture 20. Measuring Pressure and Temperature (Chapter 9) Measuring Pressure Measuring Temperature MECH 373. Instrumentation and Measurements
MECH 373 Instrumentation and Measurements Lecture 20 Measuring Pressure and Temperature (Chapter 9) Measuring Pressure Measuring Temperature 1 Measuring Acceleration and Vibration Accelerometers using
More informationCHAPTER 6 FRICTION AND WEAR ANALYSIS FOR BUSHING
CHAPTER 6 FRICTION AND WEAR ANALYSIS FOR BUSHING 6.1 TEST RIG SETUP FOR THE FRICTION AND WEAR ANALYSIS Knowing the frictional coefficient is important for the determination of wear loss and power loss
More informationDevelopment of Laser Thickness Gauge in Steel Plate Shearing Line
JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 21 (Mar. 2016) Development of Laser Thickness Gauge in Steel Plate Shearing Line TEZUKA Koichi *1 Abstract: JFE Steel has developed a laser thickness gauge for the purpose of guaranteeing
More informationMechatronics II Laboratory EXPERIMENT #1: FORCE AND TORQUE SENSORS DC Motor Characteristics Dynamometer, Part I
Mechatronics II Laboratory EXPEIMENT #1: FOCE AND TOQUE SENSOS DC Motor Characteristics Dynamometer, Part I Force Sensors Force and torque are not measured directly. Typically, the deformation or strain
More informationStrain and Force San José State University A. Mysore Spring 2009
Strain and Force Strain Gage Measures strain as a change in length L, observed by change in resistance R, for a given resistivity ρ and cross-sectional area A. For elastic materials that follow Hooke s
More informationME 316: Thermofluids Laboratory
ME 316 Thermofluid Laboratory 6.1 KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & MINERALS ME 316: Thermofluids Laboratory PELTON IMPULSE TURBINE 1) OBJECTIVES a) To introduce the operational principle of an impulse
More informationStructures - Experiment 3B Sophomore Design - Fall 2006
Structures - Experiment 3B 1.101 Sophomore Design - Fall 2006 Linear elastic behavior of a beam. The objectives of this experiment are to experimentally study the linear elastic behavior of beams under
More informationElectrolytic Tiltmeter Temperature Coefficients: Source, Definition and Use to Improve Accuracy
Electrolytic Tiltmeter Temperature Coefficients: Source, Definition and Use to Improve Accuracy Introduction Environmental temperature changes alter the mechanical and electrical characteristics of all
More information10.52 Mechanics of Fluids Spring 2006 Problem Set 3
10.52 Mechanics of Fluids Spring 2006 Problem Set 3 Problem 1 Mass transfer studies involving the transport of a solute from a gas to a liquid often involve the use of a laminar jet of liquid. The situation
More informationBasic Principle of Strain Gauge Accelerometer. Description of Strain Gauge Accelerometer
Basic Principle of Strain Gauge Accelerometer When a cantilever beam attached with a mass at its free end is subjected to vibration, vibrational displacement of the mass takes place. Depending on the displacement
More informationTherefore, the control volume in this case can be treated as a solid body, with a net force or thrust of. bm # V
When the mass m of the control volume remains nearly constant, the first term of the Eq. 6 8 simply becomes mass times acceleration since 39 CHAPTER 6 d(mv ) CV m dv CV CV (ma ) CV Therefore, the control
More informationChapter 7 The Energy Equation
Chapter 7 The Energy Equation 7.1 Energy, Work, and Power When matter has energy, the matter can be used to do work. A fluid can have several forms of energy. For example a fluid jet has kinetic energy,
More informationSudden Expansion Exercise
Sudden Expansion Exercise EAS 361, Fall 2009 Before coming to the lab, read sections 1 through 4 of this document. Engineering of Everyday Things Gerald Recktenwald Portland State University gerry@me.pdx.edu
More informationR09. d water surface. Prove that the depth of pressure is equal to p +.
Code No:A109210105 R09 SET-1 B.Tech II Year - I Semester Examinations, December 2011 FLUID MECHANICS (CIVIL ENGINEERING) Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 75 Answer any five questions All questions carry equal
More informationMechatronics II Laboratory EXPERIMENT #1 MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS FORCE/TORQUE SENSORS AND DYNAMOMETER PART 1
Mechatronics II Laboratory EXPEIMENT #1 MOTO CHAACTEISTICS FOCE/TOQUE SENSOS AND DYNAMOMETE PAT 1 Force Sensors Force and torque are not measured directly. Typically, the deformation or strain of some
More informationAEROSPACE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT. Second Year - Second Term ( ) Fluid Mechanics & Gas Dynamics
AEROSPACE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Second Year - Second Term (2008-2009) Fluid Mechanics & Gas Dynamics Similitude,Dimensional Analysis &Modeling (1) [7.2R*] Some common variables in fluid mechanics include:
More informationDEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore. Fluid Mechanics Lab
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore Fluid Mechanics Lab Introduction Fluid Mechanics laboratory provides a hands on environment that is crucial for developing
More informationVisualization of flow pattern over or around immersed objects in open channel flow.
EXPERIMENT SEVEN: FLOW VISUALIZATION AND ANALYSIS I OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT: Visualization of flow pattern over or around immersed objects in open channel flow. II THEORY AND EQUATION: Open channel:
More informationBasic Math Concepts for Water and Wastewater Operators. Daniel B. Stephens & Associates, Inc.
Basic Math Concepts for Water and Wastewater Operators Topics Hierarchy of operations Manipulating equations Unit/dimensional analysis and conversion factors Electricity Temperature Geometry Flow hydraulics
More informationENSC387: Introduction to Electromechanical Sensors and Actuators LAB 3: USING STRAIN GAUGES TO FIND POISSON S RATIO AND YOUNG S MODULUS
ENSC387: Introduction to Electromechanical Sensors and Actuators LAB 3: USING STRAIN GAUGES TO FIND POISSON S RATIO AND YOUNG S MODULUS 1 Introduction... 3 2 Objective... 3 3 Supplies... 3 4 Theory...
More informationWater Circuit Lab. The pressure drop along a straight pipe segment can be calculated using the following set of equations:
Water Circuit Lab When a fluid flows in a conduit, there is friction between the flowing fluid and the pipe walls. The result of this friction is a net loss of energy in the flowing fluid. The fluid pressure
More information2 Navier-Stokes Equations
1 Integral analysis 1. Water enters a pipe bend horizontally with a uniform velocity, u 1 = 5 m/s. The pipe is bended at 90 so that the water leaves it vertically downwards. The input diameter d 1 = 0.1
More informationPrinciples Of Engineering. Part A
Principles Of Engineering Final Examination Part A Fall 2007 Student Name: Date: Class Period: Total Points: /40 Converted Score: /50 Page 1 of 11 Directions: Circle the letter of the response that best
More informationDynamometry Tutorial IMECE
Dynamometry Tutorial IMECE2013-62800 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, San Diego, California Dr. Michael L. Jonson The Pennsylvania State University Applied Research Laboratory
More informationInvestigation of basic elements loading and tension of heavy hydraulic presses for metallurgical production
Investigation of basic elements loading and tension of heavy hydraulic presses for metallurgical production Ganush V. I. National metallurgical academe of Ukraine Ostroverhov N. P., Sultan A. V., Dzichkovky
More informationApplications of Integration to Physics and Engineering
Applications of Integration to Physics and Engineering MATH 211, Calculus II J Robert Buchanan Department of Mathematics Spring 2018 Mass and Weight mass: quantity of matter (units: kg or g (metric) or
More informationBending Load & Calibration Module
Bending Load & Calibration Module Objectives After completing this module, students shall be able to: 1) Conduct laboratory work to validate beam bending stress equations. 2) Develop an understanding of
More informationApproximate physical properties of selected fluids All properties are given at pressure kn/m 2 and temperature 15 C.
Appendix FLUID MECHANICS Approximate physical properties of selected fluids All properties are given at pressure 101. kn/m and temperature 15 C. Liquids Density (kg/m ) Dynamic viscosity (N s/m ) Surface
More informationUNIT II CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
UNIT II CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER Convection is the mode of heat transfer between a surface and a fluid moving over it. The energy transfer in convection is predominately due to the bulk motion of the fluid
More informationCircular Motion and Centripetal Force
[For International Campus Lab ONLY] Objective Measure the centripetal force with the radius, mass, and speed of a particle in uniform circular motion. Theory ----------------------------- Reference --------------------------
More informationUNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND STATICS
SIDDHARTH GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS :: PUTTUR Siddharth Nagar, Narayanavanam Road 517583 QUESTION BANK (DESCRIPTIVE) Subject with Code : Fluid Mechanics (16CE106) Year & Sem: II-B.Tech & I-Sem Course & Branch:
More informationAnnubar Primary Element Flow Calculations
Rosemount 485 Annubar Annubar Primary Element Flow Calculations ANNUBAR PRIMARY ELEMENT FLOW EQUATIONS The Annubar primary element flow equations are all derived from the hydraulic equations which are
More informationExternal Pressure... Thermal Expansion in un-restrained pipeline... The critical (buckling) pressure is calculated as follows:
External Pressure... The critical (buckling) pressure is calculated as follows: P C = E. t s ³ / 4 (1 - ν ha.ν ah ) R E ³ P C = Critical buckling pressure, kn/m² E = Hoop modulus in flexure, kn/m² t s
More informationSubject-wise Tests. Tests will be activated at 6:00 pm on scheduled day
Subject-wise Tests Tests will be activated at 6:00 pm on scheduled day Test No Test-01 Test-02 SM-1 Economic development in India since independence with emphasis on Andhra Pradesh + Science & Technology
More informationCE 6303 MECHANICS OF FLUIDS L T P C QUESTION BANK 3 0 0 3 UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLUID STATICS PART - A 1. Define fluid and fluid mechanics. 2. Define real and ideal fluids. 3. Define mass density
More informationHuman Arm. 1 Purpose. 2 Theory. 2.1 Equation of Motion for a Rotating Rigid Body
Human Arm Equipment: Capstone, Human Arm Model, 45 cm rod, sensor mounting clamp, sensor mounting studs, 2 cord locks, non elastic cord, elastic cord, two blue pasport force sensors, large table clamps,
More informationDETERMINATION OF DISCHARGE AND HEAD LOSS USING A FLOW-MEASURING APPARATUS
DETERMINATION OF DISCHARGE AND HEAD LOSS USING A FLOW-MEASURING APPARATUS 1. INTRODUCTION Through use of the Flow-Measuring Apparatus, this experiment is designed to accustom students to typical methods
More informationEvaluation of the Flow Quality in the MTL Wind-Tunnel. Björn Lindgren & Arne V. Johansson
Evaluation of the Flow Quality in the MTL Wind-Tunnel by Björn Lindgren & Arne V. Johansson Department of Mechanics October 22 Technical Reports from Royal Institute of Technology Department of Mechanics
More informationBackground Information for Use of Pitot Tube, Manometer, Hot Wires, and Hot Films
AAE 50 Notes, 9-Jan-04 Page 1 Background Information for Use of Pitot Tube, Manometer, Hot Wires, and Hot Films 1 Background The following is adapted from the handout in AAE333L. 1.1.1 Specific Applications:
More informationMCE380: Measurements and Instrumentation Lab
MCE380: Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Chapter 8: Flow Measurements Topics: Basic Flow Equations Flow Obstruction Meters Positive Displacement Flowmeters Other Methods Holman, Ch. 7 Cleveland State
More informationTOTAL HEAD, N.P.S.H. AND OTHER CALCULATION EXAMPLES Jacques Chaurette p. eng., June 2003
TOTAL HEAD, N.P.S.H. AND OTHER CALCULATION EXAMPLES Jacques Chaurette p. eng., www.lightmypump.com June 2003 Figure 1 Calculation example flow schematic. Situation Water at 150 F is to be pumped from a
More informationMatlab Sheet 2. Arrays
Matlab Sheet 2 Arrays 1. a. Create the vector x having 50 logarithmically spaced values starting at 10 and ending at 1000. b. Create the vector x having 20 logarithmically spaced values starting at 10
More informationChapter Four fluid flow mass, energy, Bernoulli and momentum
4-1Conservation of Mass Principle Consider a control volume of arbitrary shape, as shown in Fig (4-1). Figure (4-1): the differential control volume and differential control volume (Total mass entering
More informationPiping Systems and Flow Analysis (Chapter 3)
Piping Systems and Flow Analysis (Chapter 3) 2 Learning Outcomes (Chapter 3) Losses in Piping Systems Major losses Minor losses Pipe Networks Pipes in series Pipes in parallel Manifolds and Distribution
More informationLesson 37 Transmission Of Air In Air Conditioning Ducts
Lesson 37 Transmission Of Air In Air Conditioning Ducts Version 1 ME, IIT Kharagpur 1 The specific objectives of this chapter are to: 1. Describe an Air Handling Unit (AHU) and its functions (Section 37.1).
More informationUNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN Department of Physics and Engineering Physics
UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN Department of Physics and Engineering Physics Physics 115.3 Physics and the Universe FINAL EXAMINATION December 19, 2015 NAME: (Last) Please Print (Given) Time: 3 hours STUDENT
More informationFor example an empty bucket weighs 2.0kg. After 7 seconds of collecting water the bucket weighs 8.0kg, then:
Hydraulic Coefficient & Flow Measurements ELEMENTARY HYDRAULICS National Certificate in Technology (Civil Engineering) Chapter 3 1. Mass flow rate If we want to measure the rate at which water is flowing
More informationQ1 Give answers to all of the following questions (5 marks each):
FLUID MECHANICS First Year Exam Solutions 03 Q Give answers to all of the following questions (5 marks each): (a) A cylinder of m in diameter is made with material of relative density 0.5. It is moored
More informationStandard Practices for Air Speed Calibration Testing
Standard Practices for Air Speed Calibration Testing Rachael V. Coquilla Bryza Wind Lab, Fairfield, California Air speed calibration is a test process where the output from a wind measuring instrument
More informationSignature: (Note that unsigned exams will be given a score of zero.)
Neatly print your name: Signature: (Note that unsigned exams will be given a score of zero.) Circle your lecture section (-1 point if not circled, or circled incorrectly): Prof. Dabiri Prof. Wassgren Prof.
More informationApplication of an ultrasonic velocity profile monitor in a hydraulic laboratory
Application of an ultrasonic velocity profile monitor in a hydraulic laboratory Abstract Helmut Knoblauch 1, Roman Klasinc 1, Thomas Geisler 1 Velocity profile measurement using the ultrasound-pulse-doppler
More informationWATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS CE 370 1 Components of Water Supply System 2 1 Water Distribution System Water distribution systems are designed to adequately satisfy the water requirements for a combinations
More informationExperiment No.4: Flow through Venturi meter. Background and Theory
Experiment No.4: Flow through Venturi meter Background and Theory Introduction Flow meters are used in the industry to measure the volumetric flow rate of fluids. Differential pressure type flow meters
More informationINSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING Dundigal, Hyderabad AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING QUESTION BANK : AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING.
Course Name Course Code Class Branch INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING Dundigal, Hyderabad - 00 0 AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING : Mechanics of Fluids : A00 : II-I- B. Tech Year : 0 0 Course Coordinator
More information1 Force Sensing. Lecture Notes. 1.1 Load Cell. 1.2 Stress and Strain
Lecture Notes 1 Force Sensing 1.1 Load Cell A Load Cell is a structure which supports the load and deflects a known amount in response to applied forces and torques. The deflections are measured to characterize
More informationPHYSICS ADMISSIONS TEST SAMPLE PAPER (2015 style, issued September 2015) Time allowed: 2 hours
PHYSICS ADMISSIONS TEST SAMPLE PAPER (2015 style, issued September 2015) Time allowed: 2 hours For candidates applying to Physics, Physics and Philosophy, Engineering, or Materials There are two Sections
More informationCHAPTER 3 BASIC EQUATIONS IN FLUID MECHANICS NOOR ALIZA AHMAD
CHAPTER 3 BASIC EQUATIONS IN FLUID MECHANICS 1 INTRODUCTION Flow often referred as an ideal fluid. We presume that such a fluid has no viscosity. However, this is an idealized situation that does not exist.
More informationThe Bernoulli Equation
The Bernoulli Equation The most used and the most abused equation in fluid mechanics. Newton s Second Law: F = ma In general, most real flows are 3-D, unsteady (x, y, z, t; r,θ, z, t; etc) Let consider
More informationAn Essential Requirement in CV Based Industrial Appliances.
Measurement of Flow P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department An Essential Requirement in CV Based Industrial Appliances. Mathematics of Flow Rate The Scalar Product of two vectors, namely
More informationMENG 302L Lab 6: Stress Concentration
Introduction 1 : The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate the existence of stress and strain concentration in the vicinity of a geometric discontinuity in a cantilever beam, and to obtain an approximate
More informationTHE EFFECT OF SAMPLE SIZE, TURBULENCE INTENSITY AND THE VELOCITY FIELD ON THE EXPERIMENTAL ACCURACY OF ENSEMBLE AVERAGED PIV MEASUREMENTS
4th International Symposium on Particle Image Velocimetry Göttingen, Germany, September 7-9, 00 PIV 0 Paper 096 THE EFFECT OF SAMPLE SIZE, TURBULECE ITESITY AD THE VELOCITY FIELD O THE EXPERIMETAL ACCURACY
More informationME411 Engineering Measurement & Instrumentation. Winter 2017 Lecture 9
ME411 Engineering Measurement & Instrumentation Winter 2017 Lecture 9 1 Introduction If we design a load bearing component, how do we know it will not fail? Simulate/predict behavior from known fundamentals
More informationPUMP PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS Jacques Chaurette p. eng. April 2003
PUMP PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS Jacques Chaurette p. eng. www.lightmypump.com April 003 Synopsis This article examines how to take flow and pressure measurement and then calculate the total head of a pump
More informationMeasurements using Bernoulli s equation
An Internet Book on Fluid Dynamics Measurements using Bernoulli s equation Many fluid measurement devices and techniques are based on Bernoulli s equation and we list them here with analysis and discussion.
More informationSTRAIN GAUGES YEDITEPE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
STRAIN GAUGES YEDITEPE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 1 YEDITEPE UNIVERSITY ENGINEERING FACULTY MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1. Objective: Strain Gauges Know how the change in resistance
More informationExcerpt from the Proceedings of the COMSOL Conference 2010 Boston
Excerpt from the Proceedings of the COMSOL Conference 21 Boston Uncertainty Analysis, Verification and Validation of a Stress Concentration in a Cantilever Beam S. Kargar *, D.M. Bardot. University of
More informationME3560 Tentative Schedule Fall 2018
ME3560 Tentative Schedule Fall 2018 Week Number 1 Wednesday 8/29/2018 1 Date Lecture Topics Covered Introduction to course, syllabus and class policies. Math Review. Differentiation. Prior to Lecture Read
More informationActive Control of Separated Cascade Flow
Chapter 5 Active Control of Separated Cascade Flow In this chapter, the possibility of active control using a synthetic jet applied to an unconventional axial stator-rotor arrangement is investigated.
More information1 of 12. Given: Law of Cosines: C. Law of Sines: Stress = E = G
ES230 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS FINAL EXAM: WEDNESDAY, MAY 15 TH, 4PM TO 7PM, AEC200 Closed book. Calculator and writing supplies allowed. Protractor and compass required. 180 Minute Time Limit You must have
More informationAPPLIED FLUID DYNAMICS HANDBOOK
APPLIED FLUID DYNAMICS HANDBOOK ROBERT D. BLEVINS H imhnisdia ttodisdiule Darmstadt Fachbereich Mechanik 'rw.-nr.. [VNR1 VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD COMPANY ' ' New York Contents Preface / v 1. Definitions /
More informationLoad Cells. 3/2 Introduction. 3/3 Mounting components 3/3 Introduction
Siemens AG 2018 /2 Introduction / Mounting components / Introduction /4 Single point load cells /4 Overview /5 SIWAREX WL260 SP-S AA /5 - Load cell /6 SIWAREX WL260 SP-S AB /6 - Load cell /7 SIWAREX WL260
More informationChapter 4 DYNAMICS OF FLUID FLOW
Faculty Of Engineering at Shobra nd Year Civil - 016 Chapter 4 DYNAMICS OF FLUID FLOW 4-1 Types of Energy 4- Euler s Equation 4-3 Bernoulli s Equation 4-4 Total Energy Line (TEL) and Hydraulic Grade Line
More informationCOURSE NUMBER: ME 321 Fluid Mechanics I 3 credit hour. Basic Equations in fluid Dynamics
COURSE NUMBER: ME 321 Fluid Mechanics I 3 credit hour Basic Equations in fluid Dynamics Course teacher Dr. M. Mahbubur Razzaque Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering BUET 1 Description of Fluid
More informationHydraulic resistance at sudden pipe expansion-the influence of cavitation
Hydraulic resistance at sudden pipe expansion-the influence of cavitation I Department of Hydraulic Structures and Water Resources Management, Technical University Graz 2 Department of Hydraulic Machinery,
More informationIntroduction to Fluid Machines and Compressible Flow Prof. S. K. Som Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Introduction to Fluid Machines and Compressible Flow Prof. S. K. Som Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture - 8 Specific Speed, Governing and Limitation
More informationThe online of midterm-tests of Fluid Mechanics 1
The online of midterm-tests of Fluid Mechanics 1 1) The information on a can of pop indicates that the can contains 460 ml. The mass of a full can of pop is 3.75 lbm while an empty can weights 80.5 lbf.
More informationEXPERIMENTS OF CLOSED-LOOP FLOW CONTROL FOR LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYERS
Fourth International Symposium on Physics of Fluids (ISPF4) International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series Vol. 19 (212) 242 249 World Scientific Publishing Company DOI: 1.1142/S211945128811
More informationCh 17 Problem Set 31. A toaster is rated at 600 W when connected to a 120-V source. What current does the toaster carry, and what is its resistance?
Ch 17 Problem Set 31. A toaster is rated at 600 W when connected to a 120-V source. What current does the toaster carry, and what is its resistance? 33. How many 100-W lightbulbs can you use in a 120-V
More informationStrain Measurement MEASUREMENT EXPERIMENT
Strain Measurement MEASUREMENT EXPERIMENT 1. OBJECT The objective of this experiment is to become familiar with the electric resistance strain gage techniques and utilize such gages for the determination
More informationStrain Measurement. Prof. Yu Qiao. Department of Structural Engineering, UCSD. Strain Measurement
Strain Measurement Prof. Yu Qiao Department of Structural Engineering, UCSD Strain Measurement The design of load-carrying components for machines and structures requires information about the distribution
More information4.0 m s 2. 2 A submarine descends vertically at constant velocity. The three forces acting on the submarine are viscous drag, upthrust and weight.
1 1 wooden block of mass 0.60 kg is on a rough horizontal surface. force of 12 N is applied to the block and it accelerates at 4.0 m s 2. wooden block 4.0 m s 2 12 N hat is the magnitude of the frictional
More informationChapter 3 Bernoulli Equation
1 Bernoulli Equation 3.1 Flow Patterns: Streamlines, Pathlines, Streaklines 1) A streamline, is a line that is everywhere tangent to the velocity vector at a given instant. Examples of streamlines around
More informationUnderstanding Hot-Wire Anemometry
Thermal Minutes Understanding Hot-Wire Anemometry Introduction Hot-wire anemometry is a technique for measuring the velocity of fluids, and can be used in many different fields. A hot-wire anemometer consists
More informationCEE575 - Homework 1. Resistive Sensing: Due Monday, January 29
CEE575 - Homework 1 Resistive Sensing: Due Monday, January 29 Problem 1: Planes A metallic wire embedded in a strain gage is 4 cm long with a diameter of 0.1 mm. The gage is mounted on the upper surface
More informationPoints. Precision Positioning Table TU. Variation. Major product specifications With flange
9 0 Precision Positioning Table Ball screw inear Points lide table with high accuracy and high rigidity in a single structure lide table Compact and slim type positioning table with an original U-shaped
More informationExam #2: Fluid Kinematics and Conservation Laws April 13, 2016, 7:00 p.m. 8:40 p.m. in CE 118
CVEN 311-501 (Socolofsky) Fluid Dynamics Exam #2: Fluid Kinematics and Conservation Laws April 13, 2016, 7:00 p.m. 8:40 p.m. in CE 118 Name: : UIN: : Instructions: Fill in your name and UIN in the space
More information