An Essential Requirement in CV Based Industrial Appliances.

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "An Essential Requirement in CV Based Industrial Appliances."

Transcription

1 Measurement of Flow P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department An Essential Requirement in CV Based Industrial Appliances.

2 Mathematics of Flow Rate The Scalar Product of two vectors, namely velocity and area..

3 Important characteristics of the dot product The first point to note about the definition is that the coordinate system does not enter the definition. The second point to note is that because cosθ=cos(-θ), the order is not important, that is, the scalar product is commutative. The scalar product is also distributive. All these qualities help in development of a single instrument to measure the scalar product.

4 Types of Flow Measurement Technologies Variable Area (rotameters) Rotating Vane (paddle & turbine) Positive Displacement Differential Pressure Vortex Shedding Thermal Dispersion Magnetic Magnetic Thermal Mass Coriolis Mass Ultrasonic

5

6 Some Facts About Variable Area Flowmeters Called float type float type, rotameter, or variable area flowmeters. By far the most common specified, purchased, and installed flowmeter in the world

7 Variable Area Flowmeters Fluid flow moves the float upward against gravity. Float will find equilibrium when area around float generates enough drag equal to weight - buoyancy. Some types have a guide rod to keep float stable. Low Cost (pricing usually starts < $50) Simple Reliable Design Can Measure Liquid or Gas Flows Tolerates Dirty Liquids or Solids in Liquid

8 Measuring Principles of Variable Area Flowmeters Flow Rate Analysis. The forces acting on the bob lead to equilibrium between: the weight of the bob ρ b gv b acting downwards the buoyancy force ρgv b and the drag force F d acting upwards. ρ gv = ρgv + b b b F d Where V b is the volume and ρ b is the density of the bob, ρ is the density of the fluid, and g is the gravitational acceleration:

9 The drag force results from the flow field surrounding the bob and particularly from the wake of the bob. In flow analyses based on similarity principles, these influences are accounted for by empirical coefficient C L or C T in the drag law for: Laminar Flow, Fd = CLµ DbU Turbulent Flow, F d = C T ρd 2 b U 2

10 The volume flow rate through the rotameter is: Where m is the open area ratio, defined as: And D is the tube diameter at the height of the bob.

11 ρ gv = ρgv + b b b F d

12 for laminar flow: where the parameter α is defined in terms of a constant K =V b /D 3 b characteristic of the shape of the bob: for turbulent flow:

13 With either laminar or turbulent flow through the rotameter, the flow rate is proportional to m. If the cross-sectional area of the tube is made to increase linearly with length, i.e., then since the cone angle φ of the tube is small, and the flow rate is directly proportional to the height h of the bob. h

14 Similarity Analysis. The basic scaling parameter for flow is the Reynolds number, defined as: where U IN is the velocity at the rotameter inlet, and the tube diameter D is represented by its value at the inlet, equal to the bob diameter D b. Through the Reynolds number regimes of laminar or turbulent flow, and particularly important for the rotameter flow regimes with strong or weak viscosity dependence can be distinguished. It has been found to be practical for rotameters to use an alternative characteristic number, the Ruppel number, defined as:

15 where m b = ρ b D 3 b is the mass of the bob. By combining Equations, the mass flow through the rotameter can be written as: The relationship between the Ruppel number and the Reynolds number: The advantage of the Ruppel number is its independence of the flow rate. Since the Ruppel number contains only fluid properties and the mass and the density of the bob, it is a constant for a particular instrument.

16 Design Charts for Laminar Rotameters

17 Design Charts for Turbulent Rotameters

18

19 (1) End fitting flange shown; (2) flowmeter body; (3) rotation pickup magnetic, reluctancetype shown; (4) permanent magnet; (5) pickup cold wound on pole piece; (6) rotor blade; (7) rotor hub; (8) Rotor shaft bearing journal type shown; (9) rotor shaft; (10) diffuser support and flow straightener; (11) diffuser; (12) flow conditioning plate (dotted) optional with some meters.

20

21

22 Theory There are two approaches described in the current literature for analyzing axial turbine performance. The first approach describes the fluid driving torque in terms of momentum exchange, while the second describes it in terms of aerodynamic lift via airfoil theory. The former approach has the advantage that it readily produces analytical results describing basic operation, some of which have not appeared via airfoil analysis. The latter approach has the advantage that it allows more complete descriptions using fewer approximations. However, it is mathematically intensive and leads rapidly into computer-generated solutions.

23 Eliminating the time dimension from the left-hand-side quantity reduces it to the number of rotor rotations per unit fluid volume, which is essentially the flowmeter K factor specified by most manufacturers.

24 In the ideal situation, the meter response is perfectly linear and determined only by geometry. In some flowmeter designs, the rotor blades are helically twisted to improve efficiency. This is especially true of blades with large radius ratios, (R/a). If the flow velocity profile is assumed to be flat, then the blade angle in this case can be described by tan β = Constant X r. This is sometimes called the ideal helical blade. In practice, there are instead a number of rotor retarding torques of varying relative magnitudes. Under steady flow, the rotor assumes a speed that satisfies the following equilibrium:

25 The difference between the actual rotor speed, rω, and the ideal rotor speed, rω i, is the rotor slip velocity due to the combined effect of all the rotor retarding torques, and as a result of which the fluid velocity vector is deflected through an exit or swirl angle, θ. Denoting the radius variable by r, and equating the total rate of change of angular momentum of the fluid passing through the rotor to the retarding torque, one obtains: N T is the total retarding torque

26 Industrial Correlations for Frictional Losses

27 Electromagnetic Flowmeters Magnetic flowmeters have been widely used in industry for many years. Unlike many other types of flowmeters, they offer true noninvasive measurements. They are easy to install and use to the extent that existing pipes in a process can be turned into meters simply by adding external electrodes and suitable magnets. They can measure reverse flows and are insensitive to viscosity, density, and flow disturbances. Electromagnetic flowmeters can rapidly respond to flow changes and they are linear devices for a wide range of measurements. As in the case of many electric devices, the underlying principle of the electromagnetic flowmeter is Faraday s law of electromagnetic induction. The induced voltages in an electromagnetic flowmeter are linearly proportional to the mean velocity of liquids or to the volumetric flow rates.

28 As is the case in many applications, if the pipe walls are made from nonconducting elements, then the induced voltage is independent of the properties of the fluid. The accuracy of these meters can be as low as 0.25% and, in most applications, an accuracy of 1% is used. At worst, 5% accuracy is obtained in some difficult applications where impurities of liquids and the contact resistances of the electrodes are inferior as in the case of low-purity sodium liquid solutions. Faraday s Law of Induction This law states that if a conductor of length l (m) is moving with a velocity v (m/s 1 ), perpendicular to a magnetic field of flux density B (Tesla), then the induced voltage e across the ends of conductor can be expressed by: e = Blv

29 The velocity of the conductor is proportional to the mean flow velocity of the liquid. Hence, the induced voltage becomes: e = BDv

30 e = BDv Q = Av = π D 2 v 4 e = 4BQ π D

31

32 Ultrasonic Flowmeters There are various types of ultrasonic flowmeters in use for discharge measurement: (1) Transit time: This is today s state-of-the-art technology and most widely used type. This type of ultrasonic flowmeter makes use of the difference in the time for a sonic pulse to travel a fixed distance. First against the flow and then in the direction of flow. Transmit time flowmeters are sensitive to suspended solids or air bubbles in the fluid. (2) Doppler: This type is more popular and less expensive, but is not considered as accurate as the transit time flowmeter. It makes use of the Doppler frequency shift caused by sound reflected or scattered from suspensions in the flow path and is therefore more complementary than competitive to transit time flowmeters.

33 Principle of transit time flowmeters.

34 Transit Time Flowmeter Principle of Operation The acoustic method of discharge measurement is based on the fact that the propagation velocity of an acoustic wave and the flow velocity are summed vectorially. This type of flowmeter measures the difference in transit times between two ultrasonic pulses transmitted upstream t 21 and downstream t 12 across the flow. If there are no transverse flow components in the conduit, these two transmit times of acoustic pulses are given by:

35 Since the transducers are generally used both as transmitters and receivers, the difference in travel time can be determined with the same pair of transducers. Thus, the mean axial velocity along the path is given by:

36 Example The following example shows the demands on the time measurement technique: Assume a closed conduit with diameter D = 150 mm, angle φ = 60, flow velocity = 1 m/s, and water temperature =20 C. This results in transmit times of about 116 s and a time difference t =t 12 t 21 on the order of 78 ns. To achieve an accuracy of 1% of the corresponding full-scale range, t has to be measured with a resolution of at least 100 ps (1X10 10 s). Standard time measurement techniques are not able to meet such requirements so that special techniques must be applied. Digital timers with the state-of-the art Micro computers will make it possible to measure these time difference.

37

38 Point Velocity Measurement Pitot Probe Anemometry : Potential Flow Theory & Bernoulli s Theory. Thermal Anemometry : Newton s Law of Cooling. Laser Anemometry: Doppler Theory.

FLOW MEASUREMENT. INC 102 Fundamental of Instrumentation and Process Control 2/2560

FLOW MEASUREMENT. INC 102 Fundamental of Instrumentation and Process Control 2/2560 FLOW MEASUREMENT INC 102 Fundamental of Instrumentation and Process Control 2/2560 TABLE OF CONTENTS A. INTRODUCTION B. LOCAL FLOW MEASUREMENT B.1 Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) B.2 Laser doppler anemometry

More information

Flow Measurement: Physical principle employed in various types of flow meters. PART 4 PREPARED BY: ESO OLUWATOBILOBA

Flow Measurement: Physical principle employed in various types of flow meters. PART 4 PREPARED BY: ESO OLUWATOBILOBA Flow Measurement: Physical principle employed in various types of flow meters. PART 4 PREPARED BY: ESO OLUWATOBILOBA Pressure Differential Flow Meters In a differential pressure drop device the flow is

More information

Fundamentals of Flow Metering

Fundamentals of Flow Metering Technical Data Sheet 00816-0100-3031 Fundamentals of Flow Metering A reliable flow indication is dependent upon the correct measurement of A and V. If, for example, air bubbles are present in the fluid,

More information

FLOW MEASUREMENT INC 331 Industrial process measurement 2018

FLOW MEASUREMENT INC 331 Industrial process measurement 2018 FLOW MEASUREMENT INC 331 Industrial process measurement 2018 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS A. INTRODUCTION B. LOCAL FLOW MEASUREMENT B.1 Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) B.2 Laser doppler anemometry (LDA) B.3 Hot-wire

More information

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Applied Fluid Mechanics Applied Fluid Mechanics 1. The Nature of Fluid and the Study of Fluid Mechanics 2. Viscosity of Fluid 3. Pressure Measurement 4. Forces Due to Static Fluid 5. Buoyancy and Stability 6. Flow of Fluid and

More information

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Applied Fluid Mechanics Applied Fluid Mechanics 1. The Nature of Fluid and the Study of Fluid Mechanics 2. Viscosity of Fluid 3. Pressure Measurement 4. Forces Due to Static Fluid 5. Buoyancy and Stability 6. Flow of Fluid and

More information

CHAPTER (13) FLOW MEASUREMENTS

CHAPTER (13) FLOW MEASUREMENTS CHAPTER (13) FLOW MEASUREMENTS 09/12/2010 Dr. Munzer Ebaid 1 Instruments for the Measurements of Flow Rate 1. Direct Methods: Volume or weight measurements. 2. Indirect Methods: Venturi meters, Orifices

More information

Flow Measurement in Pipes and Ducts COURSE CONTENT

Flow Measurement in Pipes and Ducts COURSE CONTENT Flow Measurement in Pipes and Ducts Dr. Harlan H. Bengtson, P.E. COURSE CONTENT 1. Introduction This course is about measurement of the flow rate of a fluid flowing under pressure in a closed conduit.

More information

Instrumentation & Data Acquisition Systems

Instrumentation & Data Acquisition Systems Instrumentation & Data Acquisition Systems Section 5 -Flow Robert W. Harrison, PE Bob@TheHarrisonHouse.com Made in USA 1 The Perfect Flowmeter Infinite rangeability / turndown with negligible uncertainty

More information

ME411 Engineering Measurement & Instrumentation. Winter 2017 Lecture 11

ME411 Engineering Measurement & Instrumentation. Winter 2017 Lecture 11 ME411 Engineering Measurement & Instrumentation Winter 2017 Lecture 11 1 Flow Measurement Identify an effect that depends on flow rate Process control requires accurate measurement of flow control Mixing

More information

Flow Monitoring Technologies in Oil and Gas. Don Ford, Technical Specialist Spartan Controls Ltd.

Flow Monitoring Technologies in Oil and Gas. Don Ford, Technical Specialist Spartan Controls Ltd. Flow Monitoring Technologies in Oil and Gas Don Ford, Technical Specialist Spartan Controls Ltd. Agenda Flow technologies at a glance Oil and Gas at a glance Select Flow Technologies in Depth Differential

More information

Volume and Mass Flow Rate Measurement Author: John M. Cimbala, Penn State University Latest revision: 07 December 2007

Volume and Mass Flow Rate Measurement Author: John M. Cimbala, Penn State University Latest revision: 07 December 2007 Volume and Mass Flow Rate Measurement Author: John M. Cimbala, Penn State University Latest revision: 07 ecember 2007 Introduction and notation In many engineering applications, either mass flow rate or

More information

Detailed Outline, M E 320 Fluid Flow, Spring Semester 2015

Detailed Outline, M E 320 Fluid Flow, Spring Semester 2015 Detailed Outline, M E 320 Fluid Flow, Spring Semester 2015 I. Introduction (Chapters 1 and 2) A. What is Fluid Mechanics? 1. What is a fluid? 2. What is mechanics? B. Classification of Fluid Flows 1. Viscous

More information

Flow Measurement in Pipes and Ducts

Flow Measurement in Pipes and Ducts Flow Measurement in Pipes and Ducts Course No: M04-040 Credit: 4 PDH Harlan H. Bengtson, Ph.D., P.E. Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 9 Greyridge Farm Court Stony Point, NY 10980 P: (877) 322-5800

More information

Today s menu. Last lecture. Measurement of volume flow rate. Measurement of volume flow rate (cont d...) Differential pressure flow meters

Today s menu. Last lecture. Measurement of volume flow rate. Measurement of volume flow rate (cont d...) Differential pressure flow meters Last lecture Analog-to-digital conversion (Ch. 1.1). Introduction to flow measurement systems (Ch. 12.1). Today s menu Measurement of volume flow rate Differential pressure flowmeters Mechanical flowmeters

More information

Lesson 10. Thermomechanical Measurements for Energy Systems (MENR) Measurements for Mechanical Systems and Production (MMER)

Lesson 10. Thermomechanical Measurements for Energy Systems (MENR) Measurements for Mechanical Systems and Production (MMER) Lesson 10 Thermomechanical Measurements for Energy Systems (MENR) Measurements for Mechanical Systems and Production (MMER) A.Y. 015-16 Zaccaria (Rino ) Del Prete Some VELOCITY measurement techniques linear

More information

Flow Measurement in Pipes and Ducts COURSE CONTENT

Flow Measurement in Pipes and Ducts COURSE CONTENT Flow Measurement in Pipes and Ducts Dr. Harlan H. Bengtson, P.E. COURSE CONTENT 1. Introduction This course is about measurement of the flow rate of a fluid flowing under pressure in a closed conduit.

More information

Introduction to Aerodynamics. Dr. Guven Aerospace Engineer (P.hD)

Introduction to Aerodynamics. Dr. Guven Aerospace Engineer (P.hD) Introduction to Aerodynamics Dr. Guven Aerospace Engineer (P.hD) Aerodynamic Forces All aerodynamic forces are generated wither through pressure distribution or a shear stress distribution on a body. The

More information

By-Pass. This voltage is proportional to the liquid level (threewire potentiometer circuit). The resistance reading can

By-Pass. This voltage is proportional to the liquid level (threewire potentiometer circuit). The resistance reading can " " ' " ' / The magnetic field which is in the ball or cylindrical floats actuates very small reed contacts through the wall of a guide tube and these pick up an uninterrupted measuring-circuit voltage

More information

ELECTRONIC FLOWMETERS FOR THERMAL ENERGY MEASUREMENT. By Dr. Crainic Monica Sabina

ELECTRONIC FLOWMETERS FOR THERMAL ENERGY MEASUREMENT. By Dr. Crainic Monica Sabina ELECTRONIC FLOWMETERS FOR THERMAL ENERGY MEASUREMENT By Dr. Crainic Monica Sabina Luxten Lighting Company AEM Branch Office Gas and Water Meters Research Department 26 Calea Buziaşului300693 Timişoara

More information

vector H. If O is the point about which moments are desired, the angular moment about O is given:

vector H. If O is the point about which moments are desired, the angular moment about O is given: The angular momentum A control volume analysis can be applied to the angular momentum, by letting B equal to angularmomentum vector H. If O is the point about which moments are desired, the angular moment

More information

Given Find Water Properties

Given Find Water Properties Venturi Example Given: A venturi is to be used to measure a 50 gpm flow of 70 F water in a 4-in ID pipe. Find: Select a throat diameter that provides Re d > 00,000 in the throat, and determine what differential

More information

ABB Flowmeters Review of industrial processing flowmeters

ABB Flowmeters Review of industrial processing flowmeters White paper ABB Flowmeters Review of industrial processing flowmeters Understanding flowmeters and their pros and cons By Ron DiGiacomo, ABB Measurement Products One of the most critical measurements in

More information

Industrial Instrumentation Prof. A. Barua Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. Lecture - 14 Flowmeter ΙΙΙ

Industrial Instrumentation Prof. A. Barua Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. Lecture - 14 Flowmeter ΙΙΙ Industrial Instrumentation Prof. A. Barua Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Lecture - 14 Flowmeter ΙΙΙ Welcome to lesson 14 of Industrial Instrumentation. In

More information

S.E. (Mech.) (First Sem.) EXAMINATION, (Common to Mech/Sandwich) FLUID MECHANICS (2008 PATTERN) Time : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 100

S.E. (Mech.) (First Sem.) EXAMINATION, (Common to Mech/Sandwich) FLUID MECHANICS (2008 PATTERN) Time : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 100 Total No. of Questions 12] [Total No. of Printed Pages 8 Seat No. [4262]-113 S.E. (Mech.) (First Sem.) EXAMINATION, 2012 (Common to Mech/Sandwich) FLUID MECHANICS (2008 PATTERN) Time : Three Hours Maximum

More information

and methods. Manometers. Pressure-based measurement of velocity magnitude and direction. Anemometers, thermal probes. Temperature measurements.

and methods. Manometers. Pressure-based measurement of velocity magnitude and direction. Anemometers, thermal probes. Temperature measurements. FLOW MEASUREMENTS Dr. János VAD, associate professor, Dept. Fluid Mechanics, BME Vad, J. (2008), Advanced flow measurements. Mőegyetemi Kiadó, 45085. Interactive presentations ( PREMIUM SCORES ): 1: Introduction.

More information

Contents. I Introduction 1. Preface. xiii

Contents. I Introduction 1. Preface. xiii Contents Preface xiii I Introduction 1 1 Continuous matter 3 1.1 Molecules................................ 4 1.2 The continuum approximation.................... 6 1.3 Newtonian mechanics.........................

More information

(ADVANCED) FLOW MEASUREMENTS Dr. János VAD, associate professor, Dept. Fluid Mechanics, BME

(ADVANCED) FLOW MEASUREMENTS Dr. János VAD, associate professor, Dept. Fluid Mechanics, BME (ADVANCED) FLOW MEASUREMENTS Dr. János VAD, associate professor, Dept. Fluid Mechanics, BME Vad, J. (2008), Advanced flow measurements. Mőegyetemi Kiadó, 45085. Interactive presentations ( PREMIUM SCORES

More information

4 Mechanics of Fluids (I)

4 Mechanics of Fluids (I) 1. The x and y components of velocity for a two-dimensional flow are u = 3.0 ft/s and v = 9.0x ft/s where x is in feet. Determine the equation for the streamlines and graph representative streamlines in

More information

ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS. CHAPTER 1 Properties of Fluids

ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS. CHAPTER 1 Properties of Fluids CHAPTER 1 Properties of Fluids ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Development of Fluid Mechanics 1.3 Units of Measurement (SI units) 1.4 Mass, Density, Specific Weight, Specific Volume, Specific

More information

Universal Viscosity Curve Theory

Universal Viscosity Curve Theory TM Universal Viscosity Curve Theory Turbine Flow Meters and Flow Viscosity Introduction Like any transducer, a turbine flow meter is sensitive to physical parameters other than the one which is of interest.

More information

Lab Section Date. ME4751 Air Flow Rate Measurement

Lab Section Date. ME4751 Air Flow Rate Measurement Name Lab Section Date ME4751 Air Flow Rate Measurement Objective The objective of this experiment is to determine the volumetric flow rate of air flowing through a pipe using a Pitot-static tube and a

More information

Chapter 14. Lecture 1 Fluid Mechanics. Dr. Armen Kocharian

Chapter 14. Lecture 1 Fluid Mechanics. Dr. Armen Kocharian Chapter 14 Lecture 1 Fluid Mechanics Dr. Armen Kocharian States of Matter Solid Has a definite volume and shape Liquid Has a definite volume but not a definite shape Gas unconfined Has neither a definite

More information

Today s menu. Last lecture. Ultrasonic measurement systems. What is Ultrasound (cont d...)? What is ultrasound?

Today s menu. Last lecture. Ultrasonic measurement systems. What is Ultrasound (cont d...)? What is ultrasound? Last lecture Measurement of volume flow rate Differential pressure flowmeters Mechanical flowmeters Vortex flowmeters Measurement of mass flow Measurement of tricky flows" Today s menu Ultrasonic measurement

More information

Fluid Mechanics. du dy

Fluid Mechanics. du dy FLUID MECHANICS Technical English - I 1 th week Fluid Mechanics FLUID STATICS FLUID DYNAMICS Fluid Statics or Hydrostatics is the study of fluids at rest. The main equation required for this is Newton's

More information

Given Find Water Properties

Given Find Water Properties Venturi Example Given: A venturi is to be used to measure a 50 gpm flow of 70 F water in a 4-in ID pipe. Find: Select a throat diameter that provides Re d > 00,000 in the throat, and determine what differential

More information

FINAL DRAFT: October 25, 2010 API TECHNICAL REPORT FUEL GAS MEASUREMENT. FINAL DRAFT: October 25, 2010 Page 0

FINAL DRAFT: October 25, 2010 API TECHNICAL REPORT FUEL GAS MEASUREMENT. FINAL DRAFT: October 25, 2010 Page 0 FINAL DRAFT: October 25, 2010 API TECHNICAL REPORT FUEL GAS MEASUREMENT FINAL DRAFT: October 25, 2010 Page 0 Foreword Add API boiler plate FINAL DRAFT: October 25, 2010 Page 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction...

More information

SELECCIÓN DE CAUDALIMETROS. Tablas de Fabricantes

SELECCIÓN DE CAUDALIMETROS. Tablas de Fabricantes SELECCIÓN DE CAUDALIMETROS Tablas de Fabricantes Flow Meter Selection Table http://www.instrumart.com/content.aspxcontentid=219 Página 1 de 1 17/09/2007 KEY Best for this application OK with some exceptions

More information

11.1 Mass Density. Fluids are materials that can flow, and they include both gases and liquids. The mass density of a liquid or gas is an

11.1 Mass Density. Fluids are materials that can flow, and they include both gases and liquids. The mass density of a liquid or gas is an Chapter 11 Fluids 11.1 Mass Density Fluids are materials that can flow, and they include both gases and liquids. The mass density of a liquid or gas is an important factor that determines its behavior

More information

Active Control of Separated Cascade Flow

Active Control of Separated Cascade Flow Chapter 5 Active Control of Separated Cascade Flow In this chapter, the possibility of active control using a synthetic jet applied to an unconventional axial stator-rotor arrangement is investigated.

More information

Measurements using Bernoulli s equation

Measurements using Bernoulli s equation An Internet Book on Fluid Dynamics Measurements using Bernoulli s equation Many fluid measurement devices and techniques are based on Bernoulli s equation and we list them here with analysis and discussion.

More information

AP Physics Electromagnetic Wrap Up

AP Physics Electromagnetic Wrap Up AP Physics Electromagnetic Wrap Up Here are the glorious equations for this wonderful section. This is the equation for the magnetic force acting on a moving charged particle in a magnetic field. The angle

More information

Lesson 6 Review of fundamentals: Fluid flow

Lesson 6 Review of fundamentals: Fluid flow Lesson 6 Review of fundamentals: Fluid flow The specific objective of this lesson is to conduct a brief review of the fundamentals of fluid flow and present: A general equation for conservation of mass

More information

Anyone who observes. By Jesse Yoder

Anyone who observes. By Jesse Yoder Anyone who observes the flowmeter market today can see very quickly that the demand for some types of flowmeters is growing faster than the demand for other types. For example, the use of Coriolis and

More information

ME332 FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY (PART II)

ME332 FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY (PART II) ME332 FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY (PART II) Mihir Sen Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN 46556 Version: April 2, 2002 Contents Unit 5: Momentum transfer

More information

Aerodynamic Performance 1. Figure 1: Flowfield of a Wind Turbine and Actuator disc. Table 1: Properties of the actuator disk.

Aerodynamic Performance 1. Figure 1: Flowfield of a Wind Turbine and Actuator disc. Table 1: Properties of the actuator disk. Aerodynamic Performance 1 1 Momentum Theory Figure 1: Flowfield of a Wind Turbine and Actuator disc. Table 1: Properties of the actuator disk. 1. The flow is perfect fluid, steady, and incompressible.

More information

Flowmeter Discharge Coefficient Estimation

Flowmeter Discharge Coefficient Estimation Bankston 1 Flowmeter Discharge Coefficient Estimation Elizabeth Bankston Team 1 Abstract An Edibon FME18 Flow Meter demonstration system was used to obtain experimental values for this experiment. The

More information

PHEN 612 SPRING 2008 WEEK 12 LAURENT SIMON

PHEN 612 SPRING 2008 WEEK 12 LAURENT SIMON PHEN 612 SPRING 28 WEEK 12 LAURENT SIMON Mixing in Reactors Agitation, Mixing of Fluids and Power requirements Agitation and mixing are two of the most common operations in the processing industries Agitation:

More information

Standard Practices for Air Speed Calibration Testing

Standard Practices for Air Speed Calibration Testing Standard Practices for Air Speed Calibration Testing Rachael V. Coquilla Bryza Wind Lab, Fairfield, California Air speed calibration is a test process where the output from a wind measuring instrument

More information

TOPICS. Density. Pressure. Variation of Pressure with Depth. Pressure Measurements. Buoyant Forces-Archimedes Principle

TOPICS. Density. Pressure. Variation of Pressure with Depth. Pressure Measurements. Buoyant Forces-Archimedes Principle Lecture 6 Fluids TOPICS Density Pressure Variation of Pressure with Depth Pressure Measurements Buoyant Forces-Archimedes Principle Surface Tension ( External source ) Viscosity ( External source ) Equation

More information

FE Fluids Review March 23, 2012 Steve Burian (Civil & Environmental Engineering)

FE Fluids Review March 23, 2012 Steve Burian (Civil & Environmental Engineering) Topic: Fluid Properties 1. If 6 m 3 of oil weighs 47 kn, calculate its specific weight, density, and specific gravity. 2. 10.0 L of an incompressible liquid exert a force of 20 N at the earth s surface.

More information

2 Navier-Stokes Equations

2 Navier-Stokes Equations 1 Integral analysis 1. Water enters a pipe bend horizontally with a uniform velocity, u 1 = 5 m/s. The pipe is bended at 90 so that the water leaves it vertically downwards. The input diameter d 1 = 0.1

More information

Principles of Convection

Principles of Convection Principles of Convection Point Conduction & convection are similar both require the presence of a material medium. But convection requires the presence of fluid motion. Heat transfer through the: Solid

More information

COURSE CODE : 3072 COURSE CATEGORY : B PERIODS/ WEEK : 5 PERIODS/ SEMESTER : 75 CREDIT : 5 TIME SCHEDULE

COURSE CODE : 3072 COURSE CATEGORY : B PERIODS/ WEEK : 5 PERIODS/ SEMESTER : 75 CREDIT : 5 TIME SCHEDULE COURSE TITLE : FLUID MECHANICS COURSE CODE : 307 COURSE CATEGORY : B PERIODS/ WEEK : 5 PERIODS/ SEMESTER : 75 CREDIT : 5 TIME SCHEDULE MODULE TOPIC PERIOD 1 Properties of Fluids 0 Fluid Friction and Flow

More information

Mechanical Engineering for Renewable Energy Systems. Wind Turbines

Mechanical Engineering for Renewable Energy Systems. Wind Turbines ENGINEERING TRIPOS PART IB PAPER 8 - ELECTIVE (2) Mechanical Engineering for Renewable Energy Systems Wind Turbines Lecture 3: Aerodynamic fundamentals Hugh Hunt Fundamental fluid mechanics limits to energy

More information

MCE380: Measurements and Instrumentation Lab

MCE380: Measurements and Instrumentation Lab MCE380: Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Chapter 8: Flow Measurements Topics: Basic Flow Equations Flow Obstruction Meters Positive Displacement Flowmeters Other Methods Holman, Ch. 7 Cleveland State

More information

EXPERIMENT NO. 4 CALIBRATION OF AN ORIFICE PLATE FLOWMETER MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT KING SAUD UNIVERSITY RIYADH

EXPERIMENT NO. 4 CALIBRATION OF AN ORIFICE PLATE FLOWMETER MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT KING SAUD UNIVERSITY RIYADH EXPERIMENT NO. 4 CALIBRATION OF AN ORIFICE PLATE FLOWMETER MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT KING SAUD UNIVERSITY RIYADH Submitted By: ABDULLAH IBN ABDULRAHMAN ID: 13456789 GROUP A EXPERIMENT PERFORMED

More information

INTERACTION OF AN AIR-BUBBLE DISPERSED PHASE WITH AN INITIALLY ISOTROPIC TURBULENT FLOW FIELD

INTERACTION OF AN AIR-BUBBLE DISPERSED PHASE WITH AN INITIALLY ISOTROPIC TURBULENT FLOW FIELD 3rd Workshop on Transport Phenomena in Two-Phase Flow Nessebar, Bulgaria, 2-7 September 1998, p.p. 133-138 INTERACTION OF AN AIR-BUBBLE DISPERSED PHASE WITH AN INITIALLY ISOTROPIC TURBULENT FLOW FIELD

More information

Nicholas J. Giordano. Chapter 10 Fluids

Nicholas J. Giordano.  Chapter 10 Fluids Nicholas J. Giordano www.cengage.com/physics/giordano Chapter 10 Fluids Fluids A fluid may be either a liquid or a gas Some characteristics of a fluid Flows from one place to another Shape varies according

More information

Experiment (4): Flow measurement

Experiment (4): Flow measurement Experiment (4): Flow measurement Introduction: The flow measuring apparatus is used to familiarize the students with typical methods of flow measurement of an incompressible fluid and, at the same time

More information

Flow : the motion of a fluid (1) Blood flowmeters : - ultrasonic (doppler, transit time) -electromagnetic (2) Gas flowmeters : - pneumotachometer

Flow : the motion of a fluid (1) Blood flowmeters : - ultrasonic (doppler, transit time) -electromagnetic (2) Gas flowmeters : - pneumotachometer Flow Sensors Flow : the motion of a fluid (1) Blood flowmeters : - ultrasonic (doppler, transit time) -electromagnetic (2) Gas flowmeters : - pneumotachometer -spirometer - Wright's respirometer - rotameter

More information

UNIT II CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER

UNIT II CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER UNIT II CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER Convection is the mode of heat transfer between a surface and a fluid moving over it. The energy transfer in convection is predominately due to the bulk motion of the fluid

More information

Iran University of Science & Technology School of Mechanical Engineering Advance Fluid Mechanics

Iran University of Science & Technology School of Mechanical Engineering Advance Fluid Mechanics 1. Consider a sphere of radius R immersed in a uniform stream U0, as shown in 3 R Fig.1. The fluid velocity along streamline AB is given by V ui U i x 1. 0 3 Find (a) the position of maximum fluid acceleration

More information

Practical Aspects of Turbine Flow Meters Calibration and UVC principles

Practical Aspects of Turbine Flow Meters Calibration and UVC principles Practical Aspects of Turbine Flow Meters Calibration and UVC principles by: A. Trigas TrigasFI GmbH, Dec. 2008 Like any measurement instrument, a turbine flowmeter displays secondary sensitivity to physical

More information

Introduction to Turbomachinery

Introduction to Turbomachinery 1. Coordinate System Introduction to Turbomachinery Since there are stationary and rotating blades in turbomachines, they tend to form a cylindrical form, represented in three directions; 1. Axial 2. Radial

More information

FLOWMETRY FLOWMETRY. FLUID-FLOW MEASUREMENT AND VISUALISATION

FLOWMETRY FLOWMETRY. FLUID-FLOW MEASUREMENT AND VISUALISATION FLOWMETRY Flowmetry. Fluid-flow measurement and visualisation... 1 Measuring mass flow-rate... 2 Accumulative weighting... 3 Thermal mass flow-meter... 3 Coriolis flowmeter... 3 Choked flow... 4 Measuring

More information

Given the water behaves as shown above, which direction will the cylinder rotate?

Given the water behaves as shown above, which direction will the cylinder rotate? water stream fixed but free to rotate Given the water behaves as shown above, which direction will the cylinder rotate? ) Clockwise 2) Counter-clockwise 3) Not enough information F y U 0 U F x V=0 V=0

More information

ALASTAIR MCLACHLAN Applications Cameron

ALASTAIR MCLACHLAN Applications Cameron ALASTAIR MCLACHLAN Applications Cameron Have worked in the oil and gas flow measurement industry for 27 years primarily in custody transfer measurement using ultrasonic meters. Joined Cameron Caldon Ultrasonics

More information

Mechanical Engineering Science for Medical Engineers Level: 4 Credit value: 8 GLH: 62 TQT: 80

Mechanical Engineering Science for Medical Engineers Level: 4 Credit value: 8 GLH: 62 TQT: 80 This unit has 6 learning outcomes. 1. Be able to solve engineering problems that involve variable and constant acceleration motion. 1.1. Apply dimensional analysis to an equation involving units of length,

More information

Physics 54 Lecture March 1, Micro-quiz problems (magnetic fields and forces) Magnetic dipoles and their interaction with magnetic fields

Physics 54 Lecture March 1, Micro-quiz problems (magnetic fields and forces) Magnetic dipoles and their interaction with magnetic fields Physics 54 Lecture March 1, 2012 OUTLINE Micro-quiz problems (magnetic fields and forces) Magnetic dipoles and their interaction with magnetic fields Electromagnetic induction Introduction to electromagnetic

More information

Application of COMSOL Multiphysics in Transport Phenomena Educational Processes

Application of COMSOL Multiphysics in Transport Phenomena Educational Processes Application of COMSOL Multiphysics in Transport Phenomena Educational Processes M. Vasilev, P. Sharma and P. L. Mills * Department of Chemical and Natural Gas Engineering, Texas A&M University-Kingsville,

More information

1 P a g e h t t p s : / / w w w. c i e n o t e s. c o m / Physics (A-level)

1 P a g e h t t p s : / / w w w. c i e n o t e s. c o m / Physics (A-level) 1 P a g e h t t p s : / / w w w. c i e n o t e s. c o m / Capacitance (Chapter 18): Physics (A-level) Every capacitor has two leads, each connected to a metal plate, where in between there is an insulating

More information

Physics For Scientists and Engineers A Strategic Approach 3 rd Edition, AP Edition, 2013 Knight

Physics For Scientists and Engineers A Strategic Approach 3 rd Edition, AP Edition, 2013 Knight For Scientists and Engineers A Strategic Approach 3 rd Edition, AP Edition, 2013 Knight To the Advanced Placement Topics for C *Advanced Placement, Advanced Placement Program, AP, and Pre-AP are registered

More information

9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Fluid Flow. CHAPTER 9 Flow

9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Fluid Flow. CHAPTER 9 Flow CHAPTER 9 9.1 Introduction The accurate measurement of fluid flow is very important in many industrial applications. Optimum performance of many processes requires specific flow rates. The cost of many

More information

150A Review Session 2/13/2014 Fluid Statics. Pressure acts in all directions, normal to the surrounding surfaces

150A Review Session 2/13/2014 Fluid Statics. Pressure acts in all directions, normal to the surrounding surfaces Fluid Statics Pressure acts in all directions, normal to the surrounding surfaces or Whenever a pressure difference is the driving force, use gauge pressure o Bernoulli equation o Momentum balance with

More information

Chapter 10. Solids and Fluids

Chapter 10. Solids and Fluids Chapter 10 Solids and Fluids Surface Tension Net force on molecule A is zero Pulled equally in all directions Net force on B is not zero No molecules above to act on it Pulled toward the center of the

More information

Visualization of flow pattern over or around immersed objects in open channel flow.

Visualization of flow pattern over or around immersed objects in open channel flow. EXPERIMENT SEVEN: FLOW VISUALIZATION AND ANALYSIS I OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT: Visualization of flow pattern over or around immersed objects in open channel flow. II THEORY AND EQUATION: Open channel:

More information

04/01/1998 Developments in DP Flowmeters By Jesse Yoder

04/01/1998 Developments in DP Flowmeters By Jesse Yoder 04/01/1998 Developments in DP Flowmeters By Jesse Yoder Developments in DP Flowmeters Improvements in Primary Elements Are Keeping Differential Pressure Flowmeters the First Choice for Many Process Applications

More information

CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTORS / MOVING CHARGES / CHARGED PARTICLES IN CIRCULAR ORBITS

CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTORS / MOVING CHARGES / CHARGED PARTICLES IN CIRCULAR ORBITS PHYSICS A2 UNIT 4 SECTION 4: MAGNETIC FIELDS CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTORS / MOVING CHARGES / CHARGED PARTICLES IN CIRCULAR ORBITS # Questions MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY 1 What is a magnetic field? A region in

More information

Application of an ultrasonic velocity profile monitor in a hydraulic laboratory

Application of an ultrasonic velocity profile monitor in a hydraulic laboratory Application of an ultrasonic velocity profile monitor in a hydraulic laboratory Abstract Helmut Knoblauch 1, Roman Klasinc 1, Thomas Geisler 1 Velocity profile measurement using the ultrasound-pulse-doppler

More information

Introduction to Heat and Mass Transfer. Week 14

Introduction to Heat and Mass Transfer. Week 14 Introduction to Heat and Mass Transfer Week 14 Next Topic Internal Flow» Velocity Boundary Layer Development» Thermal Boundary Layer Development» Energy Balance Velocity Boundary Layer Development Velocity

More information

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Applied Fluid Mechanics Applied Fluid Mechanics 1. The Nature of Fluid and the Study of Fluid Mechanics 2. Viscosity of Fluid 3. Pressure Measurement 4. Forces Due to Static Fluid 5. Buoyancy and Stability 6. Flow of Fluid and

More information

Convection. forced convection when the flow is caused by external means, such as by a fan, a pump, or atmospheric winds.

Convection. forced convection when the flow is caused by external means, such as by a fan, a pump, or atmospheric winds. Convection The convection heat transfer mode is comprised of two mechanisms. In addition to energy transfer due to random molecular motion (diffusion), energy is also transferred by the bulk, or macroscopic,

More information

Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements

Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements Third Edition Richard S. Figliola Clemson University Donald E. Beasley Clemson University John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York / Chichester / Weinheim / Brisbane

More information

E80. Fluid Measurement The Wind Tunnel Lab. Experimental Engineering.

E80. Fluid Measurement The Wind Tunnel Lab. Experimental Engineering. Fluid Measurement The Wind Tunnel Lab http://twistedsifter.com/2012/10/red-bull-stratos-space-jump-photos/ Feb. 13, 2014 Outline Wind Tunnel Lab Objectives Why run wind tunnel experiments? How can we use

More information

AP Physics Laboratory #6.1: Analyzing Terminal Velocity Using an Interesting Version of Atwood s Machine

AP Physics Laboratory #6.1: Analyzing Terminal Velocity Using an Interesting Version of Atwood s Machine AP Physics Laboratory #6.1: Analyzing Terminal Velocity Using an Interesting Version of Atwood s Machine Name: Date: Lab Partners: PURPOSE The purpose of this Laboratory is to study a system as it approaches

More information

CHAPTER EIGHT P U M P I N G O F L I Q U I D S

CHAPTER EIGHT P U M P I N G O F L I Q U I D S CHAPTER EIGHT P U M P I N G O F L I Q U I D S Pupmps are devices for supplying energy or head to a flowing liquid in order to overcome head losses due to friction and also if necessary, to raise liquid

More information

HVAC Clinic. Duct Design

HVAC Clinic. Duct Design HVAC Clinic Duct Design Table Of Contents Introduction... 3 Fundamentals Of Duct Design... 3 Pressure Changes In A System... 8 Example 1... 13 Duct Design Methods... 15 Example 2... 15 Introduction The

More information

ENERGY TRANSFER BETWEEN FLUID AND ROTOR. Dr. Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng Mechanical Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering University of Indonesia

ENERGY TRANSFER BETWEEN FLUID AND ROTOR. Dr. Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng Mechanical Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering University of Indonesia ENERGY TRANSFER BETWEEN FLUID AND ROTOR Dr. Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng Mechanical Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering University of Indonesia Basic Laws and Equations Continuity Equation m m ρ mass

More information

High School. Prentice Hall. Conceptual Physics South Carolina Science Academic Standards - Physics High School

High School. Prentice Hall. Conceptual Physics South Carolina Science Academic Standards - Physics High School Prentice Hall Conceptual Physics 2009 High School C O R R E L A T E D T O High School Scientific Inquiry Standard P-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how scientific inquiry and technological

More information

Experiment No.4: Flow through Venturi meter. Background and Theory

Experiment No.4: Flow through Venturi meter. Background and Theory Experiment No.4: Flow through Venturi meter Background and Theory Introduction Flow meters are used in the industry to measure the volumetric flow rate of fluids. Differential pressure type flow meters

More information

Process Gas Flow Measurement and Performance Evaluation API TECHNICAL REPORT 2571 SECOND EDITION DRAFT, FEBRUARY 2018

Process Gas Flow Measurement and Performance Evaluation API TECHNICAL REPORT 2571 SECOND EDITION DRAFT, FEBRUARY 2018 Process Gas Flow Measurement and Performance Evaluation API TECHNICAL REPORT 2571 SECOND EDITION DRAFT, FEBRUARY 2018 (Note: modify document as needed once final proposal on name change is agreed, i.e.

More information

FE Exam Fluids Review October 23, Important Concepts

FE Exam Fluids Review October 23, Important Concepts FE Exam Fluids Review October 3, 013 mportant Concepts Density, specific volume, specific weight, specific gravity (Water 1000 kg/m^3, Air 1. kg/m^3) Meaning & Symbols? Stress, Pressure, Viscosity; Meaning

More information

ME332 FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY (PART I)

ME332 FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY (PART I) ME332 FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY (PART I) Mihir Sen Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN 46556 Version: January 14, 2002 Contents Unit 1: Hydrostatics

More information

Chapter 14. Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 14. Fluid Mechanics Chapter 14 Fluid Mechanics States of Matter Solid Has a definite volume and shape Liquid Has a definite volume but not a definite shape Gas unconfined Has neither a definite volume nor shape All of these

More information

Momentum Circular Motion and Gravitation Rotational Motion Fluid Mechanics

Momentum Circular Motion and Gravitation Rotational Motion Fluid Mechanics Momentum Circular Motion and Gravitation Rotational Motion Fluid Mechanics Momentum Momentum Collisions between objects can be evaluated using the laws of conservation of energy and of momentum. Momentum

More information

R09. d water surface. Prove that the depth of pressure is equal to p +.

R09. d water surface. Prove that the depth of pressure is equal to p +. Code No:A109210105 R09 SET-1 B.Tech II Year - I Semester Examinations, December 2011 FLUID MECHANICS (CIVIL ENGINEERING) Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 75 Answer any five questions All questions carry equal

More information

Name: Class: Date: AP Physics Spring 2012 Q6 Practice. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Name: Class: Date: AP Physics Spring 2012 Q6 Practice. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ame: Class: Date: ID: A AP Physics Spring 2012 Q6 Practice Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. (2 points) A potential difference of 115 V across

More information

Fluid Dynamics Exercises and questions for the course

Fluid Dynamics Exercises and questions for the course Fluid Dynamics Exercises and questions for the course January 15, 2014 A two dimensional flow field characterised by the following velocity components in polar coordinates is called a free vortex: u r

More information

The basic principle to be used in mechanical systems to derive a mathematical model is Newton s law,

The basic principle to be used in mechanical systems to derive a mathematical model is Newton s law, Chapter. DYNAMIC MODELING Understanding the nature of the process to be controlled is a central issue for a control engineer. Thus the engineer must construct a model of the process with whatever information

More information