Distribution and diet of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda in Sungei Mandai mangrove, Singapore
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1 Distribution and diet of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda in Sungei Mandai mangrove, Singapore Germaine Leng & N. Sivasothi Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore
2 Where is Singapore?
3 23 km (14 miles ) Area : 712 km 2 (275 sq. miles) 1/3 Tokyo or ½ New York City 41 km (25 miles )
4 Horseshoe crabs in Singapore Coastal horseshoe crab, Tachypleus gigas IUCN Red List: DD Singapore Red List: Endangered Mangrove horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda IUCN Red List: DD Singapore Red List: Vulnerable
5 Sheltered shores of the northern coast
6 Wetlands Reserve Unprotected
7 Mandai mangrove and mudflat
8
9 Mandai mangrove and mudflat
10 Mandai mangrove and mudflat
11 Mandai mangrove and mudflat
12 Tidal streams in Mandai mangrove
13 Stream > 15 cm wide Clear demarcation of bank Steady flow of water Streamlets Width < 15cm Unclear demarcation of bank Trickle of water Microhabitats of a tidal stream Mud Sand Seagrass
14 Objectives 1. What are the population characteristics of C. rotundicauda in the tidal stream? 2. How is C. rotundicauda distributed across microhabitats in the tidal stream?
15 Surveys: Methods 10 surveys between Dec 2012 to Feb 2013 Every quarter moon phase during day low tides Area of tidal stream = 4,011 m 2 Recorded microhabitat (single recorder) Located animals (with field assitants) Measurements (single recorder)
16 Population size in the tidal stream Population mean was 272 ± 89.7 individuals individuals per m 2 (or 6.8 / 100 m 2 ) Weekly counts ranged: 133 to 398 individuals
17 Population structure Population structure in tidal stream 69% 19% 12% male female juvenile Size range 10.2mm 160.2mm Males 51 ± 18.9 (Range 29 88) Females 31 ± 15.1 (Range: 17 67) Juveniles 186 ± 76.8 (83 287) Mating pairs 30 ± 18.9 (2 32)
18 Population size in the tidal stream 1. Population density (0.068/m 2 ) much lower than mudflat? Mudflat population nearby = 0.5 individuals per m 2 (Cartwright-Taylor et al., 2009) Few figures are available to evaluate site quality; standard sampling method would be helpful 2. Weekly population variance Tidal stream population is mobile/oscillates with mudflat? In tidal streams, one-off surveys may not reflect population number
19 Objectives 2. How is C. rotundicauda distributed across microhabitats in the tidal streams?
20 Distribution of C. rotundicauda across microhabitats No. of C. rotundicauda 300 adults juveniles Mud Stream Streamlets Seagrass Sand C. rotundicauda not evenly distributed in tidal stream microhabitats
21 Distribution of C. rotundicauda in microhabitats 1. Sand is least preferred; adults cluster in mud (species preference) 2. Juvenile associated with streamlets Require hydration during low tide? 3. Heterogeneity of tidal stream habitats important supports use by different growth stages of C. rotundicauda 1 Morton & Lee, 2011
22
23 2. Diet of the mangrove horseshoe crab C. rotundicauda at Sungei Mandai Kechil mangrove (tidal stream and mudflat)
24 Diet of C. rotundicauda Only two studies in the literature Two juveniles in HK (Zhou and Morton, 2004) 42 adults in Malaysia (John et al., 2012)
25 Objectives 1. What is the diet of C. rotundicauda? 2. Does C. rotundicauda feed selectively?
26 Methods Weekly collection of adults and juveniles Sept 2013 to Feb 2014 (five months) Three individuals per collection: 1 male, 1 female and 1 juvenile (total = 64) Dissected and sorted gut content Infauna sampling for potential prey 315 cm 3 of sediment n = 18 Sieved through 500 µm mesh Calculation of selective feeding Strauss Linear Food Selection Index (used in several HSC diet studies)
27 What did gut content analysis reveal? 80% was substrate 20% was identifiable 91.4% was of animal origin 8.6% was plant matter
28 What were Frequently occurring (FO) and relatively abundant (R i ) items? 1 2 1mm FO: 87.7% R i : 65.1% 1mm FO: 29.8% R i : 2.0% 4 3 2mm 0.5 mm FO: 63.2% R i : NIL 2 mm FO: 33.3% R i : 8.2%
29 Does C. rotundicauda feed selectively? Strauss Linear Food Selection Index relative abundance in gut to relative abundance in sediment > 0 indicates selection 0 indicates random feeding < 0 indicates avoidance
30 Selective index Avoidenc e Preference -1 Does C. rotundicauda feed selectively? Polychaeta Ostracoda Chironomidae Plants Gastropoda Bivalvia -0.4 Nematoda Adult Juvenile
31 C. rotundicauda is a subsurface, deposit-feeding vermivore? 1. C. rotundicauda consumes substrate (80%) + mainly polychaetes T. gigas: substrate (5-50%) + molluscs & polychaetes 1 L. polyphemus: substrate 4 + bivalves 2, 3 2. Sediment as food source? Year round availability Low organic content compensated with high intake 3. Need for selectivity Sorting allows higher efficiency Substrate selection? 1 Chatterji, Botton, 1984; 3 Botton & Loveland, Botton et al., 2003
32 Selection for polychaetes 1. Polychaetes are highly profitable prey High flesh weight Not protected by shells Fairly common; abundant in some areas 2. Polychaetes are a prey item in other studies C. rotundicauda in Malaysia 1 L. polyphemus (FO: <3%) 2 and T. gigas (R i : 5.3%) 3 1 John et al., Botton & Rope, Chatterji, 1992
33 Avoidance 1. Nematodes Hard protective cuticle; difficult to process C. rotundicauda and T. tridentatus juveniles avoided nematodes in Hong Kong 1 2. Bivalves and gastropods Selected for by T. gigas 2 and L. polyphemus 3 Long handling time for C. rotundicauda, not energetically feasible? 1 Zhou & Morton, Chatterji, Botton, 1984
34 Crustacea: an important component of diet? 0.5 mm Digested beyond enumeration and identification May be amphipods/tanids? High FO: 63.2% C. rotundicauda and T. tridentatus juveniles in Hong Kong (FO: 33.3%) 1 L. polyphemus (FO: 3.3%; 16.7%) 2,3 2 mm 1 Zhou & Morton, Botton, Botton &Loveland, 1989
35 Application This resumption of horseshoe crab studies prompted by the last meeting is actively contributing to conservation effort for Mandai Mangrove & Mudflat. Further research is required...
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38 Thank you
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