INVERTEBRATE DIVERSITY
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1 INVERTEBRATE DIVERSITY 1 INVERTEBRATES Animals that lack a backbone Invertebrates 2 1
2 ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT Meiosis Egg Sperm Zygote Adult Blastula hollow ball of cells in a developing animal Gastrula Stage of animal development where blastula cells begin to fold inward, creating layers During gastrulation 2 3 layers form Early gastrula (cross section) Growing zygote Blastula (cross section) 3 ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT Ectoderm becomes outer surface of organism Endoderm becomes gut of organism Mesoderm becomes muscles / organs of organism Ectoderm (outer layer) Mesododerm (inner layer) Endoderm (inner layer) 2 layers formed 3 layers formed 4 2
3 SPONGES Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Porifera Simplest animal no ; no true ; no muscles or organs Porous: made of spongin Body cavity, two cell layers Sessile suspension feeders Produce defensive compounds medicines? 5 Have true and radial Animals 6 3
4 CNIDARIANS: Ex: anemones, corals and jellyfish Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Cnidaria and nerves Cylindrical or Umbrella shaped Carnivores Can be mobile, sessile or both depending on life stage Stinging cells called cnidocytes for catching prey Some are highly toxic: boxjelly, sea wasp Corals provide habitats for tropical ecosystems cnidocyte Cylindrical body plan = sessile (polyp) Umbrella body plan = mobile (medusa) 7 LOPHOTROCHOPHORES, and Animals Animals Lophotrochophores Lophophore: dinstinctive feedings structure with hollow tentacles 8 4
5 LOPHOTROCHOPHORES, and Lophophore feeding structure Future anus Trophophore larvae Future mouth Protostome development: the initial opening during gastrulation becomes a mouth 9 FLATWORMS:, tapeworms and flukes Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Platyhelminthes Simple brain, nerves, sensory organs and mouth Free living flatworms live in ponds and streams Parasitic flatworms live in people and animals (Ex: tapeworms, flukes) Can have complex live cycles (video for today) Gastrovascular cavity Mouth Nerve cords Eyecups Nervous tissue clusters 10 5
6 MOLLUSCS: Snails, mussels, octopi Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Soft body with chitonous mantle that can secrete a shell Three main parts: foot, visceral mass, mantle Gastropods: slow, eat plants or animals using radula Bivalves: Filter feeders; can purify water and are yummy Cephalopods: Smartest and largest invertebrates with complex brain and eyes; fast and agile predators Snails Class: Gastropoda Mussels (and clams) Class: Bivalvia Octopi (and squid) Class: Cephalopoda 11 SEGMENTED WORMS: Earthworms, leaches, polychaetes Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Annelida Segmented bodies help with mobility and flexibility Hermaphroditic Earthworms can be 1mm to 3mm in length Leeches: most eat snails and insects; few are parasitic Polychaetes can be sessile or mobile Earthworm Parasitic leach Polychaetes 12 6
7 ECDYSOZOANS Have a cuticle for structural support that they shed as they grow Animals Animals Deuterostome Lophotrochophores Ecdysozoans Ecdysis: regular shedding of tough, nonliving material called a cuticle 13 NEMATODE WORMS: Heartworms, hookworms Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Nematoda Have complete digestive tracts (digestive anterior, absorbing posterior) Can be free living or parasitic Can have complex life cycles 25,000 species named; likely 500,000 species out there! 14 7
8 ARTHROPODS: Spiders, centipedes, crustaceans and insects Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Hard exoskeleton made of proteins and chitin Very diverse and very abundant Three segments: head, thorax, abdomen Arachnids: 1 st terrestrial carnivores Diploda: Millipedes (detritivores) and centipedes (carnivores) Crustaceans: food source for mammals Class: Arachnid Class: Diploda Class: Crustacea 15 MORE ARTHROPODS: Insects, insects, insects! Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Most successful group of animals; 75% of all animal spp. are insects WHY? Metamorphosis: taking on different body forms as larva and adult Modular Body Plan: head, thorax and abdomen controlled by separate homeotic genes can evolve separately from one another Short life cycles and many offspring can adapt quickly Protective color patterns Larva Adult Pupa 16 8
9 DEUTEROSTOMES Embryo develops a deuterostome tha Animals Animals Lophophore Deuterostome Cuticle shedding 17 Deuterostome: a pocket that forms during development and becomes the anus DEUTEROSTOMES and chordates Future mouth Future anus Deuterostome development: the initial opening during gastrulation becomes a mouth 18 9
10 ECHINODERMS: Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata Larvae: bilateral Most adults: radial Endoskeleton made of calcium carbonate Tube feet for moving and feeding Eat plants or animals are more closely related to chordates than to other invertebrate phyla 19 ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT Animals Animals Deuterostomes Lophotrochophores Ecdysozoans 2 LAYERS FORM 3 LAYERS: PIT = mouth 3 LAYERS: PIT = anus 20 10
11 CHORDATES (VERTEBRATES) Animals with backbones Post-anal tail Group of tunicates Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits A lancet Notochord 21 REQUIRED VIDEO The core concepts of this material will be on exams! HOW PARASITES CHANGE THEIR HOSTS BEHAVIOR See link on the course website:
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