BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences
|
|
- Vivien McKinney
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences D. POPULATION & COMMUNITY DYNAMICS Week 13. Herbivory, predation & parasitism: Lecture summary: Predation: Categories Behavior Optimal foraging theory Herbivory Categories Effects on plants Functional responses Parasites and disease BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 1
2 2. Predation: Predation usually includes considerations of parasitism and herbivory. Like parasitism and herbivory it is a description of the interaction between predator foraging behavior and prey defense Literature reflects strong emphasis on predator foraging behavior and prey-predator dynamics. Defense is mostly relegated to the realms of natural history description. BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 2
3 3. Predator foraging behavior: Description of: Where they feed. What they feed on. How they are influenced by other predators. How they are influenced by prey density. BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 3
4 4. Categories of Predation: Begon, Harper & Townsend (1996) use predation to consider the following categories of predator : Predators: Kill and completely consume many prey items during their life. Parasitoids: Free-living adult insects that lay eggs in or on their single host ("prey") in which the larva (or larvae) develops into a new free-living adult. Host is always killed. Parasites: Most of their life is spent in close association in or on a single host and usually do not kill the host. Herbivores: Most only partially consume individual plants, but they include a range of plant feeders that act like true parasites (e.g. aphids), parasitoids (e.g. fig wasps), predators (e.g. mice and seed beetles). BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 4
5 5. Diet composition and food preference: Predators can be: Monophagous: Single prey type and have a large impact on prey population dynamics. Oligophagous: Few prey types Polyphagous: Many prey types and probably have little impact on the population dynamics of any one species. BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 5
6 6. Prey choice and profitability: Within basic diet breadths predators choose more profitable prey preferentially (Fig. 9.1). BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 6
7 7. Herbivore choice (Table 9.1): BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 7
8 8. Assessment of profitability: Food can be assessed by predators as either: Ranked food resources: Most valuable or perfectly substitutable Balanced food resources: Integral or complementary Usually necessary to balance required nutrients that may be absent from high ranked foods. BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 8
9 9. Switching: Predators can also switch their food preference. Through learned abilities to handle prey more profitably: More efficient balance among, search, pursuit, and handling behaviors before consumption. May be facilitated by specific search images. Such changes in diet may also be seasonal or on shorter time scales that may be associated with the induction of physiologies better suited to exploiting the food resource. BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 9
10 10. Optimal foraging and diet width: Why are real diets narrower than potential diets? If energy maximization is the primary criterion that correlates with fitness then optimal foraging theory is useful. MacArthur & Pianka (1966) initiated the influential optimal foraging theory approach for the description of the evolutionary ecology of predatory behavior based on maximization of the net rate of energy intake: Net rate of energy in take = gross energy intake - energetic costs of obtaining that energy. BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 10
11 11. Predator costs: Energy and time costs of: Searching for prey Handling prey - includes: Detection Pursuit Acceptance Subjugation Consumption & Digestion BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 11
12 12. Optimal foraging theory: Aim is to predict the expected foraging strategy under specified conditions: Is it a "tactic" or a "strategy"? Generalists: Have low time search costs but higher costs of handling both unprofitable and profitable prey. Specialists: Have high time costs but lower costs of handling profitable prey. BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 12
13 13. Diet profitability: MacArthur & Pianka argued that a prey item should be included (and diet width expanded) if it is equal to or more profitable than the average profitability of the present diet. Thus should eat i th prey if: E i h i E (s + h ) Where i is the next most profitable prey item. E = energy content, h = handling time (therefore E/h = profitability), s = search time BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 13
14 14. Diet profitability: handling time < search time = generalists e.g. foliage gleaning bird guild Guild is a group of individuals that exploit the same resource in the same way handling time > search time = specialists e.g. lions living near prey Note: handling time includes pursuit time! BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 14
15 15. Marginal Value Theorem: Based on work of Charnov (1976) and Parker & Stuart (1976) to predict behavior of optimal forager in patches of food of different profitabilities. Forager should maximize overall intake of resource (energy) per time spent foraging in habitats with food distributed patchily. How long should the forager spend in patches of varying profitability? BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 15
16 16. Marginal Value Theorem Fig. 9.16: BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 16
17 17. Herbivory: Problems: Herbivory is sometimes considered as a subset of predation because of 2 ways to classify consumers: 1. Taxonomic classification: Carnivores consume animals. Herbivores consume plants. Omnivores consume plants and animals. BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 17
18 18. Herbivory: 2. Functional classification: True predators: Kill and consume prey immediately; kill many prey Grazers: Attack many "prey"; rarely lethal; only partially consume Parasitoids: Attack single "prey", always lethal, complete consumption Parasites (micro and macro): Attack few or single "prey"; rarely lethal; only partially consume Caveat: modularity is an important consideration (modular versus unitary organisms)! BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 18
19 19. Basic kinds of herbivores: Grazers - sheep, bison, rabbits and grasshoppers. Browsers - deer, goats and hares. Leaf miners - many insects. Borers - of leaves, stems, trunks, buds, seeds and fruits - many insects. Root feeders - nematodes, insects, mammals. Sap suckers - many insects, birds and mammals. Gallers - many insects, mites, nematodes and bacteria. Vary according to scale of host resources (modularity) and herbivore exploiter In addition frugivores, seed predators, pollinators, and nectarivores all feed on plant parts. BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 19
20 20. Herbivore feeding guilds (Fig. 12.7): BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 20
21 21. Six effects of herbivores on plant distribution and abundance: 1. Compensation: Despite some compensation herbivores almost always harm plants (Figs. 8.2 (grass growth) & 8.3 (parsnip flowers). BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 21
22 22. Six effects of herbivores on plant distribution and abundance: 2. Enhance negative competitive effects: Fig. 8.4, 2nd ed. (barley/oats) & 8.7 (beetle on Rumex) BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 22
23 23. Six effects of herbivores on plant distribution and abundance: 3. Defense: Repeated defoliation by herbivores can kill plants or make them more susceptible to death but they can defend: e.g. Fig 8.4 West's leaf miners and inducible defenses. BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 23
24 24. Six effects of herbivores on plant distribution and abundance: 4. Survivorship: Mature plants are usually not killed: Although repeated herbivory can increase mortality. Recruitment can be slowed by herbivores killing seeds or seedlings. Charles Darwin found 83% mortality. 5. Growth: Herbivory can slow or stop plant growth. Timing is important. But grasses tend to be resistant to the effects of grazing because the low meristem is unaffected. BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 24
25 25. Six effects of herbivores on plant distribution and abundance: 6. Fecundity can be reduced: Growth related: Smaller plants produce fewer or less viable seeds. Plants may flower later: e.g. can turn annuals into perennials by repeated grazing or mowing (Poa annua). Herbivores can eat reproductive parts (flowers) directly: Excluding mutualistic pollen, or nectar, feeding, or exploitative seed predation. BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 25
26 26. Effects of herbivory on plant populations: Impact greatest on stressed individuals. Compensation by unaffected individuals because of reduced intraspecific competition. Thus herbivory and competition can balance each other out and result in similar densities before & after the event. Because net recruitment/productivity increase. Negative effects of herbivory are modified to some extent in modular plants: Thus compensation is important. Threshold for compensation is important to consider for repeated harvests or exploitation by natural herbivores: e.g. locust plagues and herbivore mobility. Herbivore compensation. BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 26
27 27. Functional responses of herbivores: To plant biomass: Implies satiation at high levels of food availability. May explain unpredictable masting by trees subject to high levels of herbivory to swamp herbivore recruitment and ensure high seed/ seedling survivorship.. but should plants also enhance dispersion to reduce the impact of intraspecific competition in these years? BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 27
28 28. Masting (Figs & 8.12): Herbivore life histories cannot respond? BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 28
29 29. Cost of masting: Masting is expensive for the plant! Perhaps not as costly though as the impact of severe herbivory! Temporal scaling of life histories: Herbivores with short generation times can track resource quantity fluctuations more effectively than herbivores with long generation times. BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 29
30 30. The effect of grazing herbivores on community structure: Herbivory, predation, disease and parasitism, competition, earthquakes, fire, rain, wind, temperature etc. can all disturb communities (Fig. 21.1). BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 30
31 31. Disturbance: any relatively discrete event in time that removes organisms or otherwise disrupts the community by influencing the availability of space or food resources, or by changing the physical environment. A general consequence is likely to be the opening up of space, or freeing up of resources, that can be taken over by new individuals. For example, a predator, or herbivore, or lawn mower, or a strong wave, or a strong wind can open gaps in communities. BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 31
32 32. Intermediate grazing and exploitermediated coexistence: Grazing by rabbits can strongly influence plant community structure. Intermediate grazing promotes most diversity through influence on competition: exploiter-mediated coexistence (Fig ). BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 32
33 33. The effects of parasites and disease: These exploiters can also affect other interactions and facilitate coexistence of species as in Fig BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 33
34 34. Effects of disease on community structure: Strongly negative effects on communities can also occur for highly pathogenic invading diseases such as malaria and bird pox in Hawaii which may have exterminated 50% of the endemic bird species. Also the destruction of chestnut and elm forests in North America by introduced pathogens. These effects are also likely to be frequency dependent: Influenced by the frequency of encounter in high density populations. BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions - Dr. S. Malcolm. Week 13: Herbivory, predation & parasitism Slide - 34
BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 11: Processes: Herbivory. 2. Basic feeding guilds of herbivores: 3. Effects of herbivores on plants:
BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 11: Processes: Herbivory Lecture summary: Feeding guilds. Effects of herbivores on plants: Distribution and abundance. Compensation. Recruitment. Fecundity. Plant defense. Diversity.
More informationBIOS 6150: Ecology Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences
BIOS 6150: Ecology Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences Week 6: Predation and predatory behavior: Lecture summary: Nature of predation. Diet breadth & choice. Optimal foraging. Functional
More informationBIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 20: Community Structure & Predation: 2. The effect of grazing herbivores: 3. The effect of grazing herbivores:
BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 20: Community Structure & Predation: Lecture summary: Effects of grazing herbivores. Effects of predators. Effects of parasites & disease. Variation in time. Disturbance & community
More informationBIOS 6150: Ecology Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences
BIOS 6150: Ecology Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences Week 14: Roles of competition, predation & disturbance in community structure. Lecture summary: (A) Competition: Pattern vs process.
More informationBIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 8: Predator foraging & prey defense. 2. Predation: 3. Predator diet breadth and preference:
BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 8: Predator foraging & prey defense 1. Lecture Summary: What is predation? Predator diet breadth. Preference & switching. Optimal foraging. Marginal value theorem. Functional
More informationBIOS 6150: Ecology Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences
BIOS 6150: Ecology Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences Week 7: Dynamics of Predation. Lecture summary: Categories of predation. Linked prey-predator cycles. Lotka-Volterra model. Density-dependence.
More informationPredation. Predation & Herbivory. Lotka-Volterra. Predation rate. Total rate of predation. Predator population 10/23/2013. Review types of predation
Predation & Herbivory Chapter 14 Predation Review types of predation Carnivory Parasitism Parasitoidism Cannabalism Lotka-Volterra Predators control prey populations and prey control predator populations
More informationHonors Biology Ecology Concept List
1. For each pair of terms, explain how the meanings of the terms differ. a. mutualism and commensalism b. parasitism and predation c. species richness and species diversity d. primary succession and secondary
More informationCommunity Structure. Community An assemblage of all the populations interacting in an area
Community Structure Community An assemblage of all the populations interacting in an area Community Ecology The ecological community is the set of plant and animal species that occupy an area Questions
More informationCommunity Interactions. Community An assemblage of all the populations interacting in an area
Community Interactions Community An assemblage of all the populations interacting in an area Populations are affected by: Available living space habitat Resource Availability niche Species interactions
More informationBIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences
BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences Week 5. Plant defense theory 2: Development: Lecture summary: Resource Availability Theory: Coley, Bryant
More informationCommunity and Population Ecology Populations & Communities Species Diversity Sustainability and Environmental Change Richness and Sustainability
1 2 3 4 Community and Population Ecology Chapter 6 Populations & Communities Biosphere> ecosystems> communities> populations> individuals A population is all of the individuals of the same species in a
More informationAcademic Year Second Term. Science Revision sheets
Academic Year 2015-2016 Second Term Science Revision sheets Name: Date: Grade:3/ Q1 : Choose the letter of the choice that best answer the questions 1. Which of these is what a plant does that makes more
More information14.1 Habitat And Niche
14.1 Habitat And Niche A habitat differs from a niche. Habitat physical area in which an organism lives Niche each species plays a specific role in an ecosystem niche includes the species habitat, feeding
More informationBIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 12: Decomposition and Detritivory: 2. Decomposers and detritivores: 3. Resources of decomposers: Lecture summary:
BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 12: Decomposition and Detritivory: Lecture summary: Decomposers & detritivores: Resources. Characteristics. Model of detritivory. Size of detritivores. Diversity & abundance.
More information1. competitive exclusion => local elimination of one => competitive exclusion principle (Gause and Paramecia)
Chapter 54: Community Ecology A community is defined as an assemblage of species living close enough together for potential interaction. Each member of same community has a particular habitat and niche.
More informationChapter 54: Community Ecology
AP Biology Guided Reading Name Chapter 54: Community Ecology Overview 1. What does community ecology explore? Concept 54.1 Community interactions are classified by whether they help, harm, or have no effect
More informationTypes of Consumers. herbivores
no energy = no life Types of Consumers herbivores herbivore us vegetation to swallow or devour Types of Consumers herbivores the organisms that eat plants carnivores carnivore us flesh to swallow or devour
More informationChapter 6 Reading Questions
Chapter 6 Reading Questions 1. Fill in 5 key events in the re-establishment of the New England forest in the Opening Story: 1. Farmers begin leaving 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Broadleaf forest reestablished 2.
More informationChapter 04 Lecture Outline
Chapter 04 Lecture Outline William P. Cunningham University of Minnesota Mary Ann Cunningham Vassar College Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1
More informationLevels of Organization in Ecosystems. Ecologists organize ecosystems into three major levels. These levels are: population, community, and ecosystem.
Levels of Organization in Ecosystems Ecologists organize ecosystems into three major levels. These levels are: population, community, and ecosystem. Population A population is a group of individuals of
More informationCh20_Ecology, community & ecosystems
Community Ecology Populations of different species living in the same place NICHE The sum of all the different use of abiotic resources in the habitat by s given species what the organism does what is
More informationPlant Insect Interactions
Plant Insect Interactions Herbivory Plant reproduction Domatia Evolution of Insect Herbivory Early hexapods contact plant parts in soil Vascular plants diversfied 300 MYA Fossil traces of insect eating
More informationBIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 14: Life Histories: 2. Components of life histories: Growth, fecundity and survivorship. 3. Components of life histories:
BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 14: Life Histories: Lecture summary: Components of life histories: Growth. Fecundity. Survivorship. Reproductive value. Trade-offs. r- and K-selection. Habitat templates. Clutch
More informationBIOS 6150: Ecology Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences
BIOS 6150: Ecology Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences Week 3: Intraspecific Competition. Lecture summary: Definition. Characteristics. Scramble & contest. Density dependence k-values
More informationRound One All play. Each question = 1 point
Ecology Unit Review Round One All play Each question = 1 point Leaf cells are one type of tree cell. Which process occurs in a live leaf cell? a. Evolution b. Adaptation c. sugar production d. sexual reproduction
More information-The study of the interactions between the different species in an area
Community Ecology -The study of the interactions between the different species in an area Interspecific Interactions -Interaction between different species -May be positive, negative, or neutral and include
More informationChapter 6 Population and Community Ecology. Thursday, October 19, 17
Chapter 6 Population and Community Ecology Module 18 The Abundance and Distribution of After reading this module you should be able to explain how nature exists at several levels of complexity. discuss
More informationMutualism: Inter-specific relationship from which both species benefit
Mutualism Mutualism: Inter-specific relationship from which both species benefit Mutualism Symbiosis: Intimate (generally obligate) inter-specific relationships from which both partners benefit 1 Mutualism
More informationMutualism. Mutualism. Mutualism. Early plants were probably wind pollinated and insects were predators feeding on spores, pollen or ovules
Mutualism Mutualism: Inter-specific relationship from which both species benefit Mutualism Symbiosis: Intimate (generally obligate) inter-specific relationships from which both partners benefit Mutualism
More informationBIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences
BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences D. POPULATION & COMMUNITY DYNAMICS Week 10. Population models 1: Lecture summary: Distribution and abundance
More informationAge (x) nx lx. Population dynamics Population size through time should be predictable N t+1 = N t + B + I - D - E
Population dynamics Population size through time should be predictable N t+1 = N t + B + I - D - E Time 1 N = 100 20 births 25 deaths 10 immigrants 15 emmigrants Time 2 100 + 20 +10 25 15 = 90 Life History
More informationWhat is Ecology? The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms in their environment, or surroundings
ECOLOGY What is Ecology? The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms in their environment, or surroundings Organization of the Biosphere Levels of organization Biosphere-
More informationBiology 11 Unit 1: Fundamentals. Lesson 1: Ecology
Biology 11 Unit 1: Fundamentals Lesson 1: Ecology Objectives In this section you will be learning about: ecosystem structure energy flow through an ecosystem photosynthesis and cellular respiration factors
More informationEcology Test Biology Honors
Do Not Write On Test Ecology Test Biology Honors Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The study of the interaction of living organisms with
More informationBiomes, Populations, Communities and Ecosystems Review
Multiple Choice Biomes, Populations, Communities and Ecosystems Review 1. The picture below is a school (group) of Jack fish. What type of distribution does this represent? A) Random B) Even C) Uniform
More information1. The graph below represents a change in event A that leads to changes in events B and C.
1. The graph below represents a change in event A that leads to changes in events B and C. Which row in the chart best identifies each event in the graph? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 2. A stable ecosystem is characterized
More informationAP Environmental Science I. Unit 1-2: Biodiversity & Evolution
NOTE/STUDY GUIDE: Unit 1-2, Biodiversity & Evolution AP Environmental Science I, Mr. Doc Miller, M.Ed. North Central High School Name: ID#: NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE AP Environmental
More informationENVE203 Environmental Engineering Ecology (Nov 19, 2012)
ENVE203 Environmental Engineering Ecology (Nov 19, 2012) Elif Soyer Biological Communities COMPETITION Occurs when 2 or more individuals attempt to use an essential common resource such as food, water,
More informationEcological Relationships
Ecological Relationships http://www.univie.ac.at/zoologie/ecophys/crabsp-300dpi.jpg http://www.cs.umbc.edu/courses/undergraduate/201/fall06/projects/p1/fox-rabbit.jpg How do biotic factors influence each
More information1) Which of the following describes the mammals, fish, birds, and plants that live in an environment? a) Abiotic c) biome b) population d) biotic
CH.16 practice TEST -6th grade Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which of the following describes the mammals, fish, birds, and plants that
More information3 Types of Interactions
CHAPTER 18 3 Types of Interactions SECTION Interactions of Living Things BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What determines an area s carrying capacity?
More informationMrs. Fanek Ecology Date
Name Period Mrs. Fanek Ecology Date 1. The graph below represents a change in event A that leads to changes in events B and C. Which row in the chart best identifies each event in the graph? A) 1 B) 2
More informationDesert Patterns. Plants Growth and reproduction Water loss prevention Defenses. Animals Growth and reproduction Water loss prevention Defenses
Desert Patterns Plants Growth and reproduction Water loss prevention Defenses Animals Growth and reproduction Water loss prevention Defenses Abiotic Features Introduction A major emphasis in ecology is
More informationPlant and Animal Interactions
Plant and Animal Interactions 21 LESSON For each student: For each adult: Materials Needed Student Data Sheet: Plant and Animal Interactions pencil clipboard Leader Sheet: Plant and Animal Interactions
More informationPopulation Ecology. Text Readings. Questions to Answer in the Chapter. Chapter Reading:
Population Ecology Text Readings Chapter Reading: Chapter # 26 in Audesirk, Audesirk and Byers: Population Growth and Regulation Pg. # 513-534. Questions to Answer in the Chapter How Does Population Size
More informationChapter 6 Population and Community Ecology
Chapter 6 Population and Community Ecology Friedland and Relyea Environmental Science for AP, second edition 2015 W.H. Freeman and Company/BFW AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board,
More informationEcology Student Edition. A. Sparrows breathe air. B. Sparrows drink water. C. Sparrows use the sun for food. D. Sparrows use plants for shelter.
Name: Date: 1. Which of the following does not give an example of how sparrows use resources in their environment to survive? A. Sparrows breathe air. B. Sparrows drink water. C. Sparrows use the sun for
More informationFood Web and Ecological Relationships Quiz
Biology II Ms. Chen Name: Food Web and Ecological Relationships Quiz Date: Multiple Choice (2 pts each) Directions: Circle the best answer. 1. The loss of the producers in an ecosystem would most likely
More informationAlternatives to competition. Lecture 13. Facilitation. Functional types of consumers. Stress Gradient Hypothesis
Lecture 13 Finishing Competition and Facilitation Consumer-Resource interactions Predator-prey population dynamics Do predators regulate prey? Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model Predator behavior matters:
More informationCh. 14 Interactions in Ecosystems
Ch. 14 Interactions in Ecosystems 1 14.1 Habitat vs. Niche Habitat all biotic and abiotic factors where an organism lives WHERE a species lives 2 Ecological Niche All physical, chemical, and biological
More informationChapter 54: Community Ecology
Name Period Concept 54.1 Community interactions are classified by whether they help, harm, or have no effect on the species involved. 1. What is a community? List six organisms that would be found in your
More informationEcology 2. Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Name: Class: Date: Ecology 2 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive
More informationReview Quizzes Chapters 45-50
Review Quizzes Chapters 45-50 1) Which of the following is a non-density-dependent factor that affects a population? a. spread of disease b. space c. earthquake d. food e. mating and reproduction 1) Which
More informationChapter 4 AND 5 Practice
Name: Chapter 4 AND 5 Practice 1. Events that occur in four different ecosystems are shown in the chart below. Which ecosystem would most likely require the most time for ecological succession to restore
More informationEcosystem change: an example Ecosystem change: an example
5/13/13 Community = An assemblage of populations (species) in a particular area or habitat. Here is part of a community in the grassland of the Serengetti. Trophic downgrading of planet Earth: What escapes
More informationPrinciples of Ecology
Principles of Ecology What is Ecology? Ecology is the study of interactions that occur between organisms and their environment Biosphere Recall that the biosphere includes all living things In order to
More informationUnit 6 Populations Dynamics
Unit 6 Populations Dynamics Define these 26 terms: Commensalism Habitat Herbivory Mutualism Niche Parasitism Predator Prey Resource Partitioning Symbiosis Age structure Population density Population distribution
More informationDecomposers recycle nutrients (matter) but ENERGY IS ALWAYS LOST
Decomposers recycle nutrients (matter) but ENERGY IS ALWAYS LOST What does this mean to us Stable ecosystems have a continual input of energy And more producers than consumers It takes less energy to produce
More informationThe Structure of Ecological Networks and Consequences for Fragility
The Structure of Ecological Networks and Consequences for Fragility closely connected clustered Emily I. Jones ECOL 596H Feb. 13, 2008 Why ecological network structure matters 2. 3. the network contains
More informationSTUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 2
STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 2 ANIMAL ECOLOGY 1.1 Every Species Has Its Niche 1.2 Hierarchy of Ecology A. Definitions and Levels of Study 1. Ecology is the study of the relationship of organisms to their environment.
More informationCh.5 Evolution and Community Ecology How do organisms become so well suited to their environment? Evolution and Natural Selection
Ch.5 Evolution and Community Ecology How do organisms become so well suited to their environment? Evolution and Natural Selection Gene: A sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait Gene pool: All
More informationEvolutionary Ecology. Evolutionary Ecology. Perspective on evolution. Individuals and their environment 8/31/15
Evolutionary Ecology In what ways do plants adapt to their environment? Evolutionary Ecology Natural selection is a constant Individuals are continuously challenged by their environment Populations are
More informationbiotic factors camouflage carnivore chloroplast
non-living parts of an organism's environment Eg air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil type special features about an organism that help it survive and reproduce living things that is different
More informationChapter 6 Lecture. Life History Strategies. Spring 2013
Chapter 6 Lecture Life History Strategies Spring 2013 6.1 Introduction: Diversity of Life History Strategies Variation in breeding strategies, fecundity, and probability of survival at different stages
More informationBiology Principles of Ecology Oct. 20 and 27, 2011 Natural Selection on Gall Flies of Goldenrod. Introduction
1 Biology 317 - Principles of Ecology Oct. 20 and 27, 2011 Natural Selection on Gall Flies of Goldenrod Introduction The determination of how natural selection acts in contemporary populations constitutes
More informationExploring Matthaei s Ecosystems
Name: Exploring Matthaei s Ecosystems As you walk on the trails, look for evidence of each of the following components of an ecosystem. Draw and describe what you observed and where you found it. Component
More information6 2 Insects and plants
6 2 Insects and plants Insect DIY 1. Find plant habitat 2. Find plant 3. Accept plant 4. Eat survive, reproduce Plant characteristics Shape structure Mechanical defenses trichomes Chemical defenses sap,
More information1.0 Forest Ecology at the Ecosystem Level
1.0 Forest Ecology at the Ecosystem Level Ecology is the study of living and non-living parts of the environment and how they affect each other. The environment is everything around us. It includes the
More information7. E C. 5 B. 1 D E V E L O P A N D U S E M O D E L S T O E X P L A I N H O W O R G A N I S M S I N T E R A C T I N A C O M P E T I T I V E O R M U T
7. E C. 5 B. 1 D E V E L O P A N D U S E M O D E L S T O E X P L A I N H O W O R G A N I S M S I N T E R A C T I N A C O M P E T I T I V E O R M U T U A L L Y B E N E F I C I A L R E L A T I O N S H I
More informationWhat Shapes an Ecosystem Section 4-2
What Shapes an Ecosystem Section 4-2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of biological and physical factors. Biotic factors are the biological influences on an organism.
More informationHW/CW #5 CHAPTER 3 PRACTICE
HW/CW #5 CHAPTER 3 PRACTICE 1. The portion of Earth in which all life exists is known as A) the climax stage B) the biosphere C) a population D) a biotic community 2. The study of the interactions between
More informationEcology Symbiotic Relationships
Ecology Symbiotic Relationships Overview of the Co-evolution and Relationships Exhibited Among Community Members What does Symbiosis mean? How do we define Symbiosis? Symbiosis in the broadest sense is
More information1 Vocabulary. Chapter 5 Ecology. Lesson. Carnivore an organism that only eats meat or flesh. Niche an organism s role in the habitat
1 Vocabulary Carnivore an organism that only eats meat or flesh Niche an organism s role in the habitat Community all the populations in one place that interact with each other Decomposer digests the waste
More informationThe Living World Continued: Populations and Communities
The Living World Continued: Populations and Communities Ecosystem Communities Populations Review: Parts of an Ecosystem 1) An individual in a species: One organism of a species. a species must be genetically
More informationPopulation Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms. Essential Knowledge Objectives 2.D.1 (a-c), 4.A.5 (c), 4.A.6 (e)
Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms Essential Knowledge Objectives 2.D.1 (a-c), 4.A.5 (c), 4.A.6 (e) Ecology The scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment
More informationBIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences
BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences Week 8. Pollination and fruit dispersal: Lecture summary: Mutualisms between plants and animals: Pollination
More informationCh 6. Species Interactions and Community Ecology. Part 1: Foundations of Environmental Science
Ch 6 Species Interactions and Community Ecology Part 1: Foundations of Environmental Science PowerPoint Slides prepared by Jay Withgott and Heidi Marcum Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing
More informationEcology. Science Matters Chapter 16
Ecology Science Matters Chapter 16 Learning outcomes Understand what the term ecology means. Be able to name different habitats. Be able to give examples of producers, consumers and decomposers in the
More informationGroups of organisms living close enough together for interactions to occur.
Community ecology: First, let's define a community: Groups of organisms living close enough together for interactions to occur. First we probably want to describe the community a bit, so we look at: Biodiversity
More informationAggregations on larger scales. Metapopulation. Definition: A group of interconnected subpopulations Sources and Sinks
Aggregations on larger scales. Metapopulation Definition: A group of interconnected subpopulations Sources and Sinks Metapopulation - interconnected group of subpopulations sink source McKillup and McKillup
More information2008 ECOLOGY (B&C) Training Handout by Karen Lancour Ecology Event: Ecology Content Principles of Ecology (about 50%) Forests and Deserts (about 50%)
2008 ECOLOGY (B&C) Training Handout by Karen Lancour Ecology Event: Ecology Content Principles of Ecology (about 50%) Forests and Deserts (about 50%) Process skills - in data, graph and diagram analysis
More informationTrophic and community ecology
Trophic and community ecology Top carnivore Trophic levels Carnivore Herbivore Plant Trophic ecology Trophic related to feeding Autotrophs: synthesize their food Heterotrophs: eat other organisms Trophic
More informationPopulations L3.notebook. June 10, Today you will: Jun 8 8:59 AM
Today you will: Jun 8 8:59 AM 1 Population all the members of a species in a locality at a particular time Community all the species in a given area Geographic range the region where an organism is sighted
More informationCommunity ecology. Abdulhafez A Selim, MD, PhD
Community ecology Abdulhafez A Selim, MD, PhD Community ecology is very complex Niches The term 'Niche' was coined by the naturalist Joseph Grinnell in 1917, in his paper "The niche relationships of the
More informationEcology: Part 1 Mrs. Bradbury
Ecology: Part 1 Mrs. Bradbury Biotic and Abiotic Factors All environments include living and non-living things, that affect the organisms that live there. Biotic Factors all the living organisms in an
More informationWhat Shapes an Ecosystem? Section 4-2 pgs 90-97
What Shapes an Ecosystem? Section 4-2 pgs 90-97 What Shapes an Ecosystem? If you ask an ecologist where a particular organism lives, that person might say the organism lives on a Caribbean coral reef,
More informationNiche The sum of all interactions a species has with biotic/abiotic components of the environment N-dimensional hypervolume
Niche The sum of all interactions a species has with biotic/abiotic components of the environment N-dimensional hypervolume Each dimension is a biotic or abiotic resource Ecomorphology Ecology (niche)
More informationIntroduction interspecific interactions
Introduction There are different interspecific interactions, relationships between the species of a community (what s the definition of a community again?). While you re at it, what s the definition of
More informationEcology - the study of how living things interact with each other and their environment
Ecology Ecology - the study of how living things interact with each other and their environment Biotic Factors - the living parts of a habitat Abiotic Factors - the non-living parts of a habitat examples:
More informationYakın Doğu Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü. PM 317 Human and Environment Assoc. Prof. Dr. Salih GÜCEL
Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü PM 317 Human and Environment Assoc. Prof. Dr. Salih GÜCEL Ecology & Ecosystems Principles of Ecology Ecology is the study of the interactions
More informationBIOS 3010: Ecology. Laboratory 7. Dr Stephen Malcolm, Dept. Biological Sciences, WMU
BIOS 3010: Ecology Laboratory 7 Dr Stephen Malcolm, Dept. Biological Sciences, WMU Goldenrod galls: An analysis of herbivory and natural enemy attack through 3 trophic levels. Goldenrod (Solidago altissima/
More informationOverview of Chapter 5
Chapter 5 Ecosystems and Living Organisms Overview of Chapter 5 Evolution Natural Selection Biological Communities Symbiosis Predation & Competition Community Development Succession Evolution The cumulative
More informationPopulation Ecology. Study of populations in relation to the environment. Increase population size= endangered species
Population Basics Population Ecology Study of populations in relation to the environment Purpose: Increase population size= endangered species Decrease population size = pests, invasive species Maintain
More informationPage 1. Name:
Name: 9477-1 - Page 1 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) The ecological niche of an organism refers to the A) relation of the organism to humans B) biosphere in which the organism lives C) position of the organism in a food
More informationHOMEWORK PACKET UNIT 2A. Part I: Introduction to Ecology
CP Biology Name Date Period HOMEWORK PACKET UNIT 2A Part I: Introduction to Ecology Name Class Date 3.1 What Is Ecology? Studying Our Living Planet 1. What is ecology? 2. What does the biosphere contain?
More informationPopulations and Communities
CHAPTER 21 Populations and Communities LESSON 3 Communities What do you think? Read the two statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree
More informationChapter 4 Ecosystems and Living Organisms
Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Living Organisms I. Evolution A. The cumulative genetic changes that occur in a population of organisms over time 1. Current theories proposed by Charles Darwin, a 19 th century
More informationQuestion #01. Feedback on Each Answer Choice. Solution. Ecology Problem Drill 20: Mutualism and Coevolution
Ecology Problem Drill 20: Mutualism and Coevolution Question No. 1 of 10 Question 1. The concept of mutualism focuses on which of the following: Question #01 (A) Interaction between two competing species
More informationEcology. How the World Works
Ecology How the World Works Ecology is the study of interactions between living organisms and other living organisms and non living resources that they interact with. Levels of Organization Organism- a
More information