Fate of historic metal releases from the Coeur d Alene mining district Northern Idaho
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1 Fate of historic metal releases from the Coeur d Alene mining district Northern Idaho Stephen E. Box US Geological Survey
2 U.S. Metal Production Coeur d'alene, ID Butte, MT Tintic-East Tintic, UT Ag (10 3 t) Viburnum, MO Old Lead Belt, MO Coeur d'alene, ID Pb (10 6 t) Tri-State, MO-OK-KS Franklin-Sterling Hill, NJ Coeur d'alene, ID Zn (10 6 t) From Long et al,
3 Morning Mill on South Fork below Mullan
4 Tailings released to streams (from Long, 1998) 56 million metric tons of tailings released to streams from million tons of lead (Pb) 0.65 million tons of zinc (Zn) Equivalent to a pile 100 km long, 50 m wide and 6 m tall with grade of 1.4% Pb and 1.1% Zn
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6 WEST EAST 3500 Spokane Spokane Falls ID-WA stateline Coeur d'alene Post Falls Harrison Cataldo Lower CdA valley Wallace Mining district Elevation of water surface (feet above sea level) Spokane River CdA Lake River miles below Mullan Coeur d'alene River South Fork CdA River Longitudinal profile of Coeur d Alene-Spokane River drainage
7 Annual production in the CdA Mining District Ore Production (millions of tons) Riverine jig tailings Riverine flotation tailings No new tailings in river Pb Ore Metal Production (millions of tons) Zn
8 Annual tailings production Morning mill Annual tailings production (M-tons) jig tailings flotation tailings LEGEND tailings wt. tailings wt. % Pb % Zn Tailings metal content (%)
9 Gravity ( jig ) tailings range from pebble to clay-sized, while flotation tailings mostly range from fine sand to clay-sized Percent of sample (by weight) finer than 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Average flotation tailings (16) Average gravity tailings (8) Average bed sediment (62) 0% 8 mm (pebble) 4 mm (granule) 2 mm (very crs sand) 1 mm (crs sand) 0.5 mm (medium sand) 0.25 mm (fine sand) mm (very fine sand) mm (silt & clay)
10 Osburn: Peak of December, 1933 Flood
11 Floodplain section aggraded with jig-tailings with extremely high metal contents
12 100,000 Pb content of floodplain sediments vs channel bedload on Canyon Ck and South Fork South Fork Coeur d'alene River Canyon Creek 80,000 Floodplain sediments Channel bedload downriver Pb content (ppm) 60,000 40,000 20,000 confluence with North Fork Kellogg Wallace Burke UTM East (meters)
13 Valley cross-section before mining began. Coarse jig tailings clog channel and aggrade floodplain. Fine flotation tailings allow re-deepening of channel and abandonment of floodplain. Cessation of riverine tailings dumping and highway construction narrow channel.
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17 Floodplain blanketed by sediment enriched in lead (Pb) (background Pb concentrations about 25 ppm)
18 Erosional banks of the Lower CdA River River Oxidized riverbank sediments typically a meter thick and average 4000 ppm Pb. Cm-thick 1980 Mt St Helens ash at 11 cm (1993 photo).
19 CdA River channel near Killarney Lake River bed underlain by 50 m wide, 3-5 m thick wedge of Pb-rich sediment for 30 river miles Deposit thins to 0.5 m over natural levee
20 Submerged channel sediments Detrital sphalerite grain. Rapid burial and reduced subbottom conditions preserve original Pb and Zn sulfides from released tailings. Subaerial floodplain sediments Pb, Mn, Fe oxy-hydroxide coating a detrital silicate grain. Oxidation breaks down detrital sulfides. Much of Zn stays in solution and returns with groundwater to river. Reduced marsh sediments Zn-rich sulfidic nodules with organic bio-coatings. Bio-mediated reduction of oxyhydroxides to sulfides.
21 Distribution of Pb by depositional environment in lower CdA valley Riverbed 51% Riverbanks 4% Dredge spoils 17% 10% 8% 10% Marsh Subaerial levee Lateral lakes From Bookstrom and others, 2001
22 Spokane River Lake Coeur d Alene Coeur d Alene River
23 Distribution of Lead in Lake Coeur d'alene Surface Sediments Conc (courtesy of Art Horowitz, USGS)
24 Spokane River channel: Coarse lag deposits of Quaternary glacial outburst floods. Lack of native fine sediment allows local pockets of undiluted metal-rich fines from lake-transitting sediment plumes during high-flow runoff.
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26 Spokane River sediment mixing model 2500 EM1 <175 micron fraction Silty cobble Floodplain sand Coarse cobble Fine pebble Beach sand Sandy cobble Pb content (ppm) Coarse pebble Theoretical mixing (%EM1-%EM2-%EM3) EM Zn/Pb ratio EM3
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28 Residence of Pb from released mill tailings North Fork & Spokane River 13% 24% South Fork Valley Coeur d'alene Lake bottom 34% 29% Coeur d'alene River valley From Bookstrom and others, 2001
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